青少年吸烟心理探析

吸烟严重危害身体健康，据世界卫生组织最近报告，全世界每年死于与吸烟有关的疾病有300万人，预计到2025年，与烟草有夫的疾病造成的死亡将要达到1000万人，中国将达200万人。据国内50万人吸烟情况抽样调查，15岁以上人群平均吸烟率为33．9％，男性吸烟率为61％（20岁以上男性吸烟率高达68．9％），女性吸烟率为7％，全国吸烟人口近3亿。令人担忧的是吸烟的年龄越来越年轻，有的从10～14岁即开始吸烟。中国预防医学科学院环卫所1992年调查报告表明，初中学生吸烟率为4．17％，高中学生为12．56％，大学生为30．48％。1996年对武汉市、鄂州…     

长沙,哈尔滨,镇江三地区吸烟流行学调查

本文报告了湖南长沙、哈尔滨、江苏镇江三地区的一般人群的吸烟率，调查对象为１５岁及１５岁以上人群，共１４，０２４人，其中女６，９４９人（４９．６％），男７，０７５人（５０．４％），职业以工人、农民为主。结果：总吸烟率为４０．７％，男性吸烟率为６９．７％，女性吸烟率为１１．２％；吸烟者平均每日吸烟量为９．７９支（标准差８．４２），男性１０．３１支，女性６．３０支；开始吸烟的平均年龄为２１．１０岁，成瘾的平均年龄２４．４７岁；社会心理因素是吸烟的主要原因；在曾有戒烟史的人群中，仅有６．１％戒除成功；单因素和多因素回归分析表明，男性、饮酒者、体力劳动者、文化程度偏低者、低收入者、少数民族、服用镇痛剂者、婚姻不稳定者吸烟的危险度较大。结合上述结果，本文还讨论了影响吸烟的相关因素，提出了控制吸烟的策略。     

湖南省两地区饮酒,吸烟情况调查报告：性别差异及其影响因素

用整群抽样的方法调查了湖南省城乡两地区１０００户１５岁以上居民饮酒、吸烟情况，其中男１１７９（４９．６％）人，女１１９９（５０．４％）人。平均年龄男女分别４１．２岁（ＳＤ＝１７．５）和４３．４（８９＝１８．６）。结果表明，饮酒率男性为５７．５％，女性为１７．３％。吸烟率男女分别为６８．２％和１１．７％，男性饮酒、吸烟量高于女性。男性饮酒、吸烟者的年龄及受教育的年限与男性总体差异不显著，而女性饮酒、吸烟者的年龄较女性总体高、受教育年限低，差异有显著性。外界环境的影响是制约女性不饮酒、不吸烟的主要因素，担心健康是制约男性不饮酒不吸烟的主要因素。男性更倾向于把饮酒、吸烟作为社交手段，及改变情绪的一种方式。受试者对男性饮酒、吸烟较为宽容，而对女性饮酒、吸烟特别是吸烟持普遍不赞许的态度，作者从社会文化、社会心理的角度讨论了影响男女饮酒、吸烟率的因素。     

46例胎盘早剥临床分析

本文１９８０年１月至１９９４年１２月，１４年发生胎盘早剥４６例，根据症状和体征产前诊断符合率７８．２６％（３６／４６）。产后确诊２１．７４％（１０／３４）。本组胎盘早剥的诱因，妊高征６９．５７％（３２／４６），外伤２３．９１％（１１／４６），仰卧位低血压４．３５％（２／４６），宫腔内压力骤减２．１８％（１／４６）。本组４６例中剖宫产占６０．８７％（２８／４６），术中发现子宫卒中４例，大量宫缩剂及持续热敷按摩子宫见效３例，另１例在以上治疗的基础上，缝扎双侧子宫动脉，子宫逐渐变红，收缩良好。本组无孕产妇死亡，围产儿死亡率１３０．４３‰（６／４６）。本文就此病的诊断及处理进行回顾性分析。     

c-fos过度表达与Alzheimer病

随着人类平均寿命的延长，世界人口日趋老龄化，老年期痴呆的发病率也随之增加。国外资料显示６５岁以上人群患病率为４％～６％，国内报告６０岁以上人群为３４６％～３９％。其中发达国家２／３是由阿尔兹海默病（Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＡＤ）所致...     

