非酮症性高血糖合并偏侧舞蹈症的临床及影像学表现

偏侧舞蹈症是一组较为少见的锥体外系症状,通常由对侧基底节,尤其是丘脑底核、尾状核和壳核,或其联系纤维的病变所致。脑梗死为最常见的原因,而非酮症性高血糖导致的偏侧舞蹈症,且MRI表现为纹状体T1WI高信号者在临床上少见。我们10余年来共收治12例,现对其临床表现、发病机制、影像学特点及演变规律等方面进行分析讨论。1资料与方法1.1一般资料:12例患者中男性3例,女性9例,年龄58～78岁,平均(68.17±6.21)岁。所有患者均无家族史。参考1999年WHO糖尿病诊断标准[1],12例患者均确诊为糖尿病,其中3例既往无明确的糖尿病史,9例有糖尿病史,病…     

非酮症高血糖性偏侧舞蹈症的影像学表现

目的探讨非酮症高血糖性偏侧舞蹈症的影像学表现,以提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析6例非酮症高血糖性偏侧舞蹈症患者的临床及影像学资料。结果 6例患者均进行CT及MRI平扫,CT表现为基底节区片状高密度影;MRI表现为T1WI高信号影,T2WI低或高信号不等,FLAIR序列稍高信号。其中3例同时行DWI、SWI及增强扫描。DWI表现为稍高信号,SWI表现为稍低信号影。增强扫描未见明显强化。经降血糖等治疗一段时间后,患者临床症状均不同程度缓解。结论非酮症高血糖性偏侧舞蹈症有非常典型的影像学表现,MRI能非常清楚地显示其病变特征,但需结合病史、临床症状、体征才能早期做出准确诊断。     

非酮症性高血糖合并舞蹈症的临床及影像学相关因素

目的 探讨非酮症性高血糖合并舞蹈症合并颅脑MRI-T1高信号综合征（C-H-BG）的临床及影像学相关因素。方法 本研究回顾性纳入17例在2010-01—2020-01诊断为C-H-BG患者为试验组;采用病例对照研究,依照纳排标准,根据试验组患者的年龄（±2岁）、性别、住院时间（±1月）按1∶3匹配51例同期非C-H-BG的糖尿病患者。收集所有患者的临床及影像学资料,并进行对比,分析与C-H-BG相关的危险因素。结果 试验组中男8例,女9例,年龄（69±16.1）岁。与匹配组患者相比,C-H-BG组有更多的患者入院前无规律使用药物治疗（76.5%vs 25.3%,P=0.003）,入院后首次静脉血糖更高[22.7(11.5～20)vs 11(7.7～14),P<0.001]和更高的糖化血红蛋白[（13.5±2.6）%vs(8±2.1)%,P<0.001）]。在影像学因素分析方面,C-H-BG组患者更常出现基底节区异常,CT上高密度灶,T1序列高信号灶,以及SWI序列低信号灶。尽管2组患者的MCA和ICA狭窄情况无统计学差异,然而CT或MRI存在基底节异常病灶的C-H-BG患者...     

脑梗死急性期高血糖症的干预思考

高血糖症在危重症患者被称作“毒性代谢环境”，它潜在地导致住院患者病死率的增加。脑梗死急性期高血糖可导致脑梗死面积的扩大及神经功能的恶化，不论患者既往有无糖尿病史。据统计20%～50%急性脑卒中患者，会并发高血糖症。此文通过回顾血糖代谢的生理病理变化，对脑梗死急性期高血糖症的干预策略进行思考。     

非酮症性高血糖舞蹈症七例临床及神经影像学特点

目的 探讨非酮症性高血糖舞蹈症的临床及神经影像学特点.方法 对7例非酮症性高血糖舞蹈症患者进行临床及颅脑CT和MRI检查,分析其临床及影像学特征.结果 7例患者均有糖尿病病史,平素血糖控制不良,发病时血糖较高而酮体正常,表现为单侧肢体、双侧肢体或全身舞蹈样动作.颅脑CT和MRI可见单侧或双侧基底节区异常病灶.单纯药物控制舞蹈症效果不佳,降低血糖后舞蹈症状和神经影像改变可很快恢复,不留后遗症.结论 非酮症性高血糖舞蹈症多见于年龄较大的糖尿病患者,可能与大脑基底核在高血糖状况下脑细胞代谢出现异常有关.颅脑CT或MRI改变具有特征性.本病是可逆性的,对治疗反应较好,一般不留后遗症.     

