Gallbladder cancer revealed by a jaundice caused by an endobiliary tumor thrombus

Main bile duct neoplasic thrombosis is a rare cause of jaundice in case of gallbladder cancer. We report the case of 27-year-old woman in whom the endoluminal biopsy of biliary thrombus confirmed the suspected diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. An initial laparoscopic exploration found a localized peritoneal carcinomatosis. However, in this exceptional situation with an unknown prognostic, a surgical procedure has been performed including hepatectomy IV-V with biliary principal bile duct removal, hepatico-jejunal anastomosis (Roux-en-Y), with complete resection of localized peritoneal carcinomatosis. Post-operative course were uneventful and this patient was asymptomatic under chemotherapy with a six month follow-up.     

Acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by gallbladder metastasis due to the peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer: A case report

Introduction and importanceAcute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is associated with a high mortality rate. AAC caused by metastasis to the gallbladder is rare. We report a case of AAC caused by gallbladder metastasis due to the peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer.Case presentationAn 84-year-old male visited our hospital because of epigastric pain. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed swelling and thickening of the gallbladder wall, but stones were not observed in the gallbladder. We performed emergency surgery with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopy revealed the presence of many nodules around the abdominal cavity including the hepatoduodenal ligament. Inflammation of Calot’s triangle was severe, so we performed subtotal cholecystectomy. We also resected one of the peritoneal nodules. Macroscopically, there were no stones in the gallbladder and histopathological examination revealed acute cholecystitis and existence of adenocarcinoma involving the subserosa of the gallbladder wall and the resected peritoneal nodule. After surgery, esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed Borrmann type II lesions at the antrum and gastric biopsy showed adenocarcinoma. He was diagnosed with advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination. His postoperative course was good.Clinical discussionThe cases of AAC caused by gallbladder metastasis have been little reported in the literature. This case is advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination and AAC was thought to be caused by peritoneal dissemination from operative and histopathological findings. We successfully treated this rare case of AAC with laparoscopic surgery.ConclusionAlthough metastasis to the gallbladder is rare, it is necessary to be aware of this possibility when treating AAC.     

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2015年胆道肿瘤V1版美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN)临床实践指南更新重点包括:术后病理检查发现的T1a期胆囊癌,在观察基础上可考虑辅助治疗;对于出现黄疸的胆囊癌病人,如果可以手术治疗,建议术前行胆道引流;强调胆囊癌术后辅助化放疗对于淋巴结阳性病人生存有益;肝内胆管癌部分强调可将动脉内化疗作为不可手术病人的临床试验,对于术后残余局部病灶病人可将全身系统化疗和动脉内化疗作为临床试验;不可手术的肝外胆管癌病人,如果伴随黄疸应考虑化疗前胆管引流,强调只有在决定了移植可能后才考虑活检。NCCN临床实践指南为临床提供了借鉴,由于种族不同、地域有别以及肿瘤的异质性,更新后的标准需要接受临床实践的检验才能达到进一步完善。     

Surgical management of gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer is a very common malignancy in the northern part of India. Surgery is the only potentially curative modality of treatment for this disease. Radical cholecystectomy is the optimal surgical standard for resectable gallbladder cancer. This includes cholecystectomy, liver resection (wedge, segments 4b and 5, or extended right hepatectomy), and regional lymphadenectomy along the hepatoduodenal ligament, behind the duodenum and pancreatic head, common hepatic artery and celiac axis. Controversies regarding extent of liver resection, lymphadenectomy and role of multiorgan resection have been discussed. Incidental gallbladder cancer is often detected on histopathologic examination of the simple cholecystectomy specimen removed for a presumed gallstone disease. Revision surgery should be performed for incidental cancers that invade muscularis propria or beyond (T1b or more). Advanced gallbladder cancer should be treated non-operatively with a palliative intent. Obstructive jaundice in the setting of an advanced gallbladder cancer can be palliated with biliary stenting by endoscopic or transhepatic means. Occasionally, a surgical biliary bypass may be indicated to relieve intractable pruritus in a jaundiced patient with gallbladder cancer. There is no role of a planned R2 resection of advanced gallbladder cancer for the purpose of cytoreduction. Further improvement in the management of gallbladder cancer will need integration of systemic chemotherapy with radical surgery.     