本草九代清除免疫复合物的实验观察

观察小鼠腹腔注射本草九代合剂对小鼠血清补体溶血活性，以及血清对免疫复合物形成和溶解作用的影响，结果：（１）血清补体溶血活性增强，溶血效价由１／８升高到１／３２；（２）血清对免疫复合物形成的抑制作用增强，抑制率由１９３％上升到４２３％（３）血清对免疫复合物的溶解能力增强，溶解率由９１％上升到２５１％。     

吸烟影响胚胎发育的机理及干预措施

众所周知，吸烟有害，但全球仍有1．2亿吸烟者，每年有5亿人死于吸烟导致的疾病。国外报道3／4高中女生在调查前30天内有吸烟史，成人91％以上在20岁前开始吸烟，29％孕龄妇女吸烟。我国男性吸烟率为66．9％，女性吸烟率为4．4％。由此引起的吸烟对妊娠的影响也引起广泛关注。本文就吸烟对胚胎发育的影响及干预措施进行综述如下。     

合成肽抗原抗人免疫缺陷病毒1/2型抗体酶联试剂盒的研制

根据人免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）的基因结构和氨基酸序列，采用固相法合成了ＨＩＶ－１ｇｐ４１（ＳＰ１）、ｇｐ１２０（ＳＰ２）、ｐ２４（ＳＰ３）和ＨＩＶ－２ｇｐ３６（ＳＰ４）的４条多肽，混合包被酶标板做为固相抗原，采用间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ），建立了检测抗－ＨＩＶ－１／２ＩｇＧ抗体的酶联诊断试剂盒。检测卫生部药品和生物制品检定所提供的４１份质控参比血清，其特异性、敏感性均为１００％，变异系数小于１０％。检测１８６份其它病种病人血清均为阴性，与华怡、巴斯德、金豪等公司的ＨＩＶ诊断试剂比较检测了９０份ＨＩＶ感染者和１４０份正常人血清，除与华怡试剂的阴、阳性及总符合率分别为９９２９％（１３９／１４０）、９８９０％（９０／９１）和９９５７％（２２９／２３０）外，其余均为１００％。３７℃放置４天后试剂的检测结果不受影响。     

邻菲罗啉化学发光体系测定羟自由基的建立

本文描述了一个测量羟自由基（ＯＨ）的化学体系。该体系由１０×１０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ邻菲罗啉溶液５０～１００μｌ，１０×１０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ抗坏血酸溶液２０μｌ，１０×１０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸铜溶液５０μｌ，硼砂硼酸缓冲液所组成，由４４×１０５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２溶液５０～１００μｌ启动发光，反应总体积为１ｍｌ，反应发光强度强，稳定时间可达１ｍｉｎ以上，经对ＯＨ的清除剂硫脲试验，线性范围为５０×１０６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ～５０×１０４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，最低可检测限为５０×１０７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，该体系有良好的稳定性，批内变异系数为０４％（ｎ＝８），批间变异系数为０５％（ｎ＝１３）。     

国内六地区饮酒情况及相关问题调查 Ⅰ.方法学及普通人群的饮酒情况

目的：描述我国六地区普通人群饮酒情况。方法：整群抽样调查，使用定式问卷向２３５１３受试者（１８～６５岁）调查饮酒情况。结果：普通人群的男、女及整体饮酒率分别为８４．１％、２９．３％和５９．５％，男性饮酒率及饮酒频度明显高于女性。９０．０％女性饮酒者每周饮酒１次或以下，男性饮酒者每周饮酒在１次或以下占５６．４％。１６．１％以上男性饮酒者、２．５％的女性饮酒者每天皆饮。男性每次饮酒量明显高于女性，普通人群人均年饮酒量为３．６０升纯酒精，男性饮酒量为女性的１８．６倍。结论：我国饮酒问题将会是下世纪的公共卫生问题。     