高血糖症对脑血管病的影响

全世界每年约有1.5亿人罹患卒中,其中每年约有3000万女性和2500万男性患者死于卒中。在欧美发达国家,卒中是仅次于心血管疾病之后的最常见的死亡原因。不仅如此,卒中所造成的巨大社会负担还在逐年递增,1990年研究     

脑梗死急性期高血糖症的干预思考

高血糖症在危重症患者被称作"毒性代谢环境",它潜在地导致住院患者病死率的增加.脑梗死急性期高血糖可导致脑梗死面积的扩大及神经功能的恶化,不论患者既往有无糖尿病史.据统计20%～50%急性脑卒中患者,会并发高血糖症.此文通过回顾血糖代谢的生理病理变化,对脑梗死急性期高血糖症的干预策略进行思考.     

颅脑创伤患者高血糖症研究进展

颅脑创伤后高血糖症是继发性脑损伤的因素之一,近年来研究证实:它可以通过多种途径加重神经功能缺失,导致患者死亡或加重残疾。血糖的水平与损伤程度和预后明显相关,在治疗过程中严格控制患者血糖水平可以明显降低死亡率和改善预后。本文就近年来对颅脑损伤后高血糖症产生的机制及高血糖对患者的损害和治疗情况作一综述。     

重型颅脑损伤后迟发性高血糖症

本组10例重型度颅脑损伤,伤后5～7d血糖骤然升高并出现糖尿。男7例,女3例;年龄20～58岁,平均42岁。10例均为减速性损伤;伤后就诊时间2～12h,平均6h。GCS评分:3分3例、4分3例、5分4例。均出现一侧或双侧瞳孔散大、固定。其中5例并发其他系统外伤。CT检查:均有颅内血肿。环池、基底池消失,侧脑室明显受压及中线结构明显移位。血肿为多发性,其中硬膜下血肿7例,脑内血肿4例,硬膜外血肿6例,对冲部位脑挫裂伤及灶性出血8例。实验室检查:伤后监测血糖,波动在7～9mmol/L,尿糖阴性。5～7d后血糖上升至22～29mmol/L,尿糖( ),尿酮阴性。既往无糖尿病病史。1 治疗方法和结果 10例均在全麻下行开颅血肿清除、去骨瓣减压或其它系统抢救手术。伤后5～7d出现高血糖后,输液改用生理盐水,     

MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床、影像学和肌肉病理分析

目的 探讨MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、影像学特点和肌肉组织病理学改变,提高人们对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析5例MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的临床表现、脑影像学改变(MRI和CT),以及骨骼肌活检的组织病理学特点.结果 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病的主要临床表现为局灶性或全身性癫NFDCC发作、听觉和视觉障碍、运动不能耐受、认知功能障碍、脑卒中样发作、血乳酸水平升高等.脑影像学检查可见病灶多位于颞、枕、顶叶皮层脑回处,脑MRI表现为长T1、长T2信号,部分患者头颅CT可见基底节钙化.骨骼肌活检5例患者肌肉组织中均可见破碎红边纤维(RRF),2例行电镜检查均可见异常线粒体聚集.结论 MELAS型线粒体脑肌病是一种以高乳酸血症和卒中样发作为特征的脑和肌肉能量代谢障碍综合征.患者临床表现复杂多样,容易造成误诊,其诊断需在临床表现和影像学特点的基础上,结合骨骼肌活检病理检查发现RRF或异常线粒体聚集,可获得临床确诊.     

