超声引导下经皮微波消融治疗甲状腺良性结节疗效观察

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮微波消融(MWA)治疗甲状腺良性结节的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析308例接受超声引导下经皮MWA治疗的甲状腺良性结节患者治疗及随访资料,观察术后并发症情况,记录并比较消融前结节体积及消融后结节体积及体积缩小率。结果 对308例患者共324个结节均成功完成消融。术中及术后并发症患者经对症处理后均恢复正常。甲状腺结节消融前平均体积为(12.17±20.16)cm³,最终消融后平均体积为(2.35±4.42)cm³,较消融前差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),最终消融后体积缩小率为(66.43±60.08)%。消融后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月甲状腺结节体积均较消融前明显减小(P均<0.05)。消融前结节体积与最终消融后结节体积缩小率呈正相关(r=0.181,P=0.001)。结论 超声引导下经皮MWA治疗良性甲状腺结节疗效确切,且安全、微创。     

射频消融与手术切除结直肠癌肝转移的Meta分析

目的 比较射频消融（RFA）和外科肝切除术（HR）对结直肠癌肝转移的治疗效果。方法 系统检索收集了PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMBASE、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库等关于RFA和HR在结直肠癌肝转移的临床对照试验,按Cochrane系统评价方法进行了评价,采用Stata 12.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 最终纳入文献13篇,共2348例患者,其中 RFA 972例,HR1376例。Meta分析结果显示,RFA患者3年、5年生存率明显高于HR患者（OR：0.56,95%CI：0.38~0.83,P=0.004;OR：0.47,95%CI：0.29~0.76,P=0.002）;RFA患者手术后总复发率明显高于HR患者（OR：2.79,95%CI：1.25~6.21,P=0.012）。结论 HR较RFA治疗结直肠癌肝转移术后生存率高,复发率低,可作为临床优先考虑的治疗方法。     

螺旋CT评估射频消融治疗肾癌的疗效

目的 观察多层螺旋CT增强扫描评估射频消融术(RFA)治疗肾癌的疗效的价值。方法 分析37例患者共39个肾癌癌灶于行射频消融治疗术前、术后1个月及术后1年的增强CT图像上肿瘤最大截面积及其CT值的变化。结果 RFA后1个月肿瘤最大截面积较术前明显增大(P<0.05),RFA后1年肿瘤区域最大截面积较术前明显缩小(P<0.05)。RFA后1个月和1年肿瘤最大截面的CT值增强量(即增强扫描动脉相较平扫相上肿瘤区域CT值的增加量)较术前明显减小(P<0.05),而术后1年肿瘤CT值增强量与术后1个月相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.99)。RFA后1个月和1年肿瘤最大截面的CT值增强量95%CI分别为(3.26~6.22)HU、(2.62~6.82)HU,两者上限均<10 HU。结论 多层螺旋CT增强扫描可作为射频消融治疗肾癌术后肿瘤区是否毁损完全的可靠的评价指标,完全毁损的标准为术后肿瘤区域CT值增强量<10 HU。     

CT评价兔VX2肝癌射频消融后局部肿瘤进展模式及部位

目的 探讨兔VX2肝癌射频消融(RFA)后局部肿瘤进展(LTP)模式和部位的CT特征。方法 新西兰大白兔30只,组织块种植法制成兔VX2肝癌模型,肿瘤种植14天后将荷瘤兔随机分为实验组(n=21)和对照组(n=9),进行RFA治疗。实验组:完全消融肿瘤+至少一个边缘瘤周消融范围小于5 mm正常肝组织;对照组:完全消融肿瘤+肿瘤边缘约10 mm正常肝组织。射频后3、7、14天行CT扫描,每次扫描后选7只实验组、3只对照组兔处死。观察射频区及LTP形态和部位。结果 30只兔单发VX2肝癌模型均成功建模,肿瘤平均直径15 mm,其中5只兔于术中及术后死亡(实验组死亡3只,对照组死亡2只),实验组每次CT检查完成后实际处死6只兔,对照组共7只完成实验。对照组7只兔射频区边缘未见肿瘤细胞;实验组18只兔共发现LTP病灶25个。14只兔的18个LTP病灶发生于射频缘距肿瘤边缘不足5 mm区域内。射频针周围较其他部位更易发生LTP(P=0.011)。结论 VX2肝癌RFA后LTP病灶具有一定特征,LTP的发生与射频消融范围不足有关。     

