血小板源性生长因子-DD通过Akt信号通路促进膀胱癌T24细胞增殖

目的研究外源性血小板源性生长因子-DD(PDGF-DD)对膀胱癌T24细胞增殖及Akt信号转导通路的影响,阐述factor其诱导细胞增殖的机制。方法外源性PDGF-DD蛋白作用T24细胞,采用MTT法分析细胞的增殖;流失细胞仪检测细胞周期的变化;Western blot法观测膀胱癌T24细胞Akt、p-Akt、mTOR、p-mTOR以及核因子NF-κB蛋白表达的变化。结果 PDGF-DD促进T24细胞的增殖,并且具有浓度依赖性;DNA合成前期(G0/G1期)细胞比例下降,合成期(S期)细胞比例上升;Akt、mTOR表达变化不明显,而p-Akt、p-mTOR及NF-κB p65的表达均上调。LY294002抑制PI3K/Akt及其下游靶位蛋白磷酸化;雷帕霉素和PDTC分别抑制p-mTOR和NF-κBp65的表达。结论外源性PDGF-DD刺激T24细胞的增殖,其机制可能是通过Akt/mTOR和Akt/NF-κB两条独立的信号通路实现的。     

USO1 promotes tumor progression via activating Erk pathway in multiple myeloma cells

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the influence of USO1 on multiple myeloma (MM) cell proliferation and apoptosis and the related molecular mechanism.MethodsThe expression of USO1 and MIF in MM tissues and cells, normal bone marrow tissues and cells were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assay. The cell proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells before and after knockdown of USO1 were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Before and after knockdown of USO1, the expression of the proliferation-related genes cyclin D1, Mcm2 and PCNA in MM cells was determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assay. The protein level of p-Erk1/2 and MIF was determined by western blot assay and ELISA, respectively.ResultsThe expression levels of USO1 and MIF in MM tissues and cells were much higher than those in normal bone marrow tissues and cells. Knockdown of USO1 resulted in the inhibited ability of cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. The expression of cyclin D1, Mcm2, PCNA and p-Erk1/2 decreased significantly after knockdown of USO1 as well as the decreased MIF secretion.ConclusionUSO1 gene may be a promising target for the therapy of human MM and its diagnosis marker.     

咖啡因通过Caspase通路促进胃癌细胞凋亡的研究

目的探讨咖啡因对于胃癌细胞的抑制效果及作用机制。方法本研究预设了分组和药物处理浓度,采用细胞培养和细胞计数的方法检测了胃癌细胞株的增殖活力,利用流式细胞仪分析胃癌细胞凋亡水平和细胞周期情况,通过目的基因扩增法(PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测凋亡相关的基因和蛋白。结果咖啡因处理后显著抑制了胃癌细胞生长和生存活力,并且通过Caspase-9/-3通路促进胃癌细胞的凋亡。结论咖啡因处理能有效促进胃癌细胞的凋亡。     

Loss of SPARC in bladder cancer enhances carcinogenesis and progression

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been implicated in multiple aspects of human cancer. However, its role in bladder carcinogenesis and metastasis are unclear,with some studies suggesting it may be a promoter and others arguing the opposite. Using a chemical carcinogenesis model in Sparc-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates, we found that loss of SPARC accelerated the development of urothelial preneoplasia (atypia and dysplasia), neoplasia, and metastasis and was associated with decreased survival. SPARC reduced carcinogen-induced inflammation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species as well as urothelial cell proliferation. Loss of SPARC was associated with an inflammatory phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts, with concomitant increased activation of urothelial and stromal NF-κB and AP1 in vivo and in vitro. Syngeneic spontaneous and experimental metastasis models revealed that tumor- and stroma-derived SPARC reduced tumor growth and metastasis through inhibition of cancer-associated inflammation and lung colonization. In human bladder tumor tissues, the frequency and intensity of SPARC expression were inversely correlated with disease-specific survival. These results indicate that SPARC is produced by benign and malignant compartments of bladder carcinomas where it functions to suppress bladder carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis.     

雄激素及其雄激素受体在膀胱癌中的研究进展

膀胱癌是泌尿外科常见肿瘤之一,男性发病率是女性的3倍,膀胱癌组织中发现有雄激素受体（AR）,雄激素受体在膀胱癌的作用日益受到重视。膀胱癌也属于激素相关性肿瘤成员之一,这就可以很好解释发病率的性别差异。雄激素介导的雄激素受体信号通路参与了膀胱癌的发生、发展。然而,雄激素受体是如何调节膀胱癌的进展也没有特征性,而且在膀胱癌进展过程中,雄激素受体途径是否发挥主要作用目前仍有争论。这篇综述主要总结了AR基因第一外显子CAG重复序列异常、雄激素受体基因突变、雄激素受体信号通路异常参与膀胱癌的发生、发展。雄激素经雄激素受体途径引起膀胱肿瘤,也许去势治疗可以为膀胱癌的内分泌治疗提供了新途径。雄激素受体诱导膀胱癌的机制目前还没有完全研究清楚,仍需要进一步探索。     

