复合组织移行瓣在眼睑缺损整复中的应用

目的采用复合组织移行瓣做上、下睑再造手术,对上、下眼睑缺损进行修复,评价其在功能修复与外观美容等方面的作用。方法对10例眼睑缺损患者行复合组织移行瓣再造手术,在距上睑或下睑缘3～4mm处平行于睑缘全层切开,分离形成一皮瓣,分别上移行或下移行修复缺损处,如皮肤缺损较大,可再加游离植皮进行修复。术后随访时间为3~38个月,观察其修复形态和闭启程度。结果10例患者术后眼睑缺损部位均得到满意修复,皮瓣及皮片成活,色泽良好,活动自如。结论该手术可有效满足上或下睑部分全层缺损的修复,做到一期手术,一期愈合,达到功能与外观的完满结合。     

Secondary tarsoconjunctival flap after previous lower eyelid Hughes repair

PURPOSE: To describe a secondary, two-stage eyelid-sharing tarsoconjunctival flap advancement technique for the repair of full-thickness lower eyelid defect, using the remaining upper eyelid marginal tarsus that was spared in a previously performed Hughes procedure. METHODS: A computerized database search was performed on all cases of Hughes repair of the lower eyelid performed over a 10-year period (1995 to 2005) to identify patients who required a secondary tarsoconjunctival flap repair. In two cases of tumour recurrence at the lower eyelid margin, an eyelid-sharing, two-stage tarsoconjunctival flap repair of the lower eyelid using the remaining 4 mm of marginal tarsus that was spared in the original Hughes procedure was performed. Case reports of these 2 patients are presented together with their postoperative results. RESULTS: The incidence rate of the described secondary tarsoconjunctival flap procedure was 2 cases per 240 cases (0.8%) of primary Hughes procedure performed over a 10-year period. The postoperative courses in the 2 patients were uncomplicated with excellent surgical results at 6 months' follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The secondary tarsoconjunctival flap advancement procedure is an effective reconstructive technique for the repair of the full-thickness lower eyelid defect in an eyelid that has already undergone a previous Hughes repair.     

The cutaneomarginal eyelid graft

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of the cutaneomarginal graft.
Methods: The cutaneomarginal graft consists of eyelid margin tissue with anterior lamella skin. The tarsal plate is resected following harvesting of a wedge of eyelid tissue. The graft is used to repair eyelid defects following excision of neoplasms which spares the posterior lamella. The graft is principally used at the lateral most part of the lower eyelid following Mohs surgery. A case series of five patients are reviewed to assess the effectiveness of the technique.
Results: All patients achieved a satisfactory result following grafting and there were no donor site complications.
Conclusions: The cutaneomarginal graft is an effective means of repair, although with limited indications.     

The use of tarsus as a free autogenous graft in eyelid surgery

This is a report of the use of autogenous tarsus as a free graft in 121 eyelid surgical procedures. Seventy-three operations were for reconstruction of full-thickness defects and 30 were for repair of eyelid retraction. The remainder were for repair of cicatricial entropion, symblepharon, distichiasis, and irregularity of the eyelid margin. No grafts failed. There were three complications to a donor eyelid. It is believed that donor eyelid complications are less likely when the graft is harvested so as to include the upper tarsal margin. The free autogenous tarsal graft was found to be effective in repairing a variety of eyelid defects.     

Levator aponeurosis sandwich flap for reconstruction of upper eyelid defect

A 72-year-old woman suffered from a sebaceous gland carcinoma on her left upper eyelid. The tumour was 13 × 5 mm without metastasis. The tumour was excised with a 5-mm safety margin, resulting in a large, full-thickness defect in which almost all of the tarsal plate, approximately half of the orbicularis oculi muscle, and part of the levator aponeurosis were lost. Reconstruction of the upper eyelid was successfully performed with a levator aponeurosis sandwich flap, upon which the posterior lamella was covered by a free tarsal graft with medial and lateral periosteal flaps, and a skin graft from the contralateral upper eyelid for the anterior lamella. No lagophthalmos was demonstrated after the operation. Six months postoperatively, there was no tumour recurrence, no ocular complications, and good cosmetic results.     