多头胆管内支架管植入术在胆囊癌合并黄疸治疗中的作用研究

目的探讨自制多头胆管内支架管在胆囊癌合并黄疸治疗中的作用。方法对26例胆囊癌合并黄疸患者行自制多头胆管内支架管置入术,术后观察肝功能相关指标变化并进行随访。结果置入自制多头胆管内支架管后,复查患者肝功相关指标,谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素等均有明显下降;21例获随访患者总体中位生存时间为7个月,最长生存27个月。结论多头胆道内支架管置入术能很好的解除晚期胆囊癌患者的胆道梗阻,明显改善患者生存质量并有效的延长患者生存期。     

胃癌梗阻性黄疸的外科治疗

目的　改善晚期胃癌黄疸患者的生存质量。方法　利用肝外科技术经肝门部或胆囊行胆汁内引流手术。结果　全组患者无手术死亡。术后黄疸消退 ,皮肤搔痒等症状缓解。肝功能改善 ,食欲增加 ,生活质量提高。生存期 4～ 15月 ,平均 8.7月。其中 9例 (6 0 % )患者临终无黄疸。术后对化疗、放疗的耐受性更好。结论　减黄治疗可以提高晚期胃癌或胃癌术后复发所致黄疸患者的生存质量 ,延长生存期     

Surgical silicone prostheses in the treatment of biliary tract cancers: long prostheses or short prostheses? Results apropos of 500 cases]

The interest of surgical prostheses in the palliative treatment of biliary tract cancer is well established, on the basis of their good tolerance, the more than 15 year follow up experience and the number of patients operated upon. After exeresis, they allow re-establishment of continuity, either by use of a prosthesis in Y when the right and let ducts can be dissected, or by using two prostheses, a multiperforated long prosthesis reimplanted in the duodenum and a short prosthesis reimplanted in the common bile duct without attaining the sphincter of Oddi. Of the 1000 cases treated, 500 were the object of a statistical analysis, 46 being operated upon by the author, in 60% of cases for biliary tract cancer, either primary or as an extension from the gallbladder. One-third of the patients had advanced lesions and a short survival of less than 3 months. Two-thirds a median survival of 9 months. In 10%, a radical exeresis was performed with survival of more than one year without recurrence of jaundice. Failure of treatment with persistence of jaundice was due to advanced disease for which surgery is unsatisfactory. Essential complications were premature bile leaks (5%) without serious consequences if sufficient drainage was maintained, since it stopped spontaneously, and angiocholitis (6%), the result of territory exclusion or reflux. Recurrence of jaundice was related to extension of the neoplasm to the secondary bile ducts, and to hepatic metastases. Obstruction of the prosthesis before two months was rare (6%) and was preceded by angiocholitis. In the absence of recurrence of the cancer the prosthesis can be replaced surgically without difficulty.     

A model of reversible obstructive jaundice in the rat

A model of reversible, extrahepatic biliary obstruction is described. Vessel loop blockade of the biliary tree results in obstructive jaundice while removal of the exteriorized vessel loop provides internal biliary drainage without subsequent laparotomy. This technique combined with a system for chronic venous infusion and arterial blood sampling in the unrestrained rat is ideal for long-term metabolic studies of obstructive jaundice. Male Fisher 344 rats (275-350 g) underwent either the combined procedure of total biliary tract blockade and vascular access or sham operation. Mean serum bilirubin was significantly elevated (12.7 +/- 8.9 mg/dl) in the experimental group and following relief of biliary obstruction significantly dropped below 1 mg/dl in all animals except one. Concomitant changes in alkaline phosphatase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were seen. Experimental and control rats initially lost weight following laparotomy; however, mean body weight stabilized by the 5th postoperative day and was similar in both groups on the 10th postoperative day. This combined procedure is a simple, effective and reproducible method of obstructive jaundice.     

Effects of biliary drainage in obstructive jaundice on microcirculation,phagocytic activity,and ultrastructure of the liver in rats

Background/Purpose: Biliary drainage before surgery for obstructive jaundice has been thought to be indispensable, because these patients tend to develop various complications after the surgery. We developed jaundiced rat models, and studied the effects of biliary drainage on the hepatic blood flow rate, portal pressure, and phagocytic activity. Methods: We generated rats with obstructive jaundice by surgical ligation followed by cutting of the common bile duct; some jaundiced rats then underwent biliary drainage. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally administered to some rats. Control rats underwent open abdominal surgery alone. Ultrastructural changes of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results: The hepatic blood flow rate and phagocytic activity in the jaundiced rats and the LPS-treated jaundiced rats were lower than those in the control rats. Biliary drainage improved the hepatic blood flow rate in both the jaundiced rats and the LPS-treated jaundiced rats to the control levels. Scanning electron microscopic observation of the liver sinusoids showed that, in the jaundiced rats, the endothelial cells were hypertrophic and there was a reduced number of fenestrae. In jaundiced rats that underwent biliary drainage, the hypertrophy was reduced, and the number of fenestrae was increased in comparison with those in the jaundiced rats without the drainage. Conclusions: These findings indicate that biliary drainage was effective in jaundiced and LPS-treated jaundiced rats. Received: November 16, 2001 / Accepted: February 11, 2002     