Stromal oncostatin M cytokine promotes breast cancer progression by reprogramming the tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is reprogrammed by cancer cells and participates in all stages of tumor progression. The contribution of stromal cells to the reprogramming of the TME is not well understood. Here, we provide evidence of the role of the cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) as central node for multicellular interactions between immune and nonimmune stromal cells and the epithelial cancer cell compartment. OSM receptor (OSMR) deletion in a multistage breast cancer model halted tumor progression. We ascribed causality to the stromal function of the OSM axis by demonstrating reduced tumor burden of syngeneic tumors implanted in mice lacking OSMR. Single-cell and bioinformatic analysis of murine and human breast tumors revealed that OSM expression was restricted to myeloid cells, whereas OSMR was detected predominantly in fibroblasts and, to a lower extent, cancer cells. Myeloid-derived OSM reprogrammed fibroblasts to a more contractile and tumorigenic phenotype and elicited the secretion of VEGF and proinflammatory chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL16, leading to increased myeloid cell recruitment. Collectively, our data support the notion that the stromal OSM/OSMR axis reprograms the immune and nonimmune microenvironment and plays a key role in breast cancer progression.     

Adipocyte-derived endotrophin promotes malignant tumor progression

Adipocytes represent a major cell type in the mammary tumor microenvironment and are important for tumor growth. Collagen VI (COL6) is highly expressed in adipose tissue, upregulated in the obese state, and enriched in breast cancer lesions and is a stimulator of mammary tumor growth. Here, we have described a cleavage product of the COL6α3 chain, endotrophin (ETP), which serves as the major mediator of the COL6-mediated tumor effects. ETP augmented fibrosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation through recruitment of macrophages and endothelial cells. Moreover, ETP expression was associated with aggressive mammary tumor growth and high metastatic growth. These effects were partially mediated through enhanced TGF-β signaling, which contributes to tissue fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. Our results highlight the crucial role of ETP as an obesity-associated factor that promotes tumor growth in the context of adipocyte interactions with tumor and stromal cells.     

miR-33a promotes glioma-initiating cell self-renewal via PKA and NOTCH pathways

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal brain tumor in adults. Glioma-initiating cells (GICs) are stem-like cells that have been implicated in glioblastoma progression and recurrence; however, the distinct properties of GICs and non-GICs within GBM tumors are largely uncharacterized. Here, we evaluated stem cell–associated microRNA (miR) expression in GICs from GBM patients and GICs derived from xenografted human glioma cell lines and determined that miR-33a promotes GIC growth and self-renewal. Moreover, evaluation of a GBM tissue array revealed that higher miR-33a expression was associated with poor prognosis of GBM patients. Antagonizing miR-33a function in GICs reduced self-renewal and tumor progression in immune-compromised mice, whereas overexpression of miR-33a in non-GICs promoted the display of features associated with GICs. We identified the mRNAs encoding phosphodiesterase 8A (PDE8A) and UV radiation resistance–associated gene (UVRAG) as direct miR-33a targets. PDE8A and UVRAG negatively regulated the cAMP/PKA and NOTCH pathways, respectively; therefore, miR-33a–dependent reduction of these proteins promoted growth and self-renewal of GICs by enhancing PKA and NOTCH activity. Furthermore, in GBM specimens, there was an inverse correlation between the expression levels of miR-33a and PDE8A and UVRAG expression. These findings reveal a miR-33a–centered signaling network that promotes GIC maintenance and has potential as a therapeutic target for GBM treatment.     

DEAH-box polypeptide 32 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression via activating the β-catenin pathway

PurposeHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is refractory cancer with high morbidity and high mortality. DEAH-box polypeptide 32 (DHX32) was upregulated in several types of malignancies and predicted poor prognosis. Herein, we investigated the role of DHX32 in HCC progression.MethodsThe expression of DHX32, β-catenin, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related makers were determined by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR assays. Cell proliferation was tested by EdU cell proliferation assay. The effect of DHX32 and β-catenin on cell migration and invasion were detected by wound-healing and Traswell invasion assays. Tumour xenografts were performed to determine the effect of DHX32 on HCC tumour growth.ResultsHigh level of DHX32 expression was associated with reduced overall survival in HCC patients. DHX32 expression was upregulated in human HCC cells and ectopic expression of DHX32 induced EMT, promoted the mobility and proliferation of HCC cells, and enhanced tumour growth in vivo. Silencing DHX32 reversed EMT, inhibited the malignancy behaviors of HCC cells, and suppressed tumour growth. Mechanistically, silencing DHX32 decreased the expression of β-cateninin in nucleus and β-catenin siRNA abrogated DHX32-mediated HCC progression.ConclusionDHX32 was an attractive regulator of HCC progression and indicated DHX32 canserve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC patients.     