Efficacy of a tailored tobacco control program on long-term use in a population of U.S. military troops

The authors evaluated the effect of a brief tailored smoking control intervention delivered during basic military training on tobacco use in a population of military personnel (N = 33,215). Participants were randomized to either a tobacco use intervention (smoking cessation, smokeless tobacco use cessation, or prevention depending on tobacco use history) or a health education control condition. Results indicated that smokers who received intervention were 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.30) times (7-day point prevalence) and 1.23 (95% CI = 1.07, 1.41) times (continuous abstinence) more likely to be abstinent than controls from smoking cigarettes at the 1-year follow-up (p < .01); the cessation rate difference was 1.60% (31.09% vs. 29.49%) and 1.73% (15.47% vs. 13.74%) for point prevalence and continuous abstinence, respectively. Additionally, smokeless tobacco users were 1.33 (95% CI = 1.08, 1.63) times more likely than controls (p < .01) continuously abstinent at follow-up, an overall cessation rate difference of 5.44% (33.72% vs. 28.28%). The smoking prevention program had no impact on smoking initiation. These results suggest potential for large-scale tobacco control efforts.     

Impact of smoke-free law on tobacco consumption in Chandigarh: A community-based study

Background and Objectives: Tobacco use is a major public health issue today and it is expected that 650 million smokers will die prematurely due to tobacco use. On 15 July 2007, Chandigarh became the first city to go smoke-free. However, there is no data on the impact of smoke-free law. The objective of the present study was therefore to study the pattern and prevalence of tobacco use and to examine the impact of smoke-free law in Chandigarh. Materials and Methods: Total sample comprised of 3000 subjects. Socio-demographic data sheet along with initial two questions from the General questionnaire were administered on each individual. In addition, all the tobacco users underwent administration of the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence or the Fagerstrom test for smokeless tobacco (smokeless tobacco users). Results: There were 43.9% tobacco users in the sample of 3000 subjects. Out of these tobacco users, 357 (11.9%) were pure smokers and 370 (12.3%) were using smokeless tobacco and 590 (19.6%) used both. The mean number of cigarettes/bidis smoked per day was 14 (+8.64) and the mean age of starting smoking was 19.41 (SD + 4.5 years).73.2% of population was aware about implementation of smoke-free law and all the participants (100%) reported smoking in public places. 43.4% smokers reported thoughts of quitting nicotine. Interpretation and Conclusion: Although the prevalence of tobacco use in Chandigarh is lower than the national average but the rates are still alarming and need attention. The findings of this study will help in designing tobacco control strategies and understanding the epidemiology of tobacco related health burden.     

The relationship of tobacco smoking with depressive symptomatology in the Third Mexican National Addictions Survey

BACKGROUND: While an association between cigarette smoking and depression has been established in Anglo populations, replication of tobacco-depression associations in countries where smoking is growing may provide important new insights. The objectives of this study were to estimate the association of depressive symptomatology with tobacco smoking, number of cigarettes smoked daily, and smoking cessation in a representative sample of the Mexican population. METHOD: The data come from the Third National Addictions Survey (1998) conducted by the Mexican Ministry of Health, representative of Mexico's civilian population residing in cities and towns with 2500+ inhabitants, aged 18-64. Part of a multi-stage, stratified, probability sample, 1935 men and women answered a version of the survey that also included the CES-D depression scale. Analyses addressed the survey's complex design and controlled for income and educational evel. RESULTS: Among women only, current smokers had twice the odds of elevated depressive symptomatology than never smokers (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.5, p = 0.002). For men, only those smoking a pack or more a day had greater odds of depressive symptomatology (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.6-21.9, p = 0.008). Overall, former smokers who ceased smoking within 6 months had lower odds of depressive symptomatology than current smokers (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.0, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: These findings add to the accumulating evidence for the association between smoking and depression in different cultures and populations.     

