The implications of a growing evidence base for drug use in elderly patients. Part 1. Statins for primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention

Although elderly patients represent a rapidly growing population often requiring multiple drug treatment, the evidence of effectiveness is limited for many interventions and therapies in this age group. Only during the last 30 years has a requirement to incorporate evidence into the treatment of older subjects become part of the pre- and postmarketing regulatory process in Europe and the United States. Recently, elderly patients have been shown to benefit comparably from several treatments. These studies have supported the validity of an increasingly interventional approach to disorders common in late life. However, an important issue is the applicability of the growing body of clinical trials to 'real life' patients. This is particularly true in very old (i.e. >80 years) patients and those with significant comorbidities. We review the current evidence and controversies related to the effectiveness and safety of several therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular disease (i.e. statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-adrenoceptor blockers, and thrombolytic agents) and bone health (i.e. vitamin D and bisphosphonates).     

The implications of a growing evidence base for drug use in elderly patients Part 2. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure and high cardiovascular risk patients

Traditionally, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been used for the management of patients with congestive cardiac failure. Studies performed over the last decade have demonstrated that (1) angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are as effective as ACE inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in cardiac failure; and (2) inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system provides beneficial effects in patients at high cardiovascular risk without cardiac failure. This review focuses on the applicability of the results of the main trials with ACE inhibitors and ARBs to the elderly population.     

The implications of a growing evidence base for drug use in elderly patients. Part 3. Beta-adrenoceptor blockers in heart failure and thrombolytics in acute myocardial infarction

Beta-adrenoceptor blockers and thrombolytic agents are of established value in the pharmacological management of heart failure and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, respectively. However, there is uncertainty as to whether these therapeutic strategies can be safely and effectively adopted in elderly patients with comorbidities, particularly in old-old individuals. This review focuses on these trials and the age-related efficacy and safety of these drugs.     

An update on the problem of osteoporosis in people with epilepsy taking antiepileptic drugs

Introduction: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been associated with a negative impact on bone health. Comorbid disorders in patients with epilepsy may require drugs exerting a pro-osteoporotic effect, so a possibility of untoward interactions with AEDs is probable.

Areas covered: This review discusses evidence related to the deteriorating influence of AEDs on bone, demonstrating generally stronger negative effects of conventional AEDs. Lamotrigine seems to be a safer AED in this regard. Further, literature data indicate that generally AEDs can lower the serum concentration of vitamin D. Importantly, pediatric patients are of greater risk of bone problems during therapy with AEDs, which is probably due to their effects on bone-forming processes.

Expert opinion: Supplementation with vitamin D and calcium is frequently recommended in patients taking AEDs chronically. Whether to add a bisphosphonate remains an open question due to the limited data on this issue. A possibility of negative interactions exists between AEDs and other pro-osteoporotic drugs: glucocorticoids, proton pump inhibitors and aromatase inhibitors. Depression is a frequent comorbidity in patients with epilepsy. Clinical data indicate that antidepressant drugs may also increase the risk of fractures. Again, patients with epilepsy and depression may be exposed to a greater risk of osteoporosis.     

The efficacy and safety of calcitriol and/or Caltrate D in elderly Chinese women with low bone mass

Aim： To observe the efficacy and safety of Rocaltrol （calcitriol） and/or Caltrate D （calicum carbonate plus vitamin D） in elderly Chinese women with osteopenia or osteoporosis.
Methods： One hundred fifty Chinese women aged over 65 years with osteopenia or osteoporosis from three centers were randomly divided into two groups. Seventy-six participants received Caltrate D as one pill daily; the other 74 participants received 0.25 μg Caltrate D plus Rocaltrol daily. The changes in bone mineral density （BMD） served as primary end-points. Height changes, the presence of new vertebral fractures, muscle strength and balance were evaluated.
Results： The following are the mean percentage changes （and SD） in BMD over 12 months： at L2-L4, 0.83±3.88 in the Caltrate D group and 2.84±4.04 in the Rocaltrol＋Caltrate D group （P=0.003, by ANCOVA ）; at the femoral neck, 0.04±3.94 in the Caltrate D group and 2.01±5.45 in the Rocaltrol＋Caltrate D group （P=0.085, by ANCOVA）; and in the trochanter, 1.59±4.57 in the Caltrate D group and 3.76±6.25 in the Rocaltrol＋Caltrate D group （P=0.053, by ANCOVA）. The stand and maximal forward reach test （SMFRT） was significantly enhanced in both groups during the 12 months of treatment, but no significant differences were found between these two groups. No severe adverse event related to these medications occurred throughout the study.
Conclusion： Treatment with Rocaltrol plus Caltrate D or Caltrate D for 12 months in elderly Chinese postmenopausal women effectively increased BMD at the lumbar spine. Rocaltrol plus Caltrate D was more effective at the lumbar spine than Caltrate D alone.     

