TPA诱发Hep-2和原代喉癌细胞凋亡的对比研究

目的　为初步探讨TPA用于喉癌治疗的可行性 ,对TPA分别诱发Hep 2和原代喉癌细胞的凋亡作用进行了对比观察。方法　应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳及FCM技术分别对两种细胞中的凋亡细胞进行定性、定量及细胞周期检测。结果　① 1nMTPA作用 12h ,Hep 2和原代喉癌细胞的凋亡率分别是 11.8%和 10 .14 %(P >0 .0 5 ) ;10 0nMTPA作用 2 4h ,凋亡率达峰值 ,分别为 2 7.80 %和 2 5 %(P >0 .0 5 ) ,细胞周期阻滞于G1期 ,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳可检出梯状带。②TPA诱发两种细胞的凋亡率具有明显的正相关 (r =0 .9674,P <0 .0 1)。结论　TPA在体外对Hep 2和原代喉癌细胞均可诱发凋亡 ,两者的凋亡率具有较好的相关性     

肝癌细胞裂解物负载的树突状细胞来源的exosomes制备及其抗肝癌免疫活性的研究

目的:制备一种比单纯源于DC的、更有效的新型治疗肝癌的DC来源的exosomes瘤苗,进而探讨其生物学特性、免疫学功能及抗肿瘤免疫活性。方法:用细胞因子诱导培养树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC),将肝癌细胞HepG2裂解物负载DC后,提取exosomes。透射电镜观察exosomes形态,流式细胞术检测exosomes蛋白分子的表达;其后应用exosomes直接刺激效应淋巴细胞,MTT法检测CTL对靶细胞HepG2的杀伤活性。结果:透射电镜下观察到负载组exosomes为直径50-100nm的膜性微囊,圆形或椭圆形,有完整包膜。FCM检测表明,负载组exosomes含有DC的特征分子(包括CD86、CD83)。负载组来源的exosomes活化的T细胞对HepG2的杀伤率显著高于未负载组及单纯淋巴细胞组(P<0.05)。结论:肝癌细胞裂解物负载能增强DC分泌的exosomes体外诱导CTL效应。本研究为制备高效的exosomes肝癌瘤苗提供了实验依据。     

白细胞介素-17对人喉癌细胞Hep-2的作用

目的 探讨白细胞介素-17(IL-17)对人喉癌细胞Hep-2增殖、凋亡和迁移的作用.方法将IL-17瞬时转染Hep-2细胞,即转染IL-17组,同时设置空载体组(pEGFP-N1)和正常对照组.荧光显微镜观察转染情况,反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blotting分别检测转染前后IL-17 mRNA和蛋白的表达,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测转染前后细胞增殖能力变化,流式细胞术检测转染前后细胞凋亡变化,细胞划痕修复实验和Transwell小室检测转染前后细胞迁移能力变化.结果 荧光显微镜下可以看到转染空载体pEGFP-N1和转染目的基因IL-17的Hep-2细胞出现绿色荧光.成功转染IL-17后Hep-2细胞在mRNA和蛋白水平均有IL-17的表达.与正常对照组相比,转染48 h后,转染IL-17组细胞的增殖能力明显减弱(0.34±0.03∶0.46±0.04,P=0.006).转染IL-17组细胞凋亡率明显高于正常对照组(26.80%±0.80%∶2.90%±0.31%,P=0.000).细胞划痕修复实验结果显示,转染IL-17组细胞相对划痕宽度明显大于正常对照组(1.59±0.01∶1.36±0.01,P=0.000).Transwell小室迁移实验结果显示,转染IL-17组细胞明显低于正常对照组细胞的迁移数量(26.33±2.08∶49.33±1.53,P=0.000).结论 IL-17能够抑制人喉癌细胞Hep-2的增殖能力,降低其迁移能力,增强其凋亡.因此,IL-17可通过多种途径抑制喉癌的发生发展.     

