结肠憩室的内镜特点及其临床分析

目的总结不同时期结肠憩室的内镜下表现及临床特点。方法收集1989年-2004年经结肠镜检查确诊的结肠憩室患者的相关资料,其中1989年-1997组52例,1998年-2004年组113例,观察其临床特点及内镜表现。结果在1989年-1997年组和1998-2004年组中经结肠镜检查确诊的结肠憩室患者占同期结肠镜检查总数的比例从1.47%上升至2.08%,男女之比分别为1.26和1.22,平均发病年龄从61.68岁上升至66.41岁。临床主要表现为腹痛、便秘和腹胀等,1998年-2004年组患者中便秘症状的比例比1989年-1997年组明显增加,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。1998年-2004年组乙状结肠憩室检出率比1989年-1997年组明显增加,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论近7年结肠镜检出结肠憩室明显增加,其发病例数随发病年龄的增加而增高,好发部位由右半结肠为主转为以左半结肠为主,且乙状结肠发病率明显增加。     

结肠癌近20年临床特点的变迁分析

目的 探讨近20年来结肠癌临床特征表现的异同,为临床早期诊断以及肿瘤筛查方案的选择提供一定依据.方法 回顾性分析1989-2008年北京协和医院1233例结肠癌住院患者,按时间阶段分为1989-1998年和1999-2008年两组,分别对结肠癌的临床表现、实验室检查、结肠镜检查、病变部位以及临床分期等特点进行分析.结果 与1989-1998年相比,近10年来结肠癌的患病率明显升高,女性及老年患者有所增加;便血的患者明显减少(51.8%比31.7%, P<0.05),腹部包块和出现肠梗阻的患者也呈下降趋势(30.2%比13.6%, P<0.05);血红蛋白下降的患者有所减少,但大便潜血的阳性率有所增加(43.6%比61.2%, P<0.05);随着癌胚抗原(CEA)检测的普遍开展,其阳性率也明显增加(32.4%比57.9%, P<0.05);结肠镜已成为结肠癌诊断的主要手段,早期病变和合并息肉的患者近年来逐渐增多;肿瘤部位1989-1998年以升结肠为主(44.6%),近10年来逐渐以乙状结肠和降结肠(38.7%和22.7%)为主.手术切除是主要治疗方法,与1989-1998年相比,近10年来早期手术病例(Duke A期)明显增加(9.3%比23.8%,P<0.05).结论 近年来结肠癌的患病率呈上升趋势,女性和老年患者明显增加;临床表现变得更缺乏特异性;随着大便潜血、CEA检测和结肠镜检查手段的提高和完善,早期患者的检出率有所增加;肿瘤部位从以右半结肠为主转变为以左半结肠为主,与西方国家的特点更为接近.     

353例结肠憩室临床及结肠镜资料分析

2002～2007年,我们共行结肠镜检查11 756例,检出结肠憩室353例,现对其发病及临床、内镜特点总结如下. 资料与方法:记录结肠憩室患者的一般情况(性别、年龄)、结肠镜检资料、临床症状(腹痛、腹泻、腹胀、便秘和便血等)、并发症及伴发病等.     

136例结肠憩室病的内镜特点及临床分析

目的探讨结肠憩室的内镜及临床特点。方法回顾性分析近9年我院经结肠镜诊断的136例结肠憩室患者的临床资料。结果本组中≥60岁人群中结肠憩室的检出率为62.50%,25～59岁人群中结肠憩室的检出率为36.76%;〈25岁人群中结肠憩室的检出率为0.74%。憩室部位以右半结肠更常见（80.15%）;多发憩室（88/136）较单发憩室（48/136）多见;伴发病中以结肠息肉最多（40.44%）。便秘、腹痛、腹胀、便血为常见临床表现。结论结肠憩室好发于老年人,右半结肠为好发部位,多发较单发常见,容易伴发结肠息肉。结肠镜是诊断本病的最佳方法。     

结肠脂肪瘤6例

目的:探讨结肠脂肪瘤的临床特点及误诊原因,以提高诊断率.方法:调阅病历、结肠镜、腹部CT、结肠钡剂造影图像、结肠镜活检病理切片、手术切除标本病例切片等资料.对我院1995-2010年病理确诊的6例结肠脂肪瘤病例的临床、内镜下、影像学表现、病理图片及误诊原因进行回顾性分析.结果:3例行结肠钡剂造影,见结肠充盈缺损,诊断结肠癌;1例行腹部CT检查,诊断结肠息肉;6例均行结肠镜检查,均发现结肠黏膜下肿块;诊断结肠癌3例、结肠息肉2例、结肠脂肪瘤1例.6例患者中,仅1例术前获确诊.误诊率83.3%(5/6).误诊原因主要有:该病发病少,临床少见;临床表现无特异性;瘤体表面因炎症、糜烂等,失去内镜下典型表现而酷似结肠癌;医生对本病认识不足.结论:内镜检查时结肠脂肪瘤瘤体同一部位多次深挖活检应可做出正确诊断.治疗可根据情况行内镜下高频电切除或行手术作肠段切除术.     