带滑车上动脉前额部皮瓣修复上睑缺损

目的 探讨采用带滑车上动脉前额部皮瓣法修复上睑缺损的效果.方法 7例上睑全层缺损采用带滑车上动脉前额部皮瓣进行修复,术后随访6 ～ 24个月观察其临床效果.结果 皮瓣全部成活,颜色、质地与周围皮肤相近,上睑部无明显臃肿,睁眼、闭眼活动自如,无眼部不适感.皮瓣蒂部及额部植皮区无明显瘢痕增生.结论 在上睑缺损的修复中使用带滑车上动脉的前额部皮瓣对于功能和外形都有良好的改善作用.     

转移皮瓣修复眼眶组织巨大缺损

目的:观察几种不同类型转移皮瓣修复眼眶组织巨大缺损的临床效果,探讨眼眶组织巨大缺损的修复技巧。方法:回顾性分析16例被恶性肿瘤广泛破坏眼睑、眶周皮肤、眶内球旁组织及眼球的患者。行控制性或扩大切除肿瘤后,利用眶周健康组织形成转移皮瓣进行修复缺损区,供皮处缺损区取上臂内侧或腹部全厚游离皮片修复。观察术后6mo皮瓣存活情况,分析与皮瓣存活有关的术式及皮瓣类型。结果:患者16例中接受控制性切除肿瘤的患者12例12眼,扩大切除肿瘤者4例4眼;缺损区采用额部或额顶部轴型皮瓣修复10例10眼,皮下蒂皮瓣4例4眼,反转皮瓣2例2眼;术后接受放射治疗12例12眼,未接受放射治疗4例4眼,随访至术后6mo,所有皮瓣均存活。结论:转移皮瓣是修复眼眶组织巨大缺损的安全、有效方法。     

Simultaneous ipsilateral transconjunctival repair of upper and lower eyelid retraction in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Purpose: To report a simple, highly effective technique of simultaneous transconjunctival repair of upper and lower eyelid retraction in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED).

Methods: A retrospective interventional case review was conducted on 22 eyes of 19 TED patients. The lower eyelid was recessed with placement of a tarsoconjunctival spacer graft harvested from the upper eyelid. The upper eyelid was then recessed through the conjunctival incision used to harvest the tarsal graft. A temporary tarsorrhaphy was placed for 5–7 days. The postoperative outcome was assessed by measuring the margin reflex distance of the upper eyelid (MRD1), inferior scleral show (ISS), and lagophthalmos.

Results: The absolute change in MRD1 ranged from 0 to 5 mm with an average of 1.86 ± 1.34 mm. The absolute change in ISS ranged from 0 to 2 mm with an average of 1.3 ± 0.49 mm. One patient had postoperative lagophthalmos and 17 of 19 had improvement in their ocular surface exposure symptoms. None of the patients’ grafts were observed to undergo absorption during the postoperative course.

Conclusions: This technique of harvesting a free tarsoconjunctival graft from the upper eyelid as a posterior spacer for the lower while simultaneously recessing the upper eyelid through the same incision is an effective and durable method of correcting eyelid retraction in TED.     

Reconstruction of large upper eyelid defects with a free tarsal plate graft and a myocutaneous pedicle flap plus a free skin graft

