血清胆固醇与MELD评分预测失代偿期肝硬化患者预后的价值

目的探讨血清胆固醇与终末期肝病模型（MELD）评分对失代偿期肝硬化患者预后的预测价值。方法入选135例失代偿期肝硬化患者,根据随访12月的存活情况分组。观察死亡组与存活组血清总胆红素、肌酐、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比率、胆固醇等相关以计算MELD评分。应用ROC曲线评价血清胆固醇浓度与MELD分值失代偿期肝硬化患者预后的预测能力及最佳临界值。结果 MELD分值越高,失代偿期肝硬化患者死率越高。死亡组患者血清总胆红素、国际标准化率及MELD分值明显高于存活组,血清胆固醇低于存活组（P〈0.05）;MELD评分及血清胆固醇对失代偿期肝硬化患者12月预后评估的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.856、0.825;MELD评分预测失代偿期肝硬化患者死亡的最佳临界值为≥26,血清CHOL预测失代偿期肝硬化患者死亡的最佳临界值为≤1.5μmol/L;当MELD评分≥26分同时血清CHOL值≤1.5μmol/L判断失代偿期肝硬化患者预后的敏感性及特异性分别为94.21%和88.15%。结论血清胆固醇与MELD评分是预测失代偿期肝硬化患者短期生存率的较好指标,血清胆固醇与MELD评分可提高重型肝炎预后预测的准确性。     

16层螺旋CT评价肝硬化患者血流灌注参数变化

目的:探讨MSCT灌注成像技术在评估肝硬化血流动力学变化中的应用价值。材料和方法:对68例患者行肝灌注扫描,其中对照组29例,代偿期肝硬化22例,失代偿期肝硬化17例。通过扫描软件得出肝血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、对比剂平均通过时间(MTT)、渗透表面积乘积(PS)、肝动脉灌注指数(HAF)。分析这些参数在肝硬化患者中的变化规律及临床意义。结果:对照组、代偿期肝硬化组和失代偿期肝硬化组的PS、HAF的均值是逐渐增加的。对照组、代偿期肝硬化组和失代偿期肝硬化组的BV、MTT均值是逐渐减小的。对照组、代偿期肝硬化组和失代偿期肝硬化组间的BF均值有显著性差异。结论:MSCT灌注成像技术可用来评价肝硬化血流动力学变化及其程度。     

肝硬化肝脏及门静脉CT解剖学及其临床意义

目的　通过对肝硬化肝脏各叶及门静脉进行量化研究 ,为临床影像早期诊断肝硬化提供依据。方法　选择肝硬化代偿期组、失代偿期组作为疾病组 ,选择健康人作为对照组进行对比研究 ,利用人体常用解剖轴线作为肝脏测量的基准线。门静脉系统的测量采用文献报道的常用方法。结果　肝硬化时肝脏左叶冠状径 (L1 )的变化最具临床意义 ,肝硬化代偿期时该值增大 ,肝硬化失代偿期时该值缩小 :肝叶比例不仅存在于肝叶间同时也存在于肝叶内。门静脉管径的变化主要发生于肝硬化代偿期 ,通过建立门静脉的变化与肝脏变化的数学模型对早期肝硬化进行预测。结论　可以利用肝脏各叶的测量值及门静脉管径的变化预测和诊断早期肝硬化。     

肝硬化失代偿期患者钠代谢变化特点及其临床意义

目的：为观察失代偿期肝硬化患者钠代谢变化特点．为临床治疗提供帮助。方法：选取失代偿期肝硬化126例检测血电解质，比较有无腹水组、不同肝功能分级组低钠血症发生率，以及低钠血症与肝性脑病，肝肾综合征和死亡率之间的关系。结果：显示失代偿期肝硬化伴腹水时低钠血症发生率较无腹水时高，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；肝功能越差，其低钠血症的发生率越高，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；低钠血症组转正常血钠组肝性脑病，肝肾综合征，死亡的发生率为高，差异有显著意义。结论：失代偿期肝硬化患者低钠血症发生率与有无腹水、肝功能级别，以及肝性脑病、肝肾综合征和死亡率之间均有密切的关系。     