Hep-2细胞总RNA转染树突状细胞诱发抗喉癌特异性免疫效应的研究

目的:研究转染喉鳞状细胞癌总RNA对树突状细胞(DC)免疫功能的影响,观察肿瘤总RNA修饰后的DC在体外诱导高效而特异的抗喉癌免疫效应.方法:采用分离脐血单核细胞体外诱导DC,Trizol法提取喉鳞状细胞癌细胞株Hep-2总RNA后转染入DC,流式细胞仪分析DC表面分子CD40、CD80、CD83、CD86的表达,LDH法评估转染肿瘤总RNA的DC瘤苗的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞反应.结果:转染后的DC表面分子表达CD40(60.6±0.15)%,CD80(60.2±0.21)%,CD83(85.1±0.06)%,和CD86(91.9%±0.09)%,而在未转染的未成熟DC中低表达;转染RNA的DC瘤苗对于Hep-2细胞株有特异性杀伤效应,在E/T为40:1时,杀伤效率达45.6%,而对对照组靶细胞杀伤效率较低.结论: 喉鳞状细胞癌总RNA转染修饰的DC能特异性诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞,显著提高DC的抗原提呈功能,在体外能诱导高效而特异的抗喉癌免疫效应.     

K-ras基因在人喉鳞状细胞癌细胞株(Hep-2)中的表达及其意义

目的 K-ras基因的突变激活,最常见于胰腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌等肿瘤。国外有人报道人喉鳞状细胞癌的发生与K-ras基因的突变激活没有相关性。本文旨在探讨K-ras基因在喉鳞状癌细胞株Hep-2中的表达及其意义,为喉癌发生与K-ras点突变的相关性研究奠定坚实的基础。方法采用RT-PCR技术检测K-ras基因mRNA在喉癌细胞株Hep-2和胰腺癌细胞株MIAPaCa-2中的表达。结果人胰腺癌细胞株MIAPaCa-2和人喉鳞状癌细胞株Hep-2中K-ras mRNA表达均为强阳性。结论人喉鳞状细胞癌细胞株Hep-2中K-ras基因表达阳性,喉癌的发生可能与其点突变引起的激活有关。     

乙醛脱氢酶1作为喉癌Hep-2细胞系肿瘤干细胞标志物的实验研究

目的 探讨乙醛脱氢酶1(ALDH1)在人喉癌Hep-2细胞系中的表达,观察ALDH1高表达细胞的体外生长特性,确定喉癌Hep-2细胞系肿瘤干细胞标志物.方法 采用荧光细胞化学染色和流式细胞术观察和检测喉癌Hep-2细胞系中的ALDH1的表达.采用流式分选术分离ALDH1高表达细胞,以四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法观察ALDH1不同亚群细胞的体外增殖能力,以流式细胞术检测ALDH1高表达细胞的体外分化能力.采用裸鼠成瘤实验比较不同亚群细胞的成瘤能力.结果 喉癌Hep-2细胞系中ALDH1呈不同程度的表达,其中ALDH1高表达细胞占2.9％±0.6％.ALDH1高表达细胞的体外增殖能力高于ALDH1低表达和未分选细胞.在含血清的培养液中,经过6d培养,ALDH1高表达细胞由最初分选后的94.2％±3.8％下降至分选前水平.ALDH1高表达细胞的成瘤能力显著高于其他亚群.结论 喉癌Hep-2细胞系中,ALDH1高表达细胞具有很强的体外分化能力、增殖能力和成瘤能力,可以作为Hep-2细胞系肿瘤干细胞的标志物之一.     

RNA干扰抑制Skp2表达对人喉癌细胞系Hep-2的影响

[目的]研究RNA干扰抑制Skp2表达对喉癌鳞状细胞p27表达、细胞增殖和凋亡的作用.[方法]利用脂质体将重组质粒转染Hep-2细胞,用慢病毒系统建立干扰Skp2基团的稳定细胞株;荧光实时定量PCR和Western blot法检测转染细胞株中Skp2和p27mRNA及其蛋白表达;采用MTr法和流式细胞仪检测转染细胞的增殖和凋亡情况.[结果]通过慢病毒siRNA技术,Skp2可持续稳定抑制Hep2喉癌细胞,siRNA可诱导抑制Skp2,增加p27表达,降低细胞增殖,增加喉癌细胞的凋亡.[结论]靶向Skp2基因的siRNA对Hep-2细胞的抑制作用可能是通过上调p27基因水平来实现的,Skp2是基因疗法治疗喉癌的有利靶点.     

热疗对人喉癌Hep-2顺铂耐药细胞株生物学行为的影响

目的:探讨热疗对人喉癌Hep-2顺铂耐药（Hep-2/CDDP）细胞株生物学行为的影响和可能机制。方法:采用高浓度冲击联合浓度递增法诱导建立Hep-2/CDDP细胞株。采用细胞计数法检测Hep-2亲代细胞株组（未发生顺铂耐药的Hep-2细胞,采用无顺铂的RPMI 1640培养液培养）、Hep-2/CDDP细胞组、Hep...     