Purpose: To review and present the results of a one-step method employing a free tarsal plate graft and a myocutaneous pedicle flap plus a free skin graft for reconstruction of large upper eyelid defects after tumour surgery.Methods: This was a retrospective case-series of 8 patients who underwent reconstruction of the upper eyelid after tumour removal. The horizontal defect involved 50–75% of the lid (3 pts.), more than 75% (3 pts.), and more than 75% plus the lateral canthus (2 pts.). The posterior lamella was reconstructed with contralateral upper eyelid tarsal plate. The anterior lamella was reconstructed with a laterally based myocutaneous pedicle flap in 7 patients, leaving a raw surface under the brow which was covered with a free skin graft. In 1 patient with little skin left under the brow, the anterior lamella was reconstructed with a bi-pedicle orbicularis muscle flap together with a free skin graft.Results: All patients healed without necrosis, did not suffer from lagophthalmos, achieved reasonable cosmesis, and did not need lubricants. In one patient, a contact lens was necessary for three weeks because of corneal erosion. One patient still needs a contact lens 3 months after excision to avoid eye discomfort.Conclusion: Large upper eyelid defects can be reconstructed with a free tarsal plate graft and a laterally based myocutaneous pedicle flap in combination with a free skin graft. Two-step procedures can probably be avoided in most cases.     

Anchored flaps in post-Mohs reconstruction of the lower eyelid,cheek, and lateral canthus: avoiding eyelid distortion

PURPOSE: To describe a system of post-Mohs reconstruction that addresses lower eyelid susceptibility to unopposed tractional, cicatricial, and gravitational forces. Large flaps are anchored to fixed tissue to avoid transmitting flap tension to the eyelids. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cohort study drawn from approximately 40 patients with post-Mohs defects of the nonmarginal lower eyelid, cheek, and lateral canthus. Surgical intervention involved horizontally oriented, relaxed skin tension line-designed advancement flaps, usually with eyelid margin stabilization. The use of anchoring sutures and any requirement for flap-graft combinations were based on defect size and the elasticity of adjacent tissues. RESULTS: Anchoring eyelid and cheek flaps to underlying periosteum permitted broad flap dissection and advancement without distortion, as the semimobile eyelid and canthi were protected from the resulting flap tension. Anticipated defect size limits for flap reconstruction often were exceeded. Defects too broad for flap reconstruction alone could be downsized, leaving a relatively small area for graft resurfacing. CONCLUSIONS: Anchored cheek flaps extend recognition of the continuity of the lower eyelid and midface to the primary reconstruction of tumor-free defects, and they address the relation by restoring deep attachments that minimize eyelid and canthal dystopia.     

Free tarsus autogenous graft struts for lower eyelid elevation

PURPOSE: Free tarsus autogenous graft (FTG) has emerged as a useful biological spacer in lower eyelid elevation. However, it has limited use where a spacer of greater than 4 mm height is required, because at least 4 mm of upper tarsal height must be preserved to maintain upper eyelid rigidity. We describe an augmentation of FTG in its use as a spacer, by way of creating 2 parallel-placed vertical FTG struts, in contrast to interpositioning the FTG horizontally. METHODS: This case series describes the technique of harvesting and interpositioning FTG struts. Nine eyelids in 6 patients in whom FTG struts were used for lower eyelid elevation are reported. The patients ranged in age from 41 to 80 years. Underlying diagnoses included thyroid orbitopathy, previous blepharoplasty, and previous facial and eyelid thermal burns. RESULTS: FTG struts achieved an effective spacer height of up to 7 mm, and follow-up of 9 to 20 months revealed a good outcome in all 3 cases, with no complications. CONCLUSIONS: FTG struts provide an effective and lasting lower eyelid elevation when used as a spacer. A spacer graft of up to 7 mm in vertical height may be harvested from a long strip of upper eyelid tarsus that is 4 mm in vertical height. This technique would allow autogenous upper eyelid tarsus to be harvested with maximum conservation of tissue.     