急性肝衰竭、肝硬化和肝移植术后的神经系统并发症影像

肝硬化患者失代偿期常发生神经系统并发症,发病原因有多种,可以发生于肝移植术前、术中或术后。本研究的目的是阐述肝硬化失代偿期、肝移植术后中枢神经系统并发症,评价肝硬化、肝移植后神经系统的并发症。一些相关毒素如血氨、锰、苯二氮类物质、γ-氨基丁酸样物质及受损的多巴胺能神经传导通路等在肝移植术前的肝性脑病、亚临床肝性脑病的病因中起重要作用。肝移植术后常见并发症有脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症、脑血管自身调节障碍和脑动脉栓塞。这些并发症的发生有多种发病机制,如移植肝脏功能衰竭、颅内出血、脑梗死和感染,或免疫抑制剂的毒性作用。     

失代偿期肝硬化患者外周血干细胞因子水平测定及意义探讨

目的探讨失代偿期肝硬化患者外周血干细胞因子（stemcellfactor,SCF）与健康体检者的差异。方法失代偿期肝硬化患者20例及门诊体检者15例．ELISA法检测各组血清SCF水平。结果失代偿期肝硬化患者血清SCF水平明显高于健康对照组（2612±39．4ng／L vs．2263±25．7ng/L,P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义。结论失代偿期肝硬化患者外周血清SCF水平增高,提示肝硬化失代偿时肝再生可能需要自体干细胞的参与。     

肝性脑病的早期观察护理及预防

目的总结肝硬化失代偿期并发肝性脑病的护理措施,以提高临床护理水平。方法对肝硬化失代偿期患者密切观察病情变化,并发肝性脑病患者早期观察,早期诊断,及时有效的护理干预。结果37例患者及时发现肝性脑病的先兆,去除诱因,及早控制肝昏迷的发展,预后较好。结论肝硬化失代偿期并发肝性脑病患者早期的观察及护理干预。对及时治疗与控制疾病的发展具有积极作用。     

64层螺旋CT静脉成像在肝硬化门脉高压症早期诊断中的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT在肝硬化门脉高压的早期诊断.方法 研究经病理和/或临床诊断的42例肝硬化早期、中晚期病人64层螺旋CT门静脉及肝静脉血管成像表现,测量42例患者及15例健康者门静脉和肝右静脉管径并分析64层螺旋CT门脉血管成像法在肝硬化门脉高压症的早期诊断价值.结果 所有病人的观察血管在显示较佳的基础上,测得门静脉宽度(PV)在正常对照组(＜12 mm)与其他2组比较有显著性差异,肝硬化代偿组与失代偿组之间差异无明显统计学意义;肝右静脉宽度(RHV)在代偿期内径明显增宽,＞10 mm,而失代偿期肝静脉明显变窄,血管强化密度减低;PV/RHV比值在失代偿期约1.77±0.06,正常对照组及肝硬化代偿组PV/RHV均＜1.5.利用后处理软件最大密度投影(MIP)观察门静脉及肝右静脉血管,代偿组可显示3级以上的门静脉及肝右静脉,失代偿组肝右静脉显示欠佳,最多显示1级,门静脉属支走行扭曲且最多显示3级.结论 64层螺旋CT肝、门静脉血管成像对临床肝硬化门脉高压的早期诊断有重要临床意义.     

慢性重型肝炎门静脉系统血流动力学变化的研究

目的探讨慢性重型病毒性肝炎门静脉系统血流动力学变化.材料和方法应用多普勒超声检测30例慢性重型肝炎患者门静脉系统血流动力学变化,并与正常组(51例)、慢性肝炎组(61例)、代偿期肝硬化组(46例)、失代偿期肝硬化组(36例)进行对照研究.结果慢性重型肝炎门静脉直径稍宽于正常组,而明显低于失代偿期肝硬化,与慢性肝炎组及代偿期肝硬化无差异;门静脉血流速度、血流量显著低于对照各组;脾脏长径、脾静脉直径较正常组和慢性肝炎组增大、增宽,但明显小于失代偿期肝硬化,与代偿期肝硬化无差异;脾静脉血流量与各组比较均没有明显增加;脐静脉重开率显著高于慢性肝炎组及代偿期肝硬化组,与失代偿期肝硬化组无差异.结论慢性重型肝炎容易形成门静脉高压,门静脉血流灌注量明显减少,造成肝脏微循环障碍.     