新型腔内射频消融导管消融离体猪肝

目的 观察新型腔内射频消融导管对离体猪肝(肝实质、栓子模型)的消融效果。方法 应用EMcision Habib腔内射频消融导管及RITA射频发生器对新鲜离体猪肝肝实质及栓子模型进行消融,输出功率分别为5 W、10 W、15 W和20 W,消融时间分别为60 s、90 s和120 s,观察消融灶组织凝固形态及范围。结果 消融肝实质时,输出功率为10 W、延长消融时间(90 s延长至120 s),输出功率为15 W、延长消融时间(60 s延长至90 s)以及消融时间为60 s和90 s、增加输出功率(15 W增加至20 W)获得的消融灶长径增加(P均<0.05),而宽径增加不明显(P均>0.05)。消融栓子模型时,输出功率为10 W、延长消融时间(90 s延长至120 s),以及消融时间为60 s、增加输出功率(15 W增加至20 W)均可增加消融灶长径(P均<0.05),而宽径增加不明显(P均>0.05)。肉眼见所有消融灶附着处血管管壁颜色均与邻近血管管壁无差异。结论 采用EMcision Habib腔内射频导管消融离体猪肝可出现明确的消融范围,且对管道壁无明显损伤。     

CT灌注成像在骨肉瘤疗效评价中的应用

目的 探讨CT灌注成像(CTPI)在骨肉瘤抗血管生成治疗及化疗疗效判断中的应用价值。方法 将25例原发性骨肉瘤患者随机分为两组:化疗+抗血管生成治疗组(n=14)和化疗组(n=11),对所有病例在治疗前后行64层螺旋CT扫描,分别比较治疗前后肿瘤体积及灌注参数的差别,并对灌注参数与肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)值进行相关性分析。结果 化疗+抗血管生成治疗后,该组患者血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、Patlak血容量(PBV)和对比剂起始时间(TTS)下降显著(P＜0.05),毛细血管通透性(PS)和对比剂峰值时间(TTP)变化不明显(P＞0.05)。化疗组患者治疗前后各项参数变化均不显著(P＞0.05)。治疗前后两组肿瘤体积改变均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。两组BF、BV、PBV和PS值均与MVD呈正相关(P＜0.05),TTS、TTP与MVD无相关关系(P>0.05)。化疗+抗血管生成治疗组和化疗组两年生存率分别为84.71%、55.25%,两组生存曲线整体比较具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 CTPI可为观察骨肉瘤治疗后改变及判断预后提供更多的客观依据。     

超声引导下经皮注射无水乙醇联合微波消融治疗甲状腺良性囊实性肿物

目的 观察超声引导下经皮注射无水乙醇（PEI）联合微波消融（MWA）治疗甲状腺良性囊实性肿物的价值。方法 前瞻性纳入100例拟接受超声引导下消融治疗的甲状腺单发良性囊实性肿物患者,随机将其均分为PEI组（行PEI联合MWA序贯消融治疗）和对照组（行单纯MWA治疗）,观察治疗前、后组内一般资料差异及组间疗效差异,评估序贯消融价值。结果 对100个甲状腺肿物均顺利完成超声引导下消融。随访期间PEI组5例、对照组3例失访。PEI组MWA用时、MWA总能量及治疗中患者疼痛程度均低于对照组（P均<0.05）。治疗后1、3、6及12个月,PEI组肿物体积缩小率（VRR）均高于对照组（P均<0.05）。治疗后3、6及12个月,2组肿物体积与治疗前差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。治疗后12个月,PEI组与对照组治疗成功率分别为95.56%（43/45）和89.36%（42/47）,组间差异无统计学意义（P=0.451）。治疗后3、6及12个月,2组颈部美观评分及症状评分与治疗前差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。PEI组并发症率为6.67%（3/45）,对照组为14.89%（7/47）,前者低于后者（P<0.05）。结论 超声引导下PEI联合MWA序贯消融治疗甲状腺良性囊实性肿物效果优于单纯MWA。     