Use of betel quid and cigarettes among Bangladeshi patients in an inner-city practice: prevalence and knowledge of health effects.

BACKGROUND: Betel quid chewing, often combined with tobacco chewing, is a common habit in the Indian subcontinent. It is associated with the development of malignancy of the oral mucosa and foregut. Among Asian communities in the United Kingdom (UK), Bangladeshis are particularly likely to retain this habit. AIM: To investigate the prevalence of betel quid chewing, smoking, and knowledge of health hazards associated with these habits among the Bangladeshi population in an east London general practice. METHOD: A bilingual postal questionnaire to all 306 adults (25 years and over) identified as being of Bangladeshi origin within one practice in east London. RESULTS: The questionnaire response rate was 46%. The prevalence of betel quid chewing was over 80% with no sex difference. Men were more likely to smoke tobacco than women (men = 57%, women = 11%, X2 = 33.3, P < 0.001), but over half the women added tobacco to their quid for chewing. Whereas over 80% of both male and female respondents identified the health risk of smoking, only one third identified oral cancer as a risk. In all, 25% of respondents started chewing in the UK. CONCLUSIONS: The low response rate is discussed. The findings indicate that the majority of Bangladeshi respondents are unaware of the health risks of a common social habit, although well informed about smoking risks. A government health warning should be introduced for betel quid sold in the UK.     

EEG Changes During Tobacco Withdrawal

Tobacco smoking decreases theta and alpha power and increases the dominant alpha frequency in smokers deprived of cigarettes for 10-17 hrs. The slow alpha frequency in deprived smokers has been attributed to either (1) characterological differences between smokers and nonsmokers, or (2) nicotine withdrawal. Studies finding slower alpha in deprived smokers were not able to replicate previous findings of decreased alpha abundance after smoking, nor did they consider the importance of increased theta as a withdrawal sign. We studied 11 smokers for one day and 7 smokers for two days while they smoked a series of placebo and nicotine cigarettes. Theta and alpha power increased with tobacco deprivation but were decreased for 30-90 min by nicotine cigarettes. The dominant alpha frequency in deprived smokers was slower than after smoking a nicotine cigarette, but the decreases in frequency were not always statistically significant.     

Smoking behavior and opinions of French general practitioners

This report examines smoking prevalence, sociodemographic factors, and the opinions of French general practitioners (GPs) about tobacco control policies. Data from the CFES (Comité Fran?ais d'Education pour la Santé) national survey on general practitioners included 1013 respondents. The questionnaire was administered by telephone and a response rate of 65% was attained. Instrumentation included variables related to medical practice, sociodemographic characteristics, and opinions about health behavior. Thirty-four percent of physicians were current smokers. A higher proportion of males smoked compared to women (36.1% vs. 24.9%, p < 0.01), and they consumed on average more cigarettes per day (11.2 vs. 8 cigarettes/day, p < 0.05). Slightly more than 52% of physicians regarded their role in reducing nicotine addiction to be important. Doctors who believed that the physician's role was limited were less likely to advise pregnant women to stop smoking (odds ratio = 0.39, p < 0.001), and nonsmokers were more supportive of bans on smoking in public places. Despite the high prevalence of smoking among French physicians, they can still play an important role in reducing smoking among their patients. Medical school curriculum and continuing medical education programs focusing on prevention and cessation in France should be strengthened to help reduce smoking rates among physicians and the general population.     

Cigarette smoking and random serum cholesterol levels in a Northern Ireland general practice population of 18- to 20-year-old students and non-students.