肝性胸水横膈小孔的临床研究

肝性胸水是指肝硬化失代偿期伴单侧或双侧胸腔积液.1937年christin首先报告,近年有上升趋势,肝性胸水产生原因诸多,其中横膈小孔或缺损是重要原因之一.我们对9例肝性胸水进行了横膈小孔的临床研究,现报告如下:临床资料病例选择标准:1.均系肝炎后肝硬化失代偿期伴胸腔积液的住院病人;2.经护肝、利尿、提高血浆蛋     

Evaluation of hepatic function by hepatobiliary scintigraphy using factor analysis

Factor analysis of hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-N-pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan (99mTc-PMT) was performed, and functional factor of liver parenchyma (FA-hepatogram) was obtained. Two parameters (peak time, T 1/2) were calculated from this hepatogram. A good correlation was obtained between these parameters and ICG-R15; furthermore, these parameters were prolonged in patients with normal volunteers, chronic hepatitis, compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis in this order. Conventional hepatogram by ROI method (ROI-hepatogram) was not suitable for the evaluation of global liver function in condition such as a large intrahepatic mass, intrahepatic gall bladder, dilatation of biliary tree, and severe liver cirrhosis. But, even in such cases, FA-hepatogram was useful for the evaluation of global liver function.     

Bone marrow edema and associated pain in early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head: prospective study with serial MR images

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography for demonstration of the biliary tract and detection of biliary complications in patients who have undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Breath-hold half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement MR cholangiography was performed in 25 patients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation. MR cholangiograms were prospectively and independently interpreted by two radiologists for depiction of the biliary tract and ductal anastomosis and for complications (eg, biliary dilatation, stricture, stones). MR cholangiographic findings were correlated with findings from direct cholangiography (n = 24) and surgery (n = 1). RESULTS: MR cholangiography completely demonstrated first-order intrahepatic bile ducts in 23 (92%) patients, the donor extrahepatic bile duct in 25 (100%), the recipient extrahepatic bile duct in 17 of 18 (94%), and the anastomosis in 24 (96%). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MR cholangiography for detection of biliary dilatation and stricture were each 100%. Complete interobserver agreement occurred in the detection of biliary dilatation and stricture. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MR cholangiography for detection of stones were 100% for one radiologist and 86%, 100%, 96%, 100%, and 95%, respectively, for the other. Both radiologists agreed on the diagnosis of bile duct stones in six of seven cases (kappa = 0.90). CONCLUSION: MR cholangiography enables accurate depiction of the biliary tract and detection of biliary complications in patients with an orthotopic liver transplant.     

The endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram and pancreatogram in chronic liver disease

The endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram and pancreatogram of 22 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, 33 patients with other forms of chronic liver disease and 28 'normal' controls were compared. The incidence of radiological intrahepatic duct abnormality is similar in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in other forms of liver disease, but is present in only a minority of both groups. A 'notch' or smooth indentation on the extrahepatic bile ducts at the porta hepatis was present in 58% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis but in none in either of the other two groups. Three out of seven patients with sclerosing cholangitis showed minimal-change pancreatitis. Pancreatic abnormalities were otherwise infrequent.     