微波消融猪乳腺的最佳模式

目的 观察对猪乳腺行微波消融(MWA)的最佳模式。方法 分别对4只猪以不同模式行MWA:模式1为约400 J能量+5 mm针型,模式2为约400 J能量+3 mm针型,模式3为约1 000 J能量+3 mm针型,模式4为约2 000 J能量+3 mm针型;比较不同模式下消融灶超声表现及病理特征(仅对模式2、3、4消融灶切开送病理)和消融致皮肤热损伤发生率。结果 MWA前及以模式1~4行MWA后,猪乳腺硬度差异均有统计学意义(F=50.281,P=0.009);MWA后乳腺硬度均明显高于MWA前(P均＜0.05),模式1消融灶硬度明显大于模式2~4(P均＜0.05)。超声造影显示消融灶长径为(21.24±3.68)mm,与大体标本所见差异无统计学意义(P=0.465);宽径为(9.43±1.50)mm,大于大体标本所见(P=0.001)。大体标本显示,模式2、3、4之间,消融灶长径差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。以模式1行MWA后猪皮肤见3处红肿、1处水泡,以模式4行MWA后见3处红肿、2处水泡,模式2、3均未见皮肤热损伤;各模式间皮肤热损伤差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。结论 低能量+3 mm发射前端针型为MWA用于猪乳腺最佳模式。     

超微血管成像评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效

目的 探讨超微血管成像（SMI）评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效的价值。方法 选取46例甲状腺结节患者（共56个结节）,进行激光消融治疗。分别采用二维超声、CEUS及SMI检查测量消融灶体积,采用CEUS及SMI判断有无未完全消融结节和二维超声低回声区边缘是否存在残余微血管,并进行统计学分析。结果 CEUS检出未完全消融结节11个（11/56,19.64%）,SMI检出未完全消融结节9个（9/56,16.07%）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.50）。二维超声、CEUS及SMI测量消融灶体积分别为（2.10±2.13）cm³、（1.75±1.67）cm³和（1.79±1.80）cm³,二维超声测量消融灶的体积大于CEUS及SMI（P均<0.05）,CEUS测量消融灶的体积与SMI差异无统计学意义（P=0.554）。SMI与CEUS对消融后二维超声低回声区边缘存在残余微血管的检出率差异无统计学意义（P=0.125）。20个单点消融患者中,CEUS及SMI测量消融灶长度、宽度与消融能量均呈线性正相关（r=0.82、0.78,0.80、0.80,P均<0.05）。结论 SMI对未完全消融结节的检出率及对消融灶大小的评估与CEUS具有较好的一致性。     

脊髓室管膜下瘤与星形细胞瘤的MRI对照

目的 对比观察脊髓室管膜下瘤与星形细胞瘤的MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析12例脊髓室管膜下瘤和30例星形细胞瘤的平扫和增强MRI表现及临床资料,对比分析二者发病年龄、性别分布、病变部位、病变纵轴长度、椎体数目、生长方式、T1WI信号、T2WI信号、有无强化、边界是否清楚、是否有囊变、是否有脊髓空洞、是否有瘤周水肿的差异.结果 脊髓室管膜下瘤与星形细胞瘤发病年龄、性别分布、病变部位、T1WI信号、T2WI信号差异均无统计学意义(P均 >0.05).脊髓室管膜下瘤纵轴长度大于星形细胞瘤(t=3.21,P <0.05),椎体数目亦多于星形细胞瘤(t=2.58,P <0.05);脊髓室管膜下瘤多无强化、呈偏心生长、边界清、无囊变及瘤周水肿,与星形细胞瘤比较差异均有统计学意义χ²=6.43、10.63、15.42、4.67、13.67,P均 <0.05).两种肿瘤脊髓空洞均少见.结论 肿瘤生长方式、边界及瘤周水肿等MRI表现有助于鉴别脊髓室管膜下瘤与星形细胞瘤.     