Exosomes致敏的脐血树突细胞介导的抗K562细胞作用

目的分离K562细胞释放的exosomes,致敏脐血树突细胞(dendritic cell,DCs),观察其对细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic Tlymphocytes,CTLs)的激活效应。方法离心超滤和蔗糖密度梯度离心法分离K562细胞释放的exosomes,固相免疫电镜法(SPIEM)制备exosomes的HSP70、ICAM-1及ABL免疫电镜标本。常规方法从脐血单个核细胞诱导DCs并分离T细胞,将K562细胞来源的exosomes冲击或未冲击的DCs与T细胞共培养。MTT比色法检测体外细胞毒活性。结果K562细胞分泌的exosomes为直径50~100nm的膜性微囊。Exosomes致敏的脐血DCs激活CTLs的能力显著高于肿瘤冻融抗原致敏的DCs组,在效靶比为501时,两组CTLs对K562细胞的杀伤率为(68.4%vs35.3%,P<0.05)。结论K562细胞分泌的exosomes负载脐血DCs后活化CTLs,有抗肿瘤活性。     

Biology and therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent stromal cells with the potential to differentiate into several cell types. MSC‐based therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for various diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the paracrine effects of MSC are partially exerted by the secretion of soluble factors, in particular exosomes. MSC‐derived exosomes are involved in intercellular communication through transfer of proteins, RNA, DNA and bioactive lipids, which might constitute a novel intercellular communication mode. This review illustrates the current knowledge on the composition and biological functions as well as the therapeutic potential of MSC‐derived exosomes in cancer, with a focus on clinical translation opportunities.     

HepG2细胞外泌体冲击树突状细胞介导的抗肿瘤作用

目的：分析来源于肝癌HepG2细胞外泌体的免疫原性物质,为基于树突状细胞（DCs）的肝癌免疫治疗寻找合适的肿瘤抗原提供思路。方法：用透射电镜和Western blot方法鉴定肝癌HepG2细胞外泌体的形态和蛋白表达;用终浓度为8 μg/mL的外泌体冲击DCs,流式细胞术检测DCs表面分子的变化;将外泌体冲击的DCs与T淋巴细胞共培养5 d,采用羧基荧光素二乙酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯（CFSE）荧光染色法检测淋巴细胞增殖,Annexin-V/PI双染法检测淋巴细胞对肿瘤的杀伤效应。结果：肝癌HepG2细胞的外泌体表达CD63、CD81标志性蛋白,同时携带大量的肿瘤抗原甲胎蛋白（AFP）和热休克蛋白HSP70、HSP90,不表达细胞蛋白calnexin。与未成熟DCs组比较,外泌体冲击DCs后上调其表面分子如CD83、CD80、CD86的表达（P < 0.01）;且可促进T淋巴细胞增殖（P < 0.01）,增加T细胞介导的肿瘤特异性和非特异性杀伤效应（P < 0.01）。结论：肝癌HepG2细胞外泌体可能携带大量肿瘤抗原,刺激DCs成熟,可能是基于DCs的肝癌或其他肿瘤免疫治疗潜在的抗原谱。     

Metabolomic profile of cancer stem cell‐derived exosomes from patients with malignant melanoma

Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive and life‐threatening form of skin cancer. It is characterized by an extraordinary metastasis capacity and chemotherapy resistance, mainly due to melanoma cancer stem cells (CSCs). To date, there are no suitable clinical diagnostic, prognostic or predictive biomarkers for this neoplasia. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new MM biomarkers that enable early diagnosis and effective disease monitoring. Exosomes represent a novel source of biomarkers since they can be easily isolated from different body fluids. In this work, a primary patient‐derived MM cell line enriched in CSCs was characterized by assessing the expression of specific markers and their stem‐like properties. Exosomes derived from CSCs and serums from patients with MM were characterized, and their metabolomic profile was analysed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) following an untargeted approach and applying univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The aim of this study was to search potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of this disease. Our results showed significant metabolomic differences in exosomes derived from MM CSCs compared with those from differentiated tumour cells and also in serum‐derived exosomes from patients with MM compared to those from healthy controls. Interestingly, we identified similarities between structural lipids differentially expressed in CSC‐derived exosomes and those derived from patients with MM such as the glycerophosphocholine PC 16:0/0:0. To our knowledge, this is the first metabolomic‐based study aimed at characterizing exosomes derived from melanoma CSCs and patients'' serum in order to identify potential biomarkers for MM diagnosis. We conclude that metabolomic characterization of CSC‐derived exosomes sets an open door to the discovery of clinically useful biomarkers in this neoplasia.