Evaluation of ammonia metabolism in the skeletal muscles of patients with cirrhosis using N-13 ammonia PET

OBJECTIVE: Skeletal muscle is said to compensate for the decreased ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are being used as a treatment for hyperammonemia, and are believed to decrease blood ammonia by consumption of BCAA in skeletal muscles. We examined ammonia metabolism of the skeletal muscles in patients with liver cirrhosis after administration of BCAA using 13N-ammonia positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS: The subjects were patients with compensated or decompensated liver cirrhosis. PET studies were performed before and 2 hours after injection of BCAA. Serial dynamic PET scans (2 min x 10 frames) were started simultaneously with 13N-ammonia injection. The standardized uptake value (SUV) of both thighs was calculated. RESULTS: In the patient with compensated liver cirrhosis, there was little difference in the rate of increase in SUV before to after administration of BCAA. However, in the patient with decompensated liver cirrhosis, the rate of increase in SUV after administration was higher than that before administration of BCAA. CONCLUSION: Ammonia metabolism in the muscle of patients with liver cirrhosis could be examined noninvasively under physiological conditions using 13N-ammonia PET. The muscles were found to metabolize ammonia partially, and the role of this contribution to metabolism of ammonia in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis is particularly important.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的多层螺旋CT诊断

目的 评价MSCT在诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症中的价值.方法 83例原位肝移植术后患者因临床和生化检查可疑胆道并发症行MSCT增强检查.胆道并发症的确诊依据为直接胆道造影69例、移植肝病理11例、肝管空肠吻合术3例.分析CT诊断胆道并发症的能力,计算其敏感度、特异度、准确度、刚性预测值和阴性预测值,并用x2检验比较胆管吻合口狭窄和非吻合口狭窄的CT特征.结果 83例中,62例(74.7%)证实有胆道并发症,其中胆管吻合口狭窄32例,非吻合口狭窄21例,胆管结石16例(12例合并胆管狭窄),胆总管吻合口漏5例,胆汁瘤4例(合并胆管狭窄)、胆源性肝脓肿2例(合并胆管狭窄).CT诊断胆管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.6%、86.7%、89.2%、92.3%和83.9%.CT对胆管结石、胆总管吻合口漏、胆汁瘤、胆源性肝脓肿均能正确诊断,无漏诊和误诊.非吻合口狭窄表现为胆管不均匀扩张的发生率(71.4%,15/21)显著高于吻合口狭窄者(25.0%,8/32;P<0.01),而肝外胆管扩张(33.3%,7/21)和胆管均匀扩张(14.3%,3/21)的发生率均显著低于吻合口狭窄者(84.4%,27/32和68.8%,22/32;P<0.01).非吻合口狭窄肝动脉缺血的发生率(66.7%,14/21)明显高于吻合口狭窄者(15.6%,5/32;P<0.01).结论 MSCT对诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症具有重要价值,还可初步诊断胆管狭窄类型;肝动脉缺血是胆管非吻合口狭窄的重要原因.     

US approach to jaundice in infants and children.

High-resolution real-time ultrasonography (US) serves as an important tool for differentiation of obstructive and nonobstructive causes of jaundice in infants and children, independent of liver function. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia occurs in approximately 60% of normal term infants and in 80% of preterm infants. Persistence of neonatal jaundice beyond 2 weeks of age demands US evaluation to differentiate between the three most common causes: hepatitis, biliary atresia, and choledochal cyst. In all three conditions, the hepatic echotexture is diffusely coarse and hyperechoic, but this appearance may be seen in a variety of hepatic inflammatory, obstructive, and metabolic processes. Thus, hepatic scintigraphy and at times percutaneous liver biopsy are necessary to narrow the differential diagnosis and to identify patients who require more invasive techniques (eg, intraoperative cholangiography). US is useful for demonstrating inspissated bile and biliary duct stones. In infants, stones are usually secondary to obstructive congenital anomalies of the biliary tract, total parenteral nutrition, furosemide treatment, phototherapy, dehydration, infection, hemolytic anemia, and short-gut syndrome, whereas in older children, stones are usually associated with sickle cell disease, bowel resection, hemolytic anemia, and choledochal cyst. Jaundice in infants and children may also be due to cirrhosis, benign strictures, and neoplastic processes.     