Modification of the Cutler-Beard procedure using donor achilles tendon for upper eyelid reconstruction

PURPOSE: Large upper eyelid defects are typically repaired by the two-stage Cutler-Beard procedure. Replacing the tarsal plate is integral in reconstructing the upper eyelid. Currently, autogenous cartilage is the most frequently used tarsal substitute. We propose using donor Achilles tendon as an alternative for increased stability of the upper eyelid when repairing large defects by the Cutler-Beard procedure. METHODS: We present a retrospectively reviewed case series of four patients with large upper eyelid defects. Each had the traditional Cutler-Beard procedure with the variation of using donor Achilles tendon as the tarsal replacement. Patients were examined and photographed in follow-up ranging from 6 months to 4 years. RESULTS: All cases were successful in recreating the upper eyelid without complication. The tendon graft supplied structure, motility, and cosmesis throughout follow-up. The human Achilles tendon was investigated by literature review and compared with currently available posterior lamellar substitutes. CONCLUSIONS: The replacement of upper eyelid tarsus with Achilles tendon as part of the Cutler-Beard procedure was successful in repairing large upper eyelid defects in four patients. The tendon graft is easily placed and incorporated in the normal eyelid anatomy. It is pliable and mobile yet stable. Repair is not limited by the size of the defect, as the tissue is readily available. The modification produced excellent functional and cosmetic results.     

Application of helical composite sandwich graft for eyelid reconstruction

PURPOSE: To show the efficiency of the ear helix sandwich graft as a simple method for reconstruction of full-thickness eyelid defects. METHODS: A prospective case series of 13 patients requiring full-thickness upper or lower eyelid margin reconstruction was evaluated. Defects were reconstructed with a helical composite sandwich graft, and all patients were assessed for functional and aesthetic results and surgical complications. RESULTS: All patients were satisfied with their functional and aesthetic results. Three patients had marginal skin loss on the composite graft, which was treated with daily dressings. Donor site complications occurred in two patients; one had a local infection that was treated with daily dressings and the other had wound dehiscence treated with marginal debridement and primary closure. CONCLUSIONS: The helical composite sandwich graft is a good match for eyelids in terms of color, texture, and contour. The use of the helical composite sandwich graft is a simple, effective, and safe procedure for the reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the eyelid margins.     

硬腭黏膜移植联合眼周皮瓣修复下睑全层缺损

目的:探讨用硬腭黏膜植片修复眼睑缺损后层,眼周皮瓣修复眼睑前层缺损,这一联合手术的临床效果。方法:对8例因下睑肿瘤切除所致的下睑全层缺损,采用自体硬腭黏膜移植联合眼周皮瓣重建下睑。结果:随访8mo以上,全部病例硬腭黏膜植片及转移皮瓣全部成活,除1例下睑轻度退缩外,眼睑外观和功能满意,获得良好效果。结论:硬腭黏膜移植联合眼周皮瓣修复下睑全层缺损,可以一次性修复缺损的皮肤、睑板、结膜,效果肯定,具有较高的临床价值。     

Free tarsal graft combined with skin transposition flap for full-thickness lower eyelid reconstruction

We present the surgical outcome in a series of 4 patients with large full-thickness eyelid defects after basal cell carcinoma excision. The patients underwent reconstructive eyelid surgery using autogenous free tarsal grafts combined with a skin transposition flap from the upper eyelid. Two female and 2 male patients ranging in age from 44 years to 85 years were treated. In all 4 cases, posterior lamellae were reconstructed using a free tarsal graft, and the outer lamella was developed with a transposition skin flap from the upper eyelid. The skin flap provided adequate vascular support in all cases. Follow up of 10 months to 20 months showed a good outcome in all patients. Reconstruction of full thickness eyelid defects after extensive tumor excision requires reforming of the anterior and posterior lamella. Whereas the Hughes or Cutler Beard techniques for eyelid reconstruction require a 2-step approach with occlusion of the eye for at least 1 week, reconstruction with a free tarsal graft is a 1-stage procedure and does not entail eye occlusion. Autogenous tarsus as a free graft proves to be a simple procedure for posterior lamella substitution in lower eyelid surgery, especially in combination with a skin transposition flap from the upper eyelid.     