Abbreviations

CSCs

cancer stem cells

EVs

extracellular vesicles

HCs

healthy controls

HPLC

high‐performance liquid chromatography

HRMS

high‐resolution mass spectrometry

MM

malignant melanoma

MMPs

malignant melanoma patients

PCA

principal component analysis

PLS‐DA

partial least squares discriminant analysis

Q‐TOF‐MS

quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer

ROC

receiver operating characteristic curve

TIC

total ion chromatograms

TME

tumour microenvironment

VIP

variable importance in projection

     

过表达miR-145的脐带间充质干细胞外泌体改善肾细胞癌细胞786-0对舒尼替尼的药物敏感性

目的:探究过表达miR-145的脐带间充质干细胞外泌体对肾透明细胞癌细胞786-0舒尼替尼药物敏感性的影响.方法:分离纯化人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,hUCMSCs),流式细胞术鉴定其细胞表型,茜素红及红油O染色观察其成骨与成脂分化能力;差...     

Induction of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells by tumor exosomes

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) promote tumor progression. The mechanisms of MDSC development during tumor growth remain unknown. Tumor exosomes (T‐exosomes) have been implicated to play a role in immune regulation, however the role of exosomes in the induction of MDSCs is unclear. Our previous work demonstrated that exosomes isolated from tumor cells are taken up by bone marrow myeloid cells. Here, we extend those findings showing that exosomes isolated from T‐exosomes switch the differentiation pathway of these myeloid cells to the MDSC pathway (CD11b⁺Gr‐1⁺). The resulting cells exhibit MDSC phenotypic and functional characteristics including promotion of tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in vivo MDSC mediated promotion of tumor progression is dependent on T‐exosome prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and TGF‐β molecules. T‐exosomes can induce the accumulation of MDSCs expressing Cox2, IL‐6, VEGF, and arginase‐1. Antibodies against exosomal PGE2 and TGF‐β block the activity of these exosomes on MDSC induction and therefore attenuate MDSC‐mediated tumor‐promoting ability. Exosomal PGE2 and TGF‐β are enriched in T‐exosomes when compared with exosomes isolated from the supernatants of cultured tumor cells (C‐exosomes). The tumor microenvironment has an effect on the potency of T‐exosome mediated induction of MDSCs by regulating the sorting and the amount of exosomal PGE2 and TGF‐β available. Together, these findings lend themselves to developing specific targetable therapeutic strategies to reduce or eliminate MDSC‐induced immunosuppression and hence enhance host antitumor immunotherapy efficacy. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