PTCD治疗梗阻性黄疸137例分析

目的PTCD技术应用及临床价值,旨在提高成功率,减少并发症。方法对患胆结石、胆囊癌、胆管癌、肝转移癌引起的阻塞性黄疸137例患者在彩超引导下行PTCD,置管147根,合适胆管选择左肝高于右肝。结果1次穿刺成功率98．58％,2次成功率100％。引导管放置时间3—186d,发生并发症6例,占4．4％。结论彩超引导下PTCD是目前最为简便、安全、实用的胆道减压方法。     

腹腔镜治疗小儿胆道穿孔12例临床体会

目的:总结腹腔镜手术治疗小儿胆道穿孔的临床体会。方法:2008年12月至2015年12月收治12例胆道穿孔患儿,均经腹腔镜探查证实为胆道穿孔,根据病情分别行胆总管囊肿T管引流+腹腔引流、胆囊造瘘术+腹腔引流、单纯腹腔引流。结果:12例患儿均成功完成手术,术后未出现胆道出血、胆漏等并发症。胆汁引流及腹腔引流24~72 h后,临床症状缓解,腹痛显著减轻,体温降至正常,黄疸逐步消退。8例胆总管囊肿穿孔患者术后6个月行二期胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术,其中5例在腹腔镜下完成二期手术,3例因胆总管周围粘连重、分离困难中转开腹。结论:腹腔镜用于小儿自发性胆道穿孔的诊断与治疗避免了盲目开腹探查的缺点,创伤小,手术视野广,对腹腔及肠管干扰小,手术时间短,胆总管囊肿穿孔不影响二次腹腔镜手术。     

可疑胆囊癌的术前处理

Gallbladder cancer is a disease associated with high mortality. Improvement of early diagnosis is of great significance to prolong the survival. Risk factors for gallbladder cancer include gallstones, cholelithiasis, anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction, focal mucosal microcalcifications, and et al.Advances in endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatogram and helical computed tomography have enhanced preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Understanding the characteristics of gallbladder cancer with the help of multiple imaging modalities can facilitate accurate diagnosis and may also help in sorting patients to undergo extended resection or an alternative therapy. Resection is currently the most effective and only potentially curative treatment for gallbladder cancer.However, owing to its non-specific symptoms, gallbladder cancer patients often suffer from late diagnosis, and few patients are suitable for surgery. Other treatment strategies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, percutaneous biliary drainage, palliative surgery are used in patients with advanced gallbladder cancer.For jaundiced gallbladder cancer patients, preoperative biliary drainage is still under debate. Since biliary inflammation adversely affects the prognosis of gallbladder cancer patients,antibiotics with high concentration in bile is recommended for selected patients. Palliative treatment and molecular target therapy are promising for patients with inoperable gallbladder cancer.     

可疑胆囊癌的术前处理

胆囊癌是胆道系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病隐匿,临床症状缺乏特异性,早期常被并存的胆囊结石、胆囊息肉、慢性胆囊炎等症状所掩盖,发现时大部分患者已属中晚期,手术切除率低.加上胆囊癌高度恶性的生物学行为,对放、化疗不敏感,预后极差,患者总体5年生存率＜5%;若患者能接受R0根治性切除术,5年生存率可提高至21%～69%[1].因此,对可疑胆囊癌患者完善相关检查,及早诊断和行根治性切除术是目前治愈胆囊癌的惟一方法.     

Endoscopic palliation of jaundice in gallbladder cancer

Summary Endoscopically placed biliary endoprostheses were used to treat obstructive jaundice in 64 patients with advanced or recurrent gallbladder carcinoma. Successful placement of an endoprosthesis was achieved in 55 patients (86%). Bilirubin declined in 52 of 55 cases (94.5%) and normalized in 37 of 44 patients (84%) who survived more than 30 days. Procedure-related mortality was 3.1%. The thirty-day mortality of 14.5% was better, and the mean overall survival of 161 days was comparable to published surgical results. Due to the lower cost, improved patient tolerance, and reasonable survival, we consider endoscopic drainage to be the procedure of choice in patients with obstructive jaundice secondary to recurrent and unresectable gallbladder cancer.     