骨康胶囊联合碳酸钙D3片治疗老年骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折的临床研究

目的探讨骨康胶囊联合碳酸钙D3片治疗老年骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法选择2012年7月—2015年6月黄石煤炭矿务局职工医院收治的骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折患者72例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各36例。两组均给予手术切开复位处理,对照组术后口服碳酸钙D3片,1.8 g/次,3次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服骨康胶囊,1.2~1.6 g/次,3次/d。两组患者均治疗6个月。比较两组的腕关节功能恢复情况、骨代谢、骨密度、住院时间和骨折愈合时间。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的优良率分别为72.22%、91.67%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组TP1NP和BGP均上升,而β-CTX均下降,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组这些观察指标的改善程度明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组腰椎L2-4、股骨颈、Ward三角和大粗隆骨密度均上升,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组这些观察指标的上升程度明显优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组住院时间和骨折愈合时间均短于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论骨康胶囊联合碳酸钙D3片可加速老年骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折患者术后骨折愈合速度,缩短住院时间,促进患者骨形成,抑制骨吸收,调节骨代谢,提高骨密度,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

利塞膦酸治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的随机双盲对照临床研究

目的:探讨利塞膦酸治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的有效性和安全性。方法:采用随机双盲安慰剂对照平行临床比较研究,共入选病例48例。利塞膦酸组给予利塞膦酸钠片5 mg,qd;安慰剂组给予安慰剂1片,qd;每组均同时给予钙维D,咀嚼片1片,qd;疗程均为12 mo。结果:完成病例共46例,每组各23例。用药后腰椎和髋骨总骨密度,利塞膦酸组增加了(0．04±s 0．04)g·cm-2和(0．03±0．05)g·cm-2,与治疗前比较差异非常显著(P<0．01);安慰剂组无明显变化,2组间比较,差异有非常显著意义(P< 0．01)。利塞膦酸组用药后血骨钙素和I型胶原交联C端多肽分别下降(4±7)μg·L-1和(0．6±0．4)nmol·L-1,与治疗前比较差异非常显著(P<0．01)。不良事件2组各发生1例,组间无显著差异(P>0．05)。结论:利塞膦酸是一种疗效和安全性均良好的治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的药物。     

The problem of osteoporosis in epileptic patients taking antiepileptic drugs

Introduction: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder associated with recurrent seizures. Therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) helps achieve seizure remission in approximately 70% of epileptic patients. Treatment with AEDs is frequently lifelong and there are reports suggesting its negative influence on bone health. This is especially important in terms of general occurrence of osteoporosis, affecting over 50 million people worldwide.

Areas covered: This study refers to two main groups of AEDs: hepatic enzyme inducers (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone and topiramate) and non-inducers (clobazam, clonazepam, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, pregabalin, tiagabine, valproate, vigabatrin and zonisamide). Some reports indicate that enzyme inducers may exert a more negative influence on bone mineral density (BMD) compared to non-inducers. Bone problems may appear in both sexes during AED therapy, although women are additionally burdened with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Supplementation of vitamin D and calcium in patients on AEDs is recommended.

Expert opinion: Apart from enzyme inducers, valproate (an even enzyme inhibitor) may also negatively affect BMD. However, the untoward effects of AEDs may depend upon their doses and duration of treatment. Although the problem of supplementation of vitamin D and calcium in epileptic patients on AEDs is controversial, there are recommendations to do so.     