骨肉瘤源外泌体通过Tim-3诱导巨噬细胞M2极化并促进MG63细胞的 转移

目的：探究骨肉瘤来源的外泌体对肿瘤相关巨噬细胞分化的影响及其具体作用机制。方法：收集2018年3月至 2019年10年于川北医学院附属医院骨科及小儿外科行骨肉瘤切除术、病理诊断明确的18例原发性骨肉瘤患者的肿瘤组织及癌 旁组织,Western blotting实验检测Tim-3的表达水平;分离骨肉瘤MG63细胞外泌体（MG63-Exo）,并采用透射电镜及纳米粒径分 析进行鉴定,双荧光染色法验证其是否能够被巨噬细胞吞噬,利用qPCR检测MG63-Exo对巨噬细胞分化及IL-10、TGF-β、VEGF 表达的影响,应用Transwell侵袭和迁移实验及Western blotting检测MG63-Exo所诱导分化的巨噬细胞对MG63细胞迁移及侵袭 及EMT相关蛋白表达的影响;应用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除MG63细胞中的Tim-3,Western blotting实验检测MG63-Exo中Tim-3 表达,再次应用qPCR、Transwell及Western blotting实验检测来源于敲除Tim-3的MG63外泌体对巨噬细胞分化及其处理后的巨 噬细胞对MG63的迁移、侵袭、EMT相关蛋白表达的影响;最后利用骨肉瘤肺转移小鼠模型验证上述不同来源的外泌体对骨肉瘤 肺转移的影响。结果：透射电镜及纳米粒径分析结果证实成功分离了MG63-Exo,荧光共聚焦显微观察结果显示其能够被巨噬 细胞吞噬。与对照组相比,MG63-Exo能够显著促进巨噬细胞的M2型分化（P<0.05）;与对照组相比, 经MG63-Exo诱导的M2巨 噬细胞能够显著促进骨肉瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭与EMT能力（均P<0.05）;应用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除Tim-3后的MG63细胞中 Tim-3 mRNA及蛋白表达均显著降低（P<0.05）, 且Tim-3能够以外泌体的形式转移至巨噬细胞中; 与MG63-Exo共培养的巨噬细 胞相比,来源于Tim-3敲除细胞的MG63-Exo能显著抑制巨噬细胞的M2型分化（P<0.05）;相比与经MG63-Exo诱导的巨噬细胞 进行共培养的MG63细胞,Tim-3敲除的MG63-Exo诱导的巨噬细胞能显著抑制肿瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭与EMT及促进肿瘤肺转移 （均P<0.05）。结论：骨肉瘤来源的外泌体通过Tim-3诱导巨噬细胞的M2极化并促进肿瘤的侵袭及转移能力。     

Lipidomic profiling of exosomes from colorectal cancer cells and patients reveals potential biomarkers

Strong evidence suggests that differences in the molecular composition of lipids in exosomes depend on the cell type and has an influence on cancer initiation and progression. Here, we analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) the lipidomic signature of exosomes derived from the human cell lines normal colon mucosa (NCM460D), and colorectal cancer (CRC) nonmetastatic (HCT116) and metastatic (SW620), and exosomes isolated from the plasma of nonmetastatic and metastatic CRC patients and healthy donors. Analysis of this exhaustive lipid study highlighted changes in some molecular species that were found in the cell lines and confirmed in the patients. For example, exosomes from primary cancer patients and nonmetastatic cells compared with healthy donors and control cells displayed a common marked increase in phosphatidylcholine (PC) 34 : 1, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 36 : 2, sphingomyelin (SM) d18 : 1/16 : 0, hexosylceramide (HexCer) d18 : 1/24 : 0 and HexCer d18 : 1/24 : 1. Interestingly, these same lipids species were decreased in the metastatic cell line and patients. Further, levels of PE 34 : 2, PE 36 : 2, and phosphorylated PE p16 : 0/20 : 4 were also significantly decreased in metastatic conditions when compared to the nonmetastatic counterparts. The only molecule species found markedly increased in metastatic conditions (in both patients and cells) when compared to controls was ceramide (Cer) d18 : 1/24 : 1. These decreases in lipid species in the extracellular vesicles might reflect function‐associated changes in the metastatic cell membrane. Although these potential biomarkers need to be validated in a larger cohort, they provide new insight toward the use of clusters of lipid biomarkers rather than a single molecule for the diagnosis of different stages of CRC.     

肿瘤外泌体对CD8+T细胞功能的影响及机制研究进展

外泌体（exosomes）是介导细胞间通讯的细胞外囊泡。它携带来源细胞的多种生物活性分子,并可将其输送给受体细胞,进而影响细胞功能。肿瘤来源外泌体可通过多种机制介导肿瘤的免疫逃逸。本文就肿瘤外泌体对肿瘤杀伤主力军CD8+T细胞的调控作用进行总结,分析其相关作用机制,以期为肿瘤免疫治疗的研发提供新的思路。     

间充质干细胞源性外泌体及其在肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

外泌体（exosomes）是细胞内多囊泡体（multivesicular bodies,MVBs）与细胞膜融合后释放到细胞外直径为40~100nm的囊泡样小体。作为一种重要的细胞间信息传递分子及遗传物质传递载体,外泌体内含有蛋白质、RNA等多种活性物质,广泛分布于血液、尿液等体液中。目前发现多种类型细胞均可产生外泌体,尤其是间充质干细胞（MSCs）被认为是产生外泌体能力最强的细胞,并且MSCs源性外泌体（MSC-exosomes）与MSCs同样具有向炎症组织及肿瘤组织迁移的特性,为肿瘤治疗提供了一种新思路。由此,本文将从MSC-exosomes生物学特性、分离鉴定方法、肿瘤治疗潜能三方面进行综述。