Eyelid reconstruction with tarsomarginal grafts

Summary In the past 3 years, 85 basal cell carcinomas were treated in our clinic using eyelid reconstruction. During the same period, 54 lids were reconstructed after other diseases, mostly after chemical burns. In one of the 54 patients, the upper lid was reconstructed using a tarso-marginal graft after congenital coloboma. Method: In 31 of the 85 patients with basal-well carcinoma (36 %), so much tarsus was lost that a transplantation of tarsus was necessary. Fifteen of the 31 patients were treated with a Hughes-plasty and 16 using a tarsomarginal graft, two in the upper lid. Results: In eight of the remaining 16 cases, the defect was less than one half of length, so that the graft was taken from the second lower lid. In the remaining eight patients, the defect was two thirds of length or longer. In six cases, a 7 mm-graft was taken from the upper lid. As the tarsus from the upper lid measures 10 mm and is thus twice as big as the lower lid tarsus, it was divided into two grafts, resulting in two grafts measuring 7 × 5 mm. They were placed in the lower lid (“double tarsomarginal graft”). The former lower part with lashes was placed in the middle of the lower lid, the former upper part peripherally. In two patients, the defect was healed with three tarsomarginal grafts. A pedicle skin flap was transposed to cover the posterior grafts. Remaining defects were closed with free skin transplants. Conclusion: The tarsomarginal graft permits a short operation time and early rehabilitation of the patients. The disadvantage of the double tarsomarginal graft is that the more valuable upper lid tarsus is used to reconstruct the less valuable lower lid tarsus.      

Spontaneous reformation of upper eyelid.

Twenty-six patients with lesions of upper eyelids were treated with simple surgical excision under local anaesthesia as day cases. Three other patients with eyelid injuries had full-thickness margin-inclusive lacerations of upper eyelids. In all these 29 patients the upper eyelid wounds were allowed to heal solely by spontaneous repair. The cautious study began with small extramarginal skin excisions and progressed gradually via moderate sized juxtamarginal excisions of skin and orbicularis lamella to full-thickness margin-inclusive excisions. The wounds healed satisfactorily in all the 29 patients without ocular or palpebral complications. The functional results were normal. Cosmetic results were excellent in 27 patients and acceptable in 2, one of whom subsequently underwent a secondary oculoplastic repair. This study demonstrates that, for upper eyelids, full-thickness margin-inclusive excisions of up to 10 mm in horizontal extent and 5-6 mm in height, and moderate sized 13 X 10 mm juxtamarginal excisions of the skin and orbicularis lamella, yield near normal results with solely spontaneous repair. Immediate surgical reconstruction of such wounds is assumed to be mandatory by current tenets of oculoplastic surgery.     

对位睑板结膜瓣滑行修复眼睑缺损

目的：评价对位睑板结膜瓣滑行修复眼瞪缺损的效果。方法：对41例眼瞪全层缺损患者,其中上睑10例,下睑31例,切除肿瘤导致缺损者33例。外伤导致缺损者8例,缺损范围在1/3-2/3,年龄24-79岁,采用与缺损眼睑相对应的眼睑睑板结膜瓣滑行至缺损区来修补眼睑缺损。结果：术后随访31例,随访时间3月-5年,除缺损外,1例出现轻度上睑退缩（退缩量为1-2mm),1例出现轻度下睑外翻,余眼睑外形及功能均基本恢复,眼睑活动自如,闭合完全,无严重并发症发生,结论：对位睑板结膜瓣滑行可用于修复眼睑后层缺损,且不受有无睑板替代物的限制。不需另添手术创口,可更好地恢复眼睑的功能及外观。     

Split-level full-thickness eyelid graft.

A new method of surgical treatment for cicatricial eyelid retraction involves grafts placed in both the anterior and posterior lamellae of the upper eyelid, when there is a shortage of tissue in both layers, caused by previous surgical procedures. The anterior lamellar graft is of postauricular skin and the posterior graft is of buccal mucosa. The two grafts are placed at different levels in the eyelid so that each has a viable vascular bed. The procedure, called the split-level full-thickness eyelid graft, is not designed to correct problems involving only the eyelid retractors, such as retraction secondary to thyroid disease.