颅内原发性恶性淋巴瘤临床和影像学分析

目的为了提高对颅内原发性恶性淋巴瘤的认识.方法收集经手术、病理和免疫组化证实,资料齐全的颅内恶性非霍杰金淋巴瘤21例,回顾性分析其临床、CT和MR表现.结果21例临床表现均不一样,病程短.CT和MRI上有一定的特点：可发生颅内任何部位,肿块在CT上表现为均匀等或稍高密度,邻近病灶的脑组织轻、中度水肿,MRI上以等信号为主,增强扫描后均显著强化.肿瘤多为分叶状,边界模糊,常沿软脑膜蔓延.结论虽然颅内恶性淋巴瘤临床表现多种多样,但其CT和MRI表现具有一定的特点,对其术前诊断具有重要意义.     

Wallenberg综合征临床与影像学分析

目的探讨Wallenberg综合征的临床及影像学特点。方法根据MRI表现将36例Wallen-berg综合征患者分为上、中、下3组,并结合临床特点进行回顾性分析。其中13例行DSA检查。结果上部组多伴有吞咽困难、构音障碍、软腭麻痹,下部组多伴有眩晕、共济失调、眼球震颤。上部组及中部组病变多为斜带状,病变大都临近延髓腹内侧,下部组病变多为小片状,多位于延髓背外侧表浅部分。DSA检查6例均存在不同程度椎动脉病变,2例示小脑后下动脉闭塞,1例示椎动脉闭塞伴同侧小脑后下动脉狭窄。结论Wallenberg综合征病变部位与临床症状有关。DSA检查可以进一步明确病因及病变程度。     

橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩51例临床分析

目的：分析橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩（OPCA）的临床表现、CT及MRI特征,以利早期诊断。方法：对51例OPCA病人的临床表现及其18头颅CT和33例头颅MRI特征进行回顾性分析。结果：OPCA男性多于女性,平均年龄45．5岁,平均病程12年,其临床表现多种多样,以小脑症状,植物神经症状及锥体外系症状多见,头颅MRI比头颅CT效果好,以小脑和干萎缩为主,大脑皮质萎缩轻,结论,成年人出现小脑性共济失调,植物神经功能紊乱和锥体外系症状,应高度怀疑OPCA,且MRI有助于早期诊断。     

Intracranial lipomas: clinical appearances on neuroimaging and clinical significance

Intracranial lipomas are rare congenital malformations which are neither hematomas nor true neoplasms. They result from the abnormal persistence and maldifferentiation of the meninx primitiva. The majority of such lesions occur near the midline. Around 55% of intracranial lipomas are associated with brain malformations of varying severity. Although they are usually an incidental finding, symptomatic intracranial lipomas are sometimes observed. Surgical excision may result in high morbidity and mortality due to the highly vascular nature of intracranial lipomas and the latter’s strong adhesion to the surrounding tissue and is very rarely indicated.     

Usefulness of stereotactic biopsy and neuroimaging in management of HIV-1 Clade C associated focal brain lesions with special focus on cerebral toxoplasmosis

Background

Focal brain lesions (FBL) in HIV/AIDS frequently pose a diagnostic dilemma as the etiology varies from infective (tuberculoma, toxoplasmosis and tuberculous abscesses) to neoplastic lesions like lymphoma. For determining etiology, advanced neuroimaging techniques, serological and molecular biological tests have been evolved with varying sensitivities/specificities. Stereotactic biopsy (STB) of the lesions is reserved for lesions unresponsive to appropriate therapy.

Objective and methods

In this study, the diagnostic yield of neuroimaging [cranial CT (n = 25), MRI (n = 24), and Th201/99Tc SPECT scan (n = 18)] is compared with histopathological diagnosis obtained by STB (n = 21) or autopsy (n = 4) in 25 HIV-1 subtype C seropositive individuals with FBL identified by neuroimaging with special reference to cerebral toxoplasmosis in an eighteen month study period (2006–2007).