骨质疏松症的药物治疗现状

目的;介绍骨质疏松症的药物治疗现状。方法：参考国内外文献,从药理作用、临床疗效和不良反应及发展前景等方面综述VD、降钙素、雌激素、双膦酸盐盐、氟化物、甲状旁腺激素、VK2、伊普拉芬、钙剂和骨生长因子制剂等骨质疏松症治疗药物。结果与结论：上述十类药物对骨质疏松症治疗都有效,其作用机制及疗程长短尚待深入研究。     

中老年绝经后维持性血液透析患者骨质疏松症情况分析

目的:探讨中老年绝经后维持性血液透析(MHD)患者骨质疏松情况。方法:选择中老年绝经后MHD患者90例,中老年绝经后妇女普通人群41例,采用双能X线骨密度测定仪测定腰椎与股骨骨密度(BMD)。结果:实验组较对照组腰椎及股骨BMD明显降低(P<0.01),实验组严重骨质疏松及骨折的发生率明显增高(P<0.05)。结论:中老年绝经后MHD患者骨质疏松及骨折发生率高,应高度重视,给予针对性治疗。     

Intravenous parecoxib for early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients: evidence from a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

Background

Inflammation plays a key role in the etiology and pathology of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor parecoxib is used for the treatment of acute pain due to its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of parecoxib on early POCD in geriatric patients.     

钙维生素D复合物单独与联用阿仑膦酸钠在治疗糖皮质激素引起骨量丢失疗效的观察

目的：比较钙维生素D复合物单独应用与联合阿仑膦酸钠在治疗长期使用糖皮质激素造成骨量丢失疗效方面的差异。方法：40例糖皮质激素引起的骨质疏松或骨量减少的患者,分别给予单用钙尔奇D片0．6g／天（A组）及联合阿仑膦酸钠70mg／周（B组）治疗,观察入选时及治疗6个月后临床疼痛症状、常规生化指标和定量cT腰椎骨密度（BMD）值变化。结果：两组患者基线水平的一般特征和治疗后疼痛改善总有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。A组治疗后腰椎BMD值有所下降（P〈0．05）;B组治疗后腰椎BMD增加（P〈0．01）;B纽治疗后腰椎BMD值明显高于A组（P〈0．01）。两组患者治疗前后常规生化指标变化相近（P〉0．05）。结论：糖皮质激素长期应用可引起骨量持续丢失。与单纯服用钙维生素D复合物相比,钙维生素D复合物与二膦酸盐联合能更有效地治疗糖皮质激素长期应甩引起的骨量丢失。     

长期使用质子泵抑制剂对老年患者骨代谢和骨密度的影响

目的 探讨长期使用质子泵抑制剂对老年患者骨代谢和骨密度的影响.方法 连续收集因反流性食管炎需要长期服用质子泵抑制剂的老年患者50例作为观察组,同期收集50例健康老年人作为对照组.比较两组的骨密度和骨代谢情况.结果 入组时,两组患者股骨颈骨密度差异无统计学意义(0.80 ±0.10 vs 0.79 ±0.09 g·cm-2,P=0.708).3个月和6个月时,观察组股骨颈骨密度均显著低于对照组[(0.73±0.10 vs 0.82±0.09 g·cm-2,P =0.000)和(0.68±0.11 vs 0.79 ±0.09 g·cm-2,P=0.000)].两组研究对象入组时降钙素、骨钙素、碱性磷酸酶和Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽均差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).6个月时,观察组降钙素、骨钙素和碱性磷酸酶均显著低于对照组[(221.87 ±68.82 vs 251.53 ±58.72 ng·L-1,P=0.023)、(9.82 ±2.56 vs 11.66 ±2.88μg·L-1,P =0.001)、(10.47 ±2.18 vs 12.66 ±1.75μg·L-1,P =0.000)],Ⅰ型胶原羧基末端肽显著高于对照组(253.85 ±51.66 vs 225.39 ±52.88 ng·L-1,P=0.008).结论 长期使用质子泵抑制剂可导致骨破坏增加,进而导致骨质疏松.     