肝硬化失代偿期并发肠道真菌感染的回顾性研究

目的：总结和探讨肝硬化失代偿期合并肠道真菌感染的临床特点、病原菌种类、易感因素、防治及预后。方法：以2004-10～2009-08收治的肝硬化失代偿期患者为调查对象,设合并肠道真菌感染组（32例）和非真菌感染对照组（35例）。对资料进行单因素分析,感染危险因素采用非条件Logistic回归模型分析。结果：肝硬化失代偿期583例次,32例（5.4%）确诊为肠道真菌感染,包括21例经实验室粪便培养阳性证实,11例连续2次粪涂片发现菌丝,但无阳性实验室培养证据。共分离出了7种22株真菌。22例感染者在入院前2周使用了抗菌素。肠道真菌感染以腹胀和顽固性腹泻常见,以稽留热和弛张热型为主。27例肠道真菌感染者外周血白细胞升高。肠道真菌感染后多数患者病情加重,表现为Child-Pugh模型评分增加或死亡。经logistic回归分析,肝功能C级、抗生素使用时间、自发性腹膜炎、食管静脉曲张破裂出血是肠道真菌感染的密切危险因素。依据药物敏感试验抗真菌治疗被认为有效,但缺乏抗真菌药物可能造成肝肾功能进一步损害的评价。统计学分析显示,发生肠道真菌感染的失代偿期肝硬化患者8周内病死率为37.5%,明显高对照组（5.7%）。结论：肠道真菌感染是一种机会感染,伴随肝硬化失代偿期的病理生理改变和肠道微生态环境破坏,促使肠道对真菌的易感性增加。肠道真菌感染增加了肝硬化患者的病死率,防治有相当难度。结合临床症状提高警惕,及时有效的治疗肠道真菌感染是提高其生存率的手段。     

门脉循环γ照相,B超和肝功能测定对肝硬化诊断的对比研究

本文应用门脉循环γ照相测定门脉分流指数，评估其在肝硬化诊断中的作用，并与Ｂ超和５组肝功能测定进行对比。研究表明，核素门脉分流指数随着慢性肝病的肝纤维化进程不断升高，正常人＜慢性肝炎＜代偿期肝硬化＜失代偿期肝硬化。本法敏感性为９２．３％，Ｂ超为７７．４％，肝功能总体为７０．９％；本法特异性为１００％，准确率９５．１％，阳性预测值１００％，阴性预测值８８．４％。说明门脉循环γ照相是安全、简便，早期诊断肝硬化的可靠方法。     

Diagnostic and interventional procedures for the biliary tract

Various diagnostic imaging studies have been employed in the past year to evaluate the normal and abnormal biliary ductal system. Variations in the normal ductal drainage of the left lobe of the liver, in which the right lateral hepatic duct drained into the left hepatic duct, were studied because of the implications for the surgical resection of the left lobe. Choledochal cysts have been studied in adults using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to evaluate the abnormal junction between the common bile duct and pancreatic duct and the long dilated common channel. An ultrasound study indicated that children with choledochal cysts also may have intrahepatic duct dilatation. An increased incidence of malignancy has been noted in adults with choledochal cysts, and their appearance on ultrasound, CT, and cholangiography were described. Cystic fibrosis produces abnormalities of the biliary tree, extrahepatic strictures, and more interestingly, intrahepatic ductal dilatation and abnormal contour without strictures. The usefulness of the preoperative ultrasonographic evaluation of the biliary tract in Oriental cholangiohepatitis was stressed. Bile duct abnormalities in fascioliasis were also noted on CT scans. Patterns of abnormality in the CT appearance of the thickened, contrast-enhanced, extrahepatic bile ducts were elucidated. Focal concentric, focal excentric, diffuse concentric, and diffuse excentric ducts were seen with various forms of pancreatic disease, choledocholithiasis, and various forms of cholangitis. An enhanced, thick-walled duct indicates disease, but is a nonspecific finding. Chronic cholecystitis was found to produce false-positive cholescintigram results in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis, but only in those with severe degrees of chronic cholecystitis. The results of multicenter trials using extracorporeal biliary lithotripsy in the United States have been published. They are somewhat disappointing and do not confirm the original excellent results reported in Germany for treatment of gallbladder stones. Much interest has been focused on the use of expandable metallic stents for the treatment of benign and malignant biliary obstruction. Preliminary data suggest good patency rates for benign lesions. Patency rates for malignant lesions are similar to those of previously available plastic stents.