Predictors of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Basrah

AIM To measure the incidence and determinants(predictors) of hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) who were on insulin treatment for at least one year. METHODS The present study is an out-patients based inquiry about the risk and predictors of hypoglycemia among patients with T2DM seeking care at the Al-Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, in Basrah over a period of 7 mo(from 15~(th) of April, 2013 to 15~(th) of October, 2013). The data used in the study were based on all detailed interview and selected laboratory investigations. A total of 336 patients could be included in the study.RESULTS The incidence of overall hypoglycemia among the studied patients was 75.3% within the last 3 mo preceding the interview. The incidence of hypoglycemia subtypes were 10.2% for severe hypoglycemia requiring medical assistance in the hospital, 44.36% for severe hypoglycemia treated at home by family; this includes both confirmed severe hypoglycemia with an incidence rate of 14.6% and unconfirmed severe hypoglycemia for which incidence rate was 29.76%. Regarding mild self-treated hypoglycemia, the incidence of confirmed mild hypoglycemia was 21.42%, for unconfirmed mildhypoglycemia the incidence rate was 50.0% and for total mild hypoglycemia, the incidence rate was 71.42%. The most important predictors of hypoglycemia were a peripheral residence, increasing knowledge of hypoglycemia symptoms, in availability and increasing frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose, the presence of peripheral neuropathy, higher diastolic blood pressure, and lower Hemoglobin A1c.CONCLUSION Hypoglycemia is very common among insulin-treated patients with T2DM in Basrah. It was possible to identify some important predictors of hypoglycemia.     

Unraveling,contributing factors to the severity of postprandial hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery

BackgroundDespite the increasing prevalence of postbariatric hypoglycemia (PBH), a late metabolic complication of bariatric surgery, our understanding of its diverse manifestations remains incomplete.ObjectivesTo contrast parameters of glucose-insulin homeostasis in 2 distinct phenotypes of PBH (mild versus moderate hypoglycemia) based on nadir plasma glucose.SettingUniversity Hospital (Bern, Switzerland).MethodsTwenty-five subjects with PBH following gastric bypass surgery (age, 41 ± 12 years; body mass index, 28.1 ± 6.1kg/m²) received 75g of glucose with frequent blood sampling for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP)-1. Based on nadir plasma glucose (</≥50mg/dL), subjects were grouped into level 1 (L1) and level 2 (L2) PBH groups. Beta-cell function (BCF), GLP-1 exposure (λ), beta-cell sensitivity to GLP-1 (π), potentiation of insulin secretion by GLP-1 (PI), first-pass hepatic insulin extraction (HE), insulin sensitivity (SI), and rate of glucose appearance (Ra) were calculated using an oral model of GLP-1 action coupled with the oral minimal model.ResultsNadir glucose was 43.3 ± 6.0mg/dL (mean ± standard deviation) and 60.1 ± 9.1mg/dL in L2- and L1-PBH, respectively. Insulin exposure was significantly higher in L2 versus L1 (P = .004). Mathematical modeling revealed higher BCF in L2 versus L1 (34.3 versus 18.8 10^-91min^-1; P = .003). Despite an increased GLP-1 exposure in L2 compared to L1 PBH (50.7 versus 31.9pmol1L^-11min110²; P = .021), no significant difference in PI was observed (P = .204). No significant differences were observed for HE, Ra, and SI.ConclusionsOur results suggest that higher insulin exposure in PBH patients with lower postprandial nadir glucose values mainly relate to a higher responsiveness to glucose, rather than GLP-1.     