溃疡性结肠炎的内镜特点和临床分析

目的 总结溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的临床特点及内镜下表现。方法 收集1975年至2001年经结肠镜检查及病理确诊的UC患者的相关资料，其中1975—1994年组有486例，1995—2001年组490例，观察其临床特点及内镜表现。确诊靠病理活检。结果 在1975—1994年和1995—2001年两组中，经结肠镜检查确诊的UC患者占同期结肠镜的总数从3．51％上升至4．44％，男女之比分别为1．67和1．25，平均发病年龄从42．4岁上升至51．5岁，高峰年龄段分别是30—49岁和40—49，≥60岁。临床主要表现为黏液脓血便、腹泻、腹痛等，病变范围：直肠及乙状结肠炎占55．4％和64．5％，左半结肠炎占17.3％和13．9％，全结肠炎占11．9％和14．3％。分别有89．9％和90．4％的患者病程小于10年。结论 UC的发病例数有所增加，病变主要以左半结肠为主，病程短，发病年龄相对较大，癌症发生率及并发症低。结肠镜及活检是诊断UC的主要方法。     

内镜护士参与观察对结肠镜下息肉检出率的影响

目的:探讨结肠镜检查过程中内镜护士辅助观察对内镜下息肉检出率的影响.方法:本研究为前瞻性研究,总结2014-01/06于青岛大学附属医院内镜室行肠镜检查病例,随机分为2组,1组由单独内镜医师观察,另外1组增加1名内镜护士共同观察屏幕寻找病变,分析内镜下息肉及腺瘤检出率,并进行比较.结果:共1192例患者完成结肠镜检查,协作组息肉检出率明显提高(33.19%vs 27.81%,P=0.000),两组的腺瘤检出率无明显差异(20.88%vs 20.55%,P=0.889).协作组的小息肉检出率明显高于医师组(P=0.006),左半结肠及右半结肠的息肉检出率均高于医师组,两组间有明显差异(P=0.017).结论:训练有素的内镜护士作为一个额外的观察者参与观察是一个提高结肠镜下息肉检出率的有效的策略.     

溃疡性结肠炎360例临床特征分析

近年溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的发病率明显升高,明确临床特征有助于其诊断。目的：探讨UC的临床特征。方法：收集2008年7月-2011年7月西京医院收治并确诊的活动期UC患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其临床特征。结果：共收治活动期UC患者360例,男女之比1．25：1;平均就诊年龄40．5岁。疾病严重程度以轻中度UC多见（84．4％）。病变累及以左半结肠和直肠、乙状结肠多见;18例病变呈节段性分布,其余均为连续分布。本组患者以腹泻、黏液脓血便、腹痛为主要临床表现,内镜下黏膜弥漫性充血、水肿、糜烂和溃疡,44例伴有肠外表现。多数患者的白细胞、ESR和CRP水平增高。52例患者合并并发症。349例患者接受内科治疗,病情明显缓解。结论：UC患者以中青年男性多见,内镜下病变以左半结肠和直肠、乙状结肠多见,常见并发症为结肠假性息肉。UC确诊主要根据临床表现、结肠镜检查、病理学检查,其中结肠镜检查可明确病变部位、范围、程度以及肠腔有无狭窄或癌变,有助于临床病情分期,对指导临床治疗方案的选择具有重要意义。     

内镜下治疗结肠血管畸形出血

我院从１９９０年１月至２０００年１２月，对１　２８６例下消化道出血患者行急诊结肠镜检查。其中确诊为结肠血管畸形出血２６例，并行内镜下治疗。现报告如下。一、临床资料：２６例患者中男１９例，女７例。年龄２２　～　８２岁，平均年龄６０．２岁。临床表现为骤发或反复解黑便、暗红色血便。出血量小于　５００　ｍｌ　７例，５００～１０００ｍｌ１４例，大于１０００ｍｌ　以上５例。病程１～２ｄｄ不等。均经急诊纤维结肠镜或电子结肠镜检查，确诊为结肠血管畸形伴出血。二、内镜下表现及分型：血管畸形出血内镜诊断标准是：结肠…     

大肠息肉的临床分析

目的对于1985-01/1999-06我院结肠镜检查发现大肠息肉725例,计1772枚的内镜表现,病理所见及治疗进行回顾性分析.方法男512例,女213例,年龄24岁～86岁,平均51岁.主要临床表现为便血、腹部不适、腹泻、便秘,用结肠镜检查.结果息肉≤0.5 cm的占29%;直径0.6 cm～2.0 cm的占58%;直径>2.0 cm的占13%;息肉位于直肠32%;乙状结肠占33%;降结肠占14%;横结肠占12%;升结肠占5%;盲肠占4%.病理腺瘤样息肉占72%.结论大肠息肉多发于左半结肠,病理上以腺瘤样息肉多见.腺瘤样息肉应镜下切除     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。