临床路径在房颤射频消融术患者中的应用

目的探讨临床路径在房颤射频消融术患者中的应用效果。方法根据现行的诊疗护理内容,制订房颤射频消融术的临床路径表。选择房颤射频消融术患者180例,依据患者入院顺序分成观察组和对照组。对照组患者按常规进行护理和健康教育指导。观察组患者根据临床路径表进行护理,比较两组患者的平均住院日、满意度、并发症等指标的差异。结果观察组患者平均住院日和平均住院费用明显低于对照组(P0.01),患者满意度和健康知识测评结果优于对照组(P0.01),两组术后并发症的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论推广临床路径有助于在保证护理质量的前提下,减少患者住院日和住院费用,减轻患者经济压力,提高满意度。     

Atrial fibrillation ablation using a closed irrigation radiofrequency ablation catheter

Background: Catheter ablation is an effective therapy for symptomatic, medically refractory atrial fibrillation (AF). Open‐irrigated radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheters produce transmural lesions at the cost of increased fluid delivery. In vivo models suggest closed‐irrigated RF catheters create equivalent lesions, but clinical outcomes are limited. Methods: A cohort of 195 sequential patients with symptomatic AF underwent stepwise AF ablation (AFA) using a closed‐irrigation ablation catheter. Recurrence of AF was monitored and outcomes were evaluated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Mean age was 59.0 years, 74.9% were male, 56.4% of patients were paroxysmal and mean duration of AF was 5.4 years. Patients had multiple comorbidities including hypertension (76.4%), tobacco abuse (42.1%), diabetes (17.4%), and obesity (mean body mass index 30.8). The median follow‐up was 55.8 weeks. Overall event‐free survival was 73.6% with one ablation and 77.4% after reablation (reablation rate was 8.7%). Median time to recurrence was 26.9 weeks. AF was more likely to recur in patients being treated with antiarrhythmic therapy at the time of last follow‐up (recurrence rate 30.3% with antiarrhythmic drugs, 13.2% without antiarrhythmic drugs; hazard ratio [HR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–4.4, P = 0.024) and in those with a history of AF greater than 2 years duration (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.9, P = 0.038). Conclusions: Our study represents the largest cohort of patients receiving AFA with closed‐irrigation ablation catheters. We demonstrate comparable outcomes to those previously reported in studies of open‐irrigation ablation catheters. Given the theoretical benefits of a closed‐irrigation system, a large head‐to‐head comparison using this catheter is warranted. (PACE 2012; 35:506–513)     

MR-guided laser ablation

MR-guided LITT is a safe and effective treatment modality that improves survival in well-selected patients who have liver metastases. A major advantage of MR-guided LITT is that it can be easily performed under local anesthesia in an outpatient setting with a low complication rate.     

犬左室乳头肌的导管超声消融

背景：近年来的研究表明左室乳头肌在室性心律失常的发生中起到了重要的作用。目的：在经胸超声图像监控下,观察自制的超声消融导管消融动物左室乳头肌的可行性和安全性。方法：普通杂种犬9只,随机分为2组：对照组3只,消融组6只。3％戊巴比妥钠麻醉后于无菌条件下分离其颈动脉并置入8F动脉鞘管,行机械通气并记录体表心电图,导管在经胸超声的引导下达到左心室腔,通过经胸超声图像调整导管与乳头肌的贴靠关系,保持导管与乳头肌贴靠良好,随后以声强50W／cm2、时间60s消融左室乳头肌。结果与结论：所有动物在观察期内均正常存活,乳头肌等解剖结构经胸超声图像显示清楚,并能通过经胸超声图像明确导管与乳头肌的相对位置及贴靠情况,切开动物心肌后,大体可见乳头肌内消融灶与周围正常心肌组织界限清晰,中央区呈白色,绕以淡红色的周边区。光镜下见消融灶与周边组织界线分明,灶内心肌细胞坏死,细胞间隙增宽,大量红细胞浸润。无附壁血栓、心肌灼伤及穿孔和心脏破裂等手术相关并发症。可见在经胸超声的实时监控下,能够实现导管对乳头肌深部组织安全有效的消融。     