Vildagliptin-insulin combination improves glycemic control in Asians with type 2 diabetes

AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin 50 mg bid as add-on therapy to insulin in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis of a subgroup of Asian patients from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in T2DM patients inadequately controlled by stable insulin therapy, with or without metformin. A total of 173 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive treatment with vildagliptin 50 mg bid (n = 87) or placebo (n = 86) for 24 wk. Changes in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), from baseline to study endpoint, were analyzed using an analysis of covariance model. Change from baseline to endpoint in body weight was summarized by treatment. Safety and tolerability of vildagliptin was also evaluated.RESULTS: After 24 wk, the difference in adjusted mean change in HbA1c between vildagliptin and placebo was 0.82% (8.96 mmol/mol; P < 0.001) in Asian subgroup, 0.85% (9.29 mmol/mol; P < 0.001) in patients also receiving metformin, and 0.73% (7.98 mmol/mol; P < 0.001) in patients without metformin, all in favor of vildagliptin. There was no significant difference in the change in FPG between treatments. Weight was stable in both treatment groups (+0.3 kg and -0.2 kg, for vildagliptin and placebo, respectively). Overall, vildagliptin was safe and well tolerated with similarly low incidences of hypoglycemia (8.0% vs 8.1%) and no severe hypoglycemic events were experienced in either group.CONCLUSION: In Asian patients inadequately controlled with insulin (with or without concomitant metformin), insulin-vildagliptin combination treatment significantly reduced HbA1c compared with placebo, without an increase in risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain.     

Mechanisms of hypoglycemia unawareness and implications in diabetic patients

Hypoglycemia unawareness(HU) is defined at the onset of neuroglycopenia before the appearance of autonomic warning symptoms.It is a major limitation to achieving tight diabetes and reduced quality of life.HU occurs in approximately 40% of people with type 1 diabetesmellitus(T1DM) and with less frequency in T2 DM.Though the aetiology of HU is multifactorial,possible mechanisms include chronic exposure to low blood glucose,antecedent hypoglycaemia,recurrent severe hypoglycaemia and the failure of counter-regulatory hormones.Clinically it manifests as the inability to recognise impeding hypoglycaemia by symptoms,but the mechanisms and mediators remain largely unknown.Prevention and management of HU is complex,and can only be achieved by a multifactorial intervention of clinical care and structured patient education by the diabetes team.Less know regarding the impact of medications on the development or recognition of this condition in patients with diabetes.Several medications are thought to worsen or promote HU,whereas others may have an attenuating effect on the problem.This article reviews recent advances in how the brain senses and responds to hypoglycaemia,novel mechanisms by which people with insulin-treated diabetes develop HU and impaired counter-regulatory responses.The consequences that HU has on the person with diabetes and their family are also described.Finally,it examines the evidence for prevention and treatment of HU,and summarizes the effects of medications that may influence it.     

胰岛素泵强化治疗患者低血糖影响因素分析及预防

目的 探讨胰岛素泵强化治疗患者发生低血糖的影响因素及预防性护理措施.方法 采用回顾性调查法,查阅2009年10月至2010年8月住院的胰岛素泵强化治疗的737例2型糖尿病患者病历,共有65例发生低血糖(纳入病例组),将其他未发生低血糖的672例患者作为对照组,对糖尿病胰岛素泵强化治疗患者发生低血糖的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析.结果 低血糖发生率为8.8%;病程、伴有并发症、联合用药为胰岛素泵强化治疗患者发生低血糖的影响因素.结论 应针对病程长、并发症种类多、联合用药多的患者重点观察,及时采取护理措施,预防和减少糖尿病胰岛素泵强化治疗患者低血糖的发生.     

糖尿病肾病患者口服降糖药应用进展

糖尿病肾病已成为全球终末期肾病的最主要病因之一。严格控制血糖可以有效减少糖尿病肾病发生及疾病进展;然而随着肾功能减退,会出现体内降糖药物蓄积,增加药物毒副反应及低血糖事件,所以糖尿病肾病患者如何有效且安全的使用口服降糖药物至关重要。本文主要讨论各类口服降糖药物包括胰岛素促泌剂、非胰岛素促泌剂及新型口服降糖药物在糖尿病肾病中的应用。     

Fatal hypoglycemia with levofloxacin use in an elderly patient in the post-operative period