氟伐他汀诱导人膀胱癌细胞凋亡抑制细胞增殖与迁移的研究

目的研究羟甲戊二酸单酰辅酶A（HMG-CoA）还原酶抑制剂——氟伐他汀在体外对人膀胱癌T24细胞凋亡、增殖和迁移及侵袭能力的影响,并探讨相关分子机制。方法 MTT法检测氟伐他汀对T24细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术（PI和Annexin V双染法）检测细胞凋亡率的变化;划痕愈合和Transwell试验检测氟伐他汀对肿瘤细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响;Western blot检测Bax、Cleaved-caspase-3等蛋白的表达情况。结果氟伐他汀在体外能显著抑制T24细胞的增殖,成明显浓度和时间依赖性;可以显著诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡;能显著抑制T24细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。结论氟伐他汀能显著诱导T24细胞发生凋亡,抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。     

YKL-40 promotes invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer by regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the relevance between YKL-40 and recurrence and progression of bladder cancer, and determine whether YKL-40 can be used as a potential target in patients with bladder cancer.MethodsWe analyzed the invasion and metastasis ability of BIU-87, UMUC3, J82, T24, 5637 and immortalized human bladder epithelial cells SVHUC1 by Transwell method. The YKL-40 expression levels in cell lines were analyzed by Western blot and qPCR.ResultsThe increase of YKL-40 level, especially in tumour group, was related to tumour pathological stage and tumour invasion and metastasis. The cell lines with YKL-40 high expression had stronger invasion and metastasis ability. Overexpression of YKL-40 in SVHUC1 with the lowest YKL-40 expression can enhance the invasion and migration of cells. In T24 cells with YKL-40 high expression, transfection of shRNA plasmid targeting YKL-40 can down regulate the invasion and migration. The expression levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin in YKL-40 overexpressed SVHUC1 cells were increased, the E-cadherin expression was decreased, the Twist, Snail and Slug expression levels were increased, but they were opposite in T24 cells with down-regulation of YKL-40 expression.ConclusionsYKL-40 promoted the migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells by up regulating the EMT gene expression. The YKL-40 expression is closely related to the invasion and migration of bladder cancer.     

MiR-454 promotes the progression of human non-small cell lung cancer and directly targets PTEN

PurposeMicroRNA-454 has been proven dysregulated in some human malignancies and correlated with tumor progression. However, its expression and function in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of miR-454 in NSCLC tumorigenesis and development.MethodsUsing quantitative RT-PCR, we detected miR-454 expression in NSCLC cell lines and primary tumor tissues. The association of miR-454 expression with clinicopathological factors and prognosis was also analyzed. Then, the effects of miR-454 on the biological behavior of NSCLC cells were investigated. At last, the potential regulatory function of miR-454 on PTEN expression was confirmed.ResultsmiR-454 was found to be up-regulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. High miR-454 expression was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage, and shorter overall survival. Multivariate regression analysis corroborated that miR-454 overexpression was an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC. Down-regulation of miR-454 could significantly reduce NSCLC cell proliferation, enhance cell apoptosis, and impair cell invasion and migration in vitro, while up-regulation of miR-454 showed opposite effects. Further, PTEN was confirmed as a direct target of miR-454 by using Luciferase Reporter Assay.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that miR-454 may act as an oncogene in NSCLC and would serve as a potential therapy target for this disease.     

JAGGED1/NOTCH3 activation promotes aortic hypermuscularization and stenosis in elastin deficiency

Obstructive arterial diseases, including supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS), atherosclerosis, and restenosis, share 2 important features: an abnormal or disrupted elastic lamellae structure and excessive smooth muscle cells (SMCs). However, the relationship between these pathological features is poorly delineated. SVAS is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function, hypomorphic, or deletion mutations in the elastin gene (ELN), and SVAS patients and elastin-mutant mice display increased arterial wall cellularity and luminal obstructions. Pharmacological treatments for SVAS are lacking, as the underlying pathobiology is inadequately defined. Herein, using human aortic vascular cells, mouse models, and aortic samples and SMCs derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of ELN-deficient patients, we demonstrated that elastin insufficiency induced epigenetic changes, upregulating the NOTCH pathway in SMCs. Specifically, reduced elastin increased levels of γ-secretase, activated NOTCH3 intracellular domain, and downstream genes. Notch3 deletion or pharmacological inhibition of γ-secretase attenuated aortic hypermuscularization and stenosis in Eln^–/– mutants. Eln^–/– mice expressed higher levels of NOTCH ligand JAGGED1 (JAG1) in aortic SMCs and endothelial cells (ECs). Finally, Jag1 deletion in SMCs, but not ECs, mitigated the hypermuscular and stenotic phenotype in the aorta of Eln^–/– mice. Our findings reveal that NOTCH3 pathway upregulation induced pathological aortic SMC accumulation during elastin insufficiency and provide potential therapeutic targets for SVAS.