射频消融与微波消融对离体牛肝作用的实验研究

目的：比较射频消融与微波消融对离体牛肝的作用效果。方法实验分为射频组与微波组,分别使用Cool-tip射频针与冷循环微波刀,均采用单针单次方式消融离体牛肝,比较两组间相同消融时间消融灶纵径、横径及体积。结果消融4、6、8 min,微波组消融灶纵径及体积均大于对应时间射频组消融灶纵径及体积（P＜0.05）,消融10 min,两组消融灶纵径及体积差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;消融4 min,微波消融灶横径大于对应时间射频消融灶横径（P＜0.05）,消融6、8、10 min,两组消融灶横径差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论与射频相比较,微波的热效率更高,消融速度更快,但随着消融时间延长,最终两者可取得相近的消融效果。     

Atrial tachycardias following circumferential pulmonary vein ablation: observations during catheter ablation

Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation performing linear lesions around the ostia of the pulmonary veins has been shown to be effective for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. During the follow-up period, persistent atrial tachycardia may occur as a proarrhythmic complication. Only little information is available about the underlying mechanism. In our study, atrial tachycardia following circumferential pulmonary vein ablation was identified in 13 out of 84 consecutive patients (15.5%), as a transient appearance in four and with recurrences for more than 3 months in nine patients (10.7%). Electrophysiological study and ablation was performed in eight cases, revealing common atrial flutter in two, a focal origin secondary to conduction recovery from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium in two and macro reentrant left atrial flutter in four patients. The electrophysiological characteristics demonstrated by electroanatomic activation mapping (CARTO™) and consecutive ablation therapy with a 100% success rate are described and discussed with regard to the literature.     

Contrast-agent-enhanced ultrasound thermal ablation

The small thermal lesions induced when using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to ablate tumors results in long treatment duration. In this study, the effect of using ultrasound contrast agent (UCA, Definity) to enhance the ultrasound (US) thermal effects and, thus to enlarge the lesion size, was studied in transparent tissue phantoms insonified by 1.85-MHz US with acoustical powers of 28.9 and 40.4 W. The experimental results show that the lesion size depended strongly on the electrical power and the concentration of UCA. UCA also reduced the power required to form a lesion of a certain size by about 30%. However, UCA moved the greatest heating position from the transducer focus, by 2.16 cm for 0.015% UCA at 40.4 W, and with lesions forming at the surface for UCA concentrations higher than 0.1%. An optimal result was obtained when using 0.001% UCA and 28.9-W US, which produced a lesion 12 times larger and an acceptable shift (less than half of the lesion length). UCA can effectively increase the size of the HIFU lesions, but lesion shift should be carefully considered while performing HIFU ablations.     

Tissue temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation

During radiofrequency energy delivery, the catheter tip temperature can be significantly lower than the tissue temperature. The authors performed tissue temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation in vitro and evaluated the effects of cooling, electrode to tissue contact, and target tissue temperature on lesion size. Pieces of porcine ventricle were immersed in a bath of isotonic saline solution at 37 degrees C. Radiofrequency energy was controlled by the tissue temperature as measured with a thermocouple needle placed 2 mm beneath the ablation electrode. Radiofrequency power was delivered for 30 seconds and limited to 50 W. A total of 81 radiofrequency ablations was performed with different electrode to tissue contact forces (0.04 N, 0.36 N, and 0.67 N) and target tissue temperatures (50 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 70 degrees C) using an irrigated (27 ablations, 20 mL/min irrigation flow rate) or a nonirrigated ablation catheter. Twenty-seven nonirrigated applications were performed with fluid flow maintained by the pump of the thermostat and another 27 applications without flow. Every combination was applied three times and the average values were used for evaluation. For tissue target temperatures of 50 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 70 degrees C, the lesion volume for nonirrigated ablations was on average 21 +/- 8 mm3, 45 +/- 23 mm3, and 109 +/- 45 mm3, respectively, and for irrigated ablations 12 +/- 7 mm3, 37 +/- 20 mm3, and 92 +/- 30 mm3, respectively. In both application groups the lesion size did not correlate with the electrode to tissue contact force. In the nonirrigated ablation group there was no difference in lesion size between the group with fluid flow and those without. Lesion size during tissue temperature-controlled radiofrequency delivery increases with increasing target tissue temperature and becomes independent of flow and electrode to tissue contact.