碳酸钙维生素D3及鲑鱼降钙素联合脉冲电磁场治疗老年女性骨质疏松症的临床观察

目的 观察碳酸钙维生素D3及鲑鱼降钙素联合脉冲电磁场治疗老年女性骨质疏松症的疗效.方法 老年女性原发性骨质疏松症96例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组48例.对照组给予口服碳酸钙维生素D3(每天1片)及降钙素鼻喷剂(每天喷两次,每次120 IU)治疗12个月,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上加用脉冲电磁场治疗8周.治疗前及治疗后第1、2、4、8周分别测定患者视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS),治疗前及治疗后1年对患者进行腰椎骨密度(BMD)测量.结果 观察组和对照组在治疗前及治疗后1、2、4、8周,VAS评分分别为:(6.7±2.1),(2.6±0.9),(1.8±0.5),(1.4±0.3),(1.1±0.2)和(6.6±2.0),(4.5±1.3),(4.0±1.1),(3.2±1.0),(2.7±0.8).治疗后两组患者的疼痛均能获得减轻,而且治疗时间越长,疼痛减轻越明显,但观察组比对照组疼痛缓解得更快(P＜0.01).治疗前观察组和对照组的腰椎BMD分别为:(0.737±0.083)和(0.739±0.083),治疗后1年则分别为(0.793 ±0.082)和(0.791 ±0.081),观察组与对照组比较,BMD差别无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而各组治疗前后比较,BMD升高均具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 碳酸钙维生素D3及鲑鱼降钙素治疗老年女性骨质疏松症疗效确切,联合短疗程脉冲电磁场治疗对缓解疼痛具有协同作用,但对治疗后1年的腰椎骨密度的增加似乎无影响.     

Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in Pakistan and implications for the future

Background and aims: vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D) affects over one billion people worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency results in progression of osteoporosis as well as other conditions. Previous studies have shown high rates of vitamin D deficiency in Pakistan despite appreciable levels of sunshine. However, none have assessed vitamin D deficiency across all age groups, genders, incomes, and locations to guide future strategies. Methods: Questionnaire and blood sampling among 4830 randomly selected citizens. Results: High levels of deficiency among all age groups, genders, income levels, and locations. Amongst the selected citizens, 53.5% had vitamin D deficiency, 31.2% had insufficient vitamin D, and only 15.3% normal vitamin D. Conclusion: High rates of vitamin D deficiency in Pakistan despite high levels of sunshine and previous Food Acts asking for food fortification with vitamin D. Public health strategies are needed to address high deficiency rates, including food fortification, i.e. nurture, alongside increasing exposure to sunlight, i.e. nature. This will involve all key stakeholder groups.     

某院老年2型糖尿病患者合理用药评价标准的建立

目的：制定某院老年2型糖尿病患者合理用药的评价标准，为保障临床合理用药提供依据。方法：将美国老年医学会发布的2019版老年人潜在不适当用药标准（Beers）、中国老年人潜在不适当用药判断标准（2017年版）、老年人不适当处方筛查工具（STOPP）、老年人处方遗漏筛查工具（START）、中国2型糖尿病防治指南（2017年版）和降糖药物最新版说明书中老年用药项下的内容汇总，提取相关条目并筛重整理，得到老年2型糖尿病患者合理用药的初始标准并形成调研问卷，再通过德尔菲法开展两轮专家问卷调研，得到最终标准。结果：参与本研究的专家共13人，两轮问卷的回收率均为100%、权威系数分别为0.75和0.78，以指标均数>3.5且变异系数<0.25为入选标准，本研究最终纳入21个警示指标。结论：本标准的制定结合了理论与临床经验，更具应用价值，可为该院老年2型糖尿病患者的合理用药提供依据，也可为药学人员处方审核提供参考。     

居家药学服务在多重用药老年患者中效果的系统评价与Meta分析

目的:评价居家药学服务在多重用药老年患者中的效果.方法:采用Cochrane系统评价方法,以"多重用药"、"药师主导"和"老年患者"为检索词,检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science数据库,对符合纳入标准的随机对照试验进行质量评价并提取有效信息进行Meta分析.结果:共纳入10项...     

老年人新型冠状病毒肺炎中药防治的合理用药策略

目的：促进老年人新型冠状病毒肺炎中药防治的安全性及合理性。方法：根据全国各省制定的新型冠状病毒肺炎中医药预防方案，结合老年人的生理特质、病理情况、基础疾病及用药特点进行分析。结果：提出老年人新型冠状病毒肺炎中药防治的合理用药策略。结论：老年人作为预防新冠病毒感染的重点人群，应加强合理用药干预，确保中药用药安全有效。