Background and aim Fluoroquinolones are antimicrobial agents with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic organisms. They are widely used in surgical practice and are generally considered safe. Hypoglycemia because of use of levofloxacin is a rarely reported complication. This report of a case of a surgical patient highlights this potentially fatal complication. Patient An elderly, non-diabetic patient with renal impairment presented with a possible duodenal perforation. After successful surgery, the patient developed recurrent hypoglycemic episodes in the post-operative period after use of levofloxacin. Delay in recognition of the cause of hypoglycemia led to irreversible brain damage and death. Results The calculated Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale criteria suggest the possibility that these episodes were related to levofloxacin. The mechanism of hypoglycemia with levofloxacin relates to the potential inhibition of the K_ATP channel on the pancreatic beta cell by the drug. Conclusion The case report highlights the need to be aware of this potentially fatal complication of a drug commonly used in surgical practice.     

Fear of hypoglycemia,a game changer during physical activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients

Hypoglycemia limits optimal glycemic management of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Fear of hypoglycemia (FoH) is a significant psychosocial consequence that negatively impacts the willingness of T1DM patients to engage in and profit from the health benefits of regular physical activity (e.g., cardiometabolic health, improved body composition, cardiovascular fitness, quality of life). Technological advances, improved insulin regimens, and a better understanding of the physiology of various types of exercise could help ameliorate FoH. This narrative review summarizes the available literature on FoH in children and adults and tools to avoid it.     

Prevalence of hypoglycemia during oral glucose tolerance testing in adults with cystic fibrosis and risk of developing cystic fibrosis-related diabetes

Background

Hypoglycemia in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been reported; however, these patients have not been well-characterized. Few studies have examined whether hypoglycemia during the OGTT increases the risk of developing CF-related diabetes (CFRD). Objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics of CF patients with hypoglycemia during the OGTT and to determine the incidence and time to development of CFRD in those with hypoglycemia.

Contribution of glycemic variability to hypoglycemia,and a new marker for diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

BackgroundDiabetes remission after bariatric surgery was reported to be characterized by increased risk of hypoglycemia.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the contribution of glycemic variability (GV) to the risk of hypoglycemia, and the suitability of time in range (TIR), an emerging glycemic marker, to define diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).SettingA single referral center in China.MethodsThis retrospective study included 175 individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity who underwent RYGB. Subjects were classified as remission/nonremission according to the current standard. Each participant underwent continuous glucose monitoring both before and 1 year after RYGB. GV was measured by glucose coefficient of variation (CV), and hypoglycemia was assessed by time below range (TBR).ResultsComplete remission was achieved in 88 of the 175 participants following RYGB. In the remission group, significant correlations between postoperative CV and TBRs (r = .353–.442, both P ≤ .001) were found. Excess hypoglycemia (TBR_{<54 ,} ≥1%, TBR_<70, ≥4%) increased with ascending CV quintiles (both P for trend <.05) and was significantly more frequent in subjects with glucose CV >32.2% (both P <.05). Compared with glycated hemoglobin A1C, TIR showed stronger correlation with glucose CV and risk of hypoglycemia.ConclusionIncreased glycemic variability was linked to excess risk of hypoglycemia after RYGB. Furthermore, TIR may serve as a new metric, in addition to HbA1C, for defining diabetes remission.     

Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus

The purpose of this article was to increase the knowledge about oral manifestations and complications associated with diabetes mellitus. An overview was performed on Google, especially in recent reliable papers in relation to diabetes mellitus and its oral manifestations(keywords were "diabetes mellitus","oral manifestations", and "oral complications"). Data were collected and the results were declared. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia. This disease can have many complications in various regions of the body, including the oral cavity. The important oral manifestations and complications related to diabetes include xerostomia, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, increased tendency to oral infections, burning mouth, taste disturbance, and poor wound healing. Oral complications in diabetic patients are considered major complications and can affect patients' quality of life. There is evidence that chronic oral complications in these patients have negative effects on blood glucose control, so prevention and management of the oral complications are important.     