Role of exploratory laparoscopy in hepato-biliary malignancies

In patients with hepatic or biliary malignancy which is presumed by pre-operative studies to be resectable, exploratory laparoscopy permits the avoidance of laparotomy in 20-50% of cases. This approach diminishes operative time, hospital stay, delay in starting chemotherapy, and cost. It is particularly appropriate for those maladies where it has the best yield: 1) cancer of the gallbladder; 2) hilar cholangiocarcinoma Stage T2-T3; and: 3) hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer or hepatocellular cancer with poor prognostic features.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄30例

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其效果.方法 对292例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的30例患者分别行胆道球囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果 3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.8例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,经气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,7例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例经气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.14例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,12例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因大量胆泥造成支架阻塞而再次行肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次行肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论 经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

Indications for combined resection and reconstruction of the hepatic artery in biliary tract carcinoma]

More than 10 years have passed since hepatic artery resection was first performed for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. The safety of this procedure has been established with the introduction of the microsurgery technique. However, the benefits of and indications for this treatment have not yet been clarified. Twenty-three patients underwent vascular resection (portal vein in 7, portal vein + hepatic artery in 9, hepatic artery in 7) among 114 resected patients with biliary tract cancer in our institution. The right hepatic artery was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis in most cases. The curative resection rate was 88.9% in hilar bile duct cancer. However, it was less than 50% in other carcinomas. Cumulative 5-year survival rates of vascular resection patients with hilar bile duct cancer, lower bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma were 14.8%, 25%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates were 38.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, in the stage III + IV patients who did not undergo vascular resection. The longest survival period among patients with hilar bile duct cancer and lower bile duct cancer was 85 months and 65 months, respectively, whereas it was 15 months in gallbladder cancer and 20 months in cholangiocarcinoma patients. No hilar bile duct cancer patient who survived for more than 3 years had lymph node metastasis. The longest surviving cholangiocarcinoma patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. It is concluded that patients with hilar bile duct cancer are good candidates for vascular resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma patients, because vascular resection alone does not result in prolongation of life in these patients.     

胃癌患者肝转移和腹膜扩散的相关因素及其预后分析

目的 探讨胃癌患者肝转移和腹膜扩散的相关临床病理因素和近远期预后以及姑息性手术对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析1994年8月至2005年7月间胃癌数据库资料中792例患者的临床病理资料和随访结果。结果本组患者肿瘤穿透浆膜、淋巴结转移、肝转移、全胃癌、未分化癌、Borrmann Ⅳ型、女性患者因素与腹膜扩散相关，而Borrmann Ⅳ型、淋巴结转移、腹膜扩散与胃癌肝转移相关（P〈0．05）。肝转移患者1年生存率低于腹膜扩散患者（P〈0．05）；而3、5年生存率两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。腹膜扩散组中姑息性切除术患者1年生存率高于旁路手术／喂食性造口术和剖腹探查患者（P〈0．05）；而肝转移患者3种手术者1、3、5年生存率比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论有肝转移的胃癌患者近期预后比腹膜扩散患者差；姑息性切除术可改善腹膜扩散胃癌患者的近期生存率。而对肝转移患者影响不明显。     

Postoperative complications and management in the surgical treatment for advanced gallbladder carcinomas

Surgical treatment for advanced gallbladder carcinoma must be based on the extent of the cancer. There are various patterns of cancer spread in advanced gallbladder carcinoma. In cases with hepatic involvement, liver bed resection, hepatic segment Iva + V resection, extended right hepatectomy, or right trisegmentectomy can be selected. In cases with biliary involvement, extended right hepatectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, or combined vascular resection can be performed. In cases with gastrointestinal involvement, the involved intestine can be resected with cholecystectomy and bile duct resection. Surgical morbidity rates after surgical treatment for advanced gallbladder carcinoma have been reported to be very high at about 50%, and surgical mortality rates are 7-20%. After extended hepatic resection, surgical mortality rates reach to 30-43%. Hepatopancreaticoduodenectomy (HPD) has a high surgical mortality rate of 25-33%, and combined vascular resection also has a high mortality of 13-67%. To decrease these high morbidity and mortality rates, limited hepatic resection and preoperative portal embolization in hepatic resection, two-stage pancreaticoduodenectomy in HPD, and preservation of the hilar plate at bile duct resection in right hepatic artery resection may be useful. Surgical indications and the choice of operative procedures should be very carefully considered in patients with advanced gallbladder carcinoma because of its high surgical morbidity and mortality rates.     

Multidisciplinary approach to palliation of obstructive jaundice caused by a central hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Obstructive jaundice due to intraductal tumour growth is a rare symptom in association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We report a 65-year-old white male who was admitted to our department with a 2-week history of progressive jaundice. At laparotomy, the liver showed advanced cirrhosis due to long-standing biliary obstruction. Cholangiography confirmed total obstruction of the main bifurcation of the hepatic duct by intraductal tumour growth. Combination treatment with surgical segment III drainage, transcatheter arterial embolization and radioembolization with yttrium-90 resin particles and endoscopic stenting was performed. This form of treatment has never been reported before. RESULTS: With these combined procedures, relief of jaundice and a survival time of 32 months could be achieved. CONCLUSION: The combination of palliative methods may relieve jaundice, ensure a good quality of life and possibly prolong survival in patients with mechanical tumour obstruction of the biliary tree by HCC.