Results and conclusion

Cerebral toxoplasmosis was the most frequent cause of FBL (21/25, 84%), followed by one case each of tuberculoma, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE), the last two diagnosed at autopsy. Of the 21 cases of cerebral toxoplasmosis, definitive diagnosis with histopathological confirmation was available in 14/21 (66.6%), with indirect evidence suggesting probable toxoplasmosis in seven, all of whom responded to antitoxoplasma therapy. CT and MRI had comparable specificities (75%), while MRI had marginally higher sensitivity (85% versus 80.9%) in detecting multiple lesions. The positive predictive value of both CT and MRI was identical (94.4%), suggesting that CT maybe a cost effective screening tool in resource restricted settings, for evaluating FBL. Sensitivity of 99Tc SPECT scan for diagnosing inflammatory lesions was 75% but failed to differentiate PCNSL from toxoplasmosis. This study is the first of its kind from India analyzing FBL with specific focus on cerebral toxoplasmosis in the setting of HIV-1 subtype C.     

脑囊尾蚴病神经影像学表现与循环抗原相关性研究

目的探讨脑囊虫病血清循环抗原（CAg）与神经影像学（CT、MRI）的关系。方法根据诊断脑囊虫病的四个标准,对确诊的36例脑囊虫病病人行CAg定量测定及神经影像学检查并分期。结果根据神经影像学检查,36例脑囊虫病人在活虫期、变性死亡早期、变性死亡后期及钙化期之间的CAg水平有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。相关性分析表明血清中CAg的含量与脑囊虫病的神经影像学表现具有正相关性,其相关系数为0.871。结论（1）脑囊虫病人循环抗原与神经影像学（CT、MRI）表现具有相关性;（2）血清循环抗原的检查可用于对脑囊虫病的早期诊断和指导临床治疗。     

Encephalitis and myelitis associated with dengue viral infection clinical and neuroimaging features

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify clinical and neuroimaging features and outcome of patients with encephalitis and myelitis associated with dengue viral infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 225 cases of dengue viral infection. The diagnosis of dengue was confirmed by serology (presence of IgM antibodies). RESULTS: Six patients (3%) had evidence of neurological infection (encephalitis: 5 patients; encephalomyelitis: 1 patient). Age range was 18-35 years (Mean 27 years). Five patients (83%) were women. All patients (100%) had drowsiness, five patients (83%) had fever, four patients (67%) presented with seizures and one patient presented with paraparesis (16%). All patients had elevated CSF cell count (range 25-102; mean 61) with predominant lymphocytes. Five patients (83%) had abnormal CT or MRI scan. Cerebral edema was present in three patients. Other findings included low density signals in right temporal and occipital lobe (1 patient), bi temporal hyperintensities and meningeal enhancement (1 patient), Frontal and subcortical hyperintense lesion (1 patient) and hyperintense lesion on T2 in Pons and cervical and thoracic spinal cord (1 patient). EEG was done in four patients and showed generalized slowing (2 patients), bi temporal spikes (1 patient) and burst suppression pattern (1 patient). Two patients (32%) died and one patient was discharged in bedridden state. CONCLUSION: The involvement of brain and spinal cord is uncommon in dengue viral infection. Most patient present with seizures. Neuroimaging features are diverse. Prognosis is poor in patients presenting with encephalitis or myelitis.     

Structural brain abnormalities specific to childhood-onset schizophrenia identified by neuroimaging techniques

Summary. This review discusses functional and structural brain abnormalities in childhood-onset schizophrenia identified by neuroimaging techniques. Published literature regarding both morphological and functional neuroimaging is discussed, regarding also the diversity of neuroimaging findings which partly reduces their reliability. The findings in early onset schizophrenia are compared with those of adult patients. The results of long-term investigations of structural abnormalities in early onset schizophrenia are given particular attention. The most consistent findings are ventricular enlargement and reduced total brain volume. Further, volumetric changes in the temporal and frontal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia and limbic system are reported, as are hemispheric asymmetries and, conversely, reduction of normal differences. Findings regarding the corpus callosum and cerebellum are less consistent. In patients whose schizophrenia commenced in early childhood, the differences were generally more marked than in adolescence- or adult-onset schizophrenia. Atrophy of total brain volume was progressive throughout the course of the disorder. It is probable that neuroanatomical cerebral abnormalities present prior to disease onset play an etiopathogenic role in the development of schizophrenia. Received April 30, 2001; accepted October 15, 2001