甲状腺癌合并糖尿病患者的临床病理特征分析

背景与目的:甲状腺癌(TC)不仅是内分泌最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,且已成为现阶段发病率增长最快的恶性肿瘤。糖尿病(DM)也是目前全球最严重的公共卫生问题之一,且研究发现,DM与多种恶性肿瘤的发生、发展存在关联。本研究通过TC合并DM患者与单纯TC患者临床病理资料与甲状腺B超结果的比较,探讨TC合并DM患者的临床病理特征,为该类患者的治疗决策提供参考。方法:收集中南大学湘雅医院2016年1月—2019年10月行TC手术患者共计1 064例,其中TC合并DM患者245例(TC+DM组),单纯TC患者819例(TC组);收集同期中南大学湘雅医院健康体检者604例(健康对照组)。分析TC+DM组和TC组及对照组一般资料、生化指标(DM相关指标、甲状腺功能指标、肿瘤标志物)的差异;比较TC+DM组与TC组间以及TC合并DM患者中不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平分组间临床病理因素及甲状腺B超分级(TI-RADS)的差异。结果:与健康对照组比较,TC+DM组与TC组女性占比、平均高龄、促甲状腺激素水平、神经元特异性烯醇化酶水平均明显增加,但TC+DM组的增加程度均大于TC组(均P0.05);BMI与DM相关指标(空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c)在TC+DM组均明显升高(均P0.05),但在TC组均无明显改变(均P0.05)。与TC组比较,TC+DM组肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移、远处转移的比例、TI-RADS的4c类和5类结节比例以及多发结节比例明显升高(均P0.05);TC合并DM患者中,高HbA1c组(HbA1c≥7%)远处转移、多发结节比例明显高于低HbA1c组(HbA1c7%)(均P0.05)。1 064例患者中,乳头状甲状腺癌(PTC)1 056例(99.2%),TC合并DM患者均为PTC。结论:TC合并DM多为年龄较大女性,且该类患者TI-RADS分级更高,易出现多发结节、淋巴结转移和远处转移。在TC合并DM患者中,血糖控制不佳者有更高的远处转移及多发结节发生率。因此,女性及高龄合并甲状腺结节的DM患者应警惕TC的发生,应动态观察结节情况,并积极控制血糖。     

Hypoglycemia in diabetes: An update on pathophysiology,treatment, and prevention

Hypoglycemia is a common complication in patients with diabetes, mainly in those treated with insulin, sulfonylurea, or glinide. Impairments in counterregulatory responses and hypoglycemia unawareness constitute the main risk factors for severe hypoglycemia. Episodes of hypoglycemia are associated with physical and psychological morbidity. The fear of hypoglycemia constitutes a barrier that impairs the patient’s ability to reach good glycemic control. To prevent hypoglycemia, much effort must be invested in patient education regarding risk factors, warning signs, and treatment of hypoglycemia at an early stage, together with setting personalized goals for glycemic control. In this review, we present a comprehensive update on the treatment and prevention of hypoglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients.     

Postbariatric hypoglycemia: symptom patterns and associated risk factors in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery study