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease is the commonest cause of death in Northern Ireland, but few data exist on the incidence of risk factors in young adult students and non-students. AIM: To gather data on the prevalence of cigarette smoking and raised serum total cholesterol in a population of 18- to 20-year-old students and non-students. METHOD: Subjects were patients are Mountsandel Surgery, Coleraine on 1 January 1989 and were 18-20 years of age inclusive on that date. Subjects were interviewed by a research nurse who recorded socio-demographic data, tobacco consumption and random serum total cholesterol. Smoking status validation was by serum thiocyanate and expired air carbonmonoxide estimations. RESULTS: Out of the 832 subjects surveyed, 570 were students and 262 were non-students. Cigarettes were smoked by 239 (28.7%) subjects, and a significantly greater proportion of non-students compared with students were smokers (36.6% and 25.1%, respectively; P < 0.001). The proportion of males compared with females who smoked cigarettes was not significantly different, but males smoked significantly more cigarettes per day than females (14 and 11 cigarettes, respectively; P = 0.005). The average age for commencing regular cigarette smoking was 15.3 years, and 49.9% of smokers had started regular smoking by the age of 16 years. A greater proportion of non-students (65.7%) compared with students (39.2%) had started smoking before the age of 16 years. Out of those sampled, 156 (19.2%) had random serum cholesterol levels above 5.2 mmol l-1. Mean total cholesterol for non-students was significantly higher than for students (4.61 and 4.45 mmol l-1, respectively; P = 0.01) and increased significantly with increasing age (P = 0.03). Three subjects recorded cholesterol levels above 7.8 mmol l-1. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking and raised serum total cholesterol were prevalent among an apparently healthy population of students and non-students. These young adults may be significantly more at risk from subsequent coronary heart disease than was previously suspected.     

Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Use by Pharmacy Students in Serbia

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the use of e-cigarettes among pharmacy students. In 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional study among pharmacy students enrolled at the University of Kragujevac (Serbia). Overall, 47.0% of pharmacy students reported that they ever smoked cigarettes; 29.7% were former and 17.3% were current smokers. The overall prevalence of e-cigarette use was 9.9%. The final year pharmacy students significantly more frequently smoked tobacco cigarettes (p?=?.001) and used e-cigarettes (p?=?.009) compared to younger students. Also, alcohol use was positively related to ever smoking tobacco cigarettes (adjusted OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 2.80–7.43; p?<?.001) and to ever use of e-cigarettes (adjusted OR = 5.58, 95% CI = 1.58–19.71; p?=?.008). The pharmacy students who ever used e-cigarettes more frequently reported a history of self-funded study financing (adjusted OR = 14.68, 95% CI = 2.42–89.17; p?=?.004) and use of psychoactive substances (adjusted OR = 13.63, 95% CI = 2.52–73.69; p?=?.002). In pharmacy students, a higher overall grade was related to a significantly less frequent ever use of tobacco cigarettes (adjusted OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22–0.84, p?=?.015). This paper highlights the need for a more effective tobacco control among pharmacy students in Serbia in order to reduce smoking prevalence.     

Smoking habits of parents and male: female ratio in spermatozoa and preimplantation embryos

BACKGROUND: Previous observations have addressed a decreased male:female ratio associated with smoking. Our aim was to assess whether this effect is observed at the spermatozoa or at the early embryo development. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed smoking intake habits of 56 couples included in our preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) program. Three groups were established according to male or female cigarette consumption per day: non-smokers, smokers (1-19 cigarettes per day) and heavy smokers (> or =20 cigarettes per day). Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on ejaculated sperm samples to analyse chromosomes X and Y. On day 3, embryos were also analysed. Additionally, sperm samples from four heavy smoking and four non-smoking donors were prospectively analysed before and after capacitation. RESULTS: FISH on spermatozoa revealed no statistical differences in the Y:X ratio between the three groups. However, in the PGD study, in male heavy smokers, the XY:XX embryo ratio was decreased compared with non-smokers (22:47 versus 80:71; P = 0.0057). The smoking condition of the female partner had no significant effect on embryo XY:XX ratio, but for non-smoking females with a heavy smoking partner, the ratio was decreased (P = 0.0018) compared with non-smoking males. In heavy smoking donors a decreased of Y:X ratio was observed after swim-up with a statistically significant difference of ratios (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking habits of males do not have an effect on the percentage of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa on ejaculated samples. However, male heavy smokers produce an increased incidence of female embryos that could be related to an enrichment of X spermatozoa after swim-up in patients with high tobacco consumption.