BackgroundPostbariatric hypoglycemia (PBH) can be a devastating complication for which current therapies are often incompletely effective. More information is needed regarding frequency, incidence, and risk factors for PBH.ObjectivesTo examine hypoglycemia symptoms following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and baseline and in-study risk factors.SettingMulticenter, at 10 US hospitals in 6 geographically diverse clinical centers.MethodsA prospective, longitudinal cohort study of adults undergoing RYGB or LAGB as part of clinical care between 2006 and 2009 were recruited and followed until January 31, 2015, with baseline and annual postoperative research assessments. We analyzed baseline prevalence and post-operative incidence and frequency of self-reported hypoglycemia symptoms as well as potential preoperative risk factors.ResultsIn all groups, postoperative prevalence of hypoglycemia symptoms was 38.5%. Symptom prevalence increased postoperatively from 2.8%–36.4% after RYGB in patients without preoperative diabetes (T2D), with similar patterns in prediabetes (4.9%–29.1%). Individuals with T2D had higher baseline hypoglycemia symptoms (28.9%), increasing after RYGB (57.9%). Hypoglycemia symptoms were lower after LAGB, with 39.1% reported hypoglycemia symptoms at only 1 postoperative visit with few (4.0%) having persistent symptoms at 6 or more annual visits. Timing of symptoms was not restricted to the postprandial state. Symptoms of severe hypoglycemia were reported in 2.6–3.6% after RYGB. The dominant risk factor for postoperative symptoms was preoperative symptoms; additionally, baseline selective serotonin (SSRI) and serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRI) reuptake inhibitor use was also associated with increased risk in multivariable analysis. Weight loss and regain were not related to hypoglycemia symptom reporting.ConclusionHypoglycemia symptoms increase over time after RYGB, particularly in patients without diabetes. In a small percentage, symptoms can be persistent or severe and require hospitalization. Preoperative hypoglycemia symptoms and SSRI/SNRI use in RYGB patients without diabetes is associated with increased risk of symptoms.     

糖尿病病人多发伤急诊围手术期处理

目的探讨糖尿病人多发伤急诊手术围手术期诊断和血糖控制的安全方法。方法对52例糖尿病发生多发伤需行急诊手术的术前诊断与围手术期处理进行回顾性分析。结果96.2%(50/52)为2型中老年人糖尿病,部分病情隐匿,术前漏诊6例;急诊手术时血糖控制在13.9mmol/L以下可安全渡过手术期;术后出现低血糖昏迷1例,感染15例,死亡7例。结论糖尿病病人发生多发伤时有其特殊性,术前必须常规监测血糖明确诊断,静脉应用胰岛素是围手术期控制血糖的安全有效方法。     

Ⅱ型糖尿病病人围麻醉期胰岛素抵抗临床观察的探讨

目的 探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病病人围麻醉期胰岛素抵抗变化的机理及影响。方法 Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病病人各35例，在平衡麻醉下，各20例在麻醉前、手术开始后90min及拔出气管导管后测定血糖、血胰岛素，其中各10例测定红细胞膜胰岛素受体敏感性；另外15例测定葡萄糖代谢率(M值)。结果 Ⅱ型糖尿病病人术中、术后血糖(G)、血胰岛素(I)明显增高，G／I、胰岛素受体亲合力、M值明显降低。结论 在平衡麻醉下，手术使Ⅱ型糖尿病病人胰岛素受体敏感性下降，致使胰岛素抵抗加重，由此Ⅱ型糖尿病病人的葡萄糖利用率明显降低。     

Benzodiazepines and neuromuscular blocking drugs in patients

The interaction between four benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam and midazolam) and two nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs (vecuronium and atracurium) was investigated in 113 patients during general anaesthesia. Neuromuscular function was monitored by recording the mechanical twitch tension of the adductor pollicis muscle of the thumb in response to ulnar nerve stimulation with single supramaximal stimuli of 0.2 ms at 0.1 Hz. In the first group of patients a benzodiazepine (diazepam 20 mg, lorazepam 5 mg, lormetazepam 2 mg or midazolam 15 mg), was injected i.v. 15 min before a single bolus of vecuronium 45 micrograms kg-1. In the second group of patients suxamethonium 1 mg kg-1 was given for endotracheal intubation, and 30 min later the patients received atracurium 200 micrograms kg-1. Fifteen min before injection of atracurium one of the same benzodiazepines as in the first group was injected i.v. Comparisons were made with control patients receiving thiopentone. Neither benzodiazepine caused significant potentiation of neuromuscular blocking agents in comparison with control. With midazolam, however, the duration to 25% and to 75% recovery of the twitch height after vecuronium was significantly longer than with diazepam. The time to 25% recovery of the twitch height after atracurium was significantly longer in patients receiving midazolam than in those receiving diazepam. The recovery index was not influenced by the four benzodiazepines.