抗菌药物对预防重症急性胰腺炎感染的作用

为探讨抗菌药物对预防重症急性胰腺炎感染的作用，作者对１９９０年１０月至１９９５年３月收治的１０７例重症急性胰腺炎给予预防性使用环丙沙星加甲硝唑。方法：重症胰腺炎诊断明确后即经静脉给环丙沙星０．２ｇ加甲硝唑０．５ｇ，每１２小时一次，以后根据病情或药敏试验选用有效治疗性抗菌药物。结果：发生胰腺及胰同感染１１例（１０．３％），均为重症Ⅱ型及ＢａｌｔｈａｚａｒＤ、Ｅ级，细菌种类包括大肠杆菌、肠球菌、假单胞菌属及念珠菌等。肺及泌尿系感染１６例（１％），肠道菌群紊乱及真菌感染２７例（２５．２％）。死亡１２例，死亡率１１．２％。提示对重症急性胰腺炎预防性使用抗菌药物能降低继发胰腺感染的发生率及死亡率。抗菌药物应用时间不宜太长；若伴真菌感染，应给予抗真菌药物。     

普通外科重症监护病房获得性感染的病原菌耐药性监测

目的监控普通外科重症监护病房（SICU）中医院获得性感染的病原菌耐药性，指导临床防治。方法监测分析中山大学附属第一医院SICU 2001年1月至2004年12月间医院获得性感染的病原菌耐药情况。结果常见病原菌是铜绿假单胞菌（11．63％）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（11．11％）、白色念珠菌（9．67％）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产生株的检出率分别为66％和59％；耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）检出率分别是94．74％和88．24％。碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌的抗菌活性最强；非发酵菌耐药严重；万古霉素、替考拉宁对革兰阳性球菌活性最强，两性霉素B对真菌抗菌活性最强。结论SICU医院获得性感染耐药菌株多，耐药问题严重，目标性细菌学监测治疗是有效预防和治疗医院获得性感染的可靠手段。     

四肢开放性骨折术后伤口感染情况与影响因素分析

目的观察四肢开放性骨折患者术后伤口感染的病原学特征与耐药情况,分析导致感染的影响因素。方法纳入自2015-01—2016-12行内固定手术治疗的554例四肢开放性骨折,对术后伤口分泌物进行细菌培养与鉴定,记录病原菌特征、多重耐药菌分布及药敏情况,并分析导致术后感染的影响因素。结果 128例有细菌生长,感染发生率为23.1%。一共检出144株病原菌,76株革兰阳性球菌(36株金黄色葡萄球菌,20株表皮葡萄球菌,11株溶血葡萄球菌,6株肠球菌属,2株链球菌)、65株革兰阴性杆菌(30株铜绿假单胞菌,22株大肠埃希菌,8株肺炎克雷伯菌和4株鲍曼不动杆菌)和3株真菌。革兰氏阳性球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,耐药率最低的是万古霉素;革兰氏阴性菌对氨苄西林、苯唑西林及青霉素的呈现不同的耐药率,敏感性较好抗菌药物是碳青霉烯类药物。合并基础疾病、择期手术、围手术期未使用抗生素、住院时间≥20 d、Gustilo分型越高的四肢开放性骨折患者术后感染发生风险越高。结论四肢开放性骨折患者术后伤口感染的主要病原菌是革兰阳性球菌,临床医师应加强监测病原菌变化及耐药趋势,合理使用抗生素。同时术前需要预防合并基础疾病、择期手术、围手术期未使用抗生素、住院时间长、Gustilo分型越高的患者发生术后感染。     

胃癌根治术后腹腔感染的病原学分析

目的：对胃癌患者行根治性切除术后腹腔感染的病原学特征进行回顾性分析。方法回顾性分析479例胃癌患者根治术后腹腔感染的病原学种类及药敏结果。结果479例患者中32例术后出现腹腔感染（6.68%）,病原学阳性者27例,阳性率为84.38%。检出病原菌32株,其中革兰阴性菌24株（75.00%）,包括大肠埃希菌15株（46.86%）,肺炎克雷伯菌3株（9.38%）,普通变形杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、普城沙雷菌、不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌各1株（各占3.13%）;革兰阳性菌7株（21.88%）,包括粪肠球菌4株（12.50%）,耐久肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及溶血性葡萄球菌各1株（3.13%）;真菌1株（3.13%）。药敏结果显示32株病原菌中,对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高,其中革兰阴性菌对美洛培南敏感性最高（91.67%）,而革兰阳性菌对万古霉素最为敏感（85.71%）。结论大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌是胃癌患者根治术后腹腔感染最主要的致病菌,临床上应注意合理使用抗菌药物。     

ICU病房呼吸道病原及耐药性的分析

目的：分析重症监护病房（ICU）呼吸道感染的流行病学及细菌耐药情况，为临床防治提供依据。方法：对重症监护病房1998年12月－2000年12月由呼吸道分泌物所分离的细菌菌株及细菌耐药性进行回顾性调查，结果加以整理分析，结果：革兰阴性杆菌占67．3％，仍以铜绿假单胞菌为主（53．2％），金黄色葡萄球菌中，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占29．7％，表面葡萄球菌有上升趋势，在细菌耐药性方面，革兰阴性杆菌对头孢吡肟，泰能，舒普深耐药率最低，MRSA对万古霉素仍敏感，无一例耐药。结论：ICU获得性感染中仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主，革兰阳性球菌也在增加，应受到重视。重症监护病房抗菌药物耐药的出现使治疗某些感染变得非常困难，危及生命，及时掌握病原菌及耐药性的最新动态，指导临床医生正确选用抗生素，意义重大。     

综合医院普外科医院感染病原菌与耐药分析

目的探讨综合医院普通外科医院感染病原菌分布特点及耐药性,为预防和控制医院感染,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2011年1月至2013年12月普外科病房74例医院感染病例送检标本中培养分离出的149株病原菌的分布及耐药性,利用SPSSl7．0软件进行分析,计数资料采用率、构成比描述,率的比较采用,检验。P〈0．01为差异有统计学意义。结果普外科感染部位依次为下呼吸道（33．33％）、血液（15。15％）和腹腔（13．13％）。149株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌109株（73．15％）,革兰阳性球菌20株（13．42％）,真菌20株（13．42％）;感染的革兰阴性杆菌中,位居前3位依次为鲍曼不动杆菌（26．85％）,大肠埃希菌（17．45％）,铜绿假单胞菌（14．09％）。革兰阳性球菌中,依次为D群屎肠球菌（5．37％）、人葡萄球菌（3．36％）和表皮葡萄球菌（1．34％）。分析了2304例普外科手术病例,术后肺部感染率1．82％,手术部位感染率2．39％;与全院患者肺部感染率3．12％,手术部位感染率7．90％相比,差异均有统计学意义（r=11．95,,=93．33,P〈0．01）。对抗菌药物产生耐药：鲍曼不动杆菌51．52％,大肠埃希菌42．42％,铜绿假单咆菌24．24％（耐药率在71．3％～100％）。结论普通外科临床病原菌耐药呈上升趋势,多药耐药日趋严重,加强普外科病原菌耐药性检测,根据药敏试验结果用药,对防止耐药菌株产生和扩散,降低和治疗外科感染是十分必要和有效的措施。     

2000～2001年13家医院泌尿系统感染细菌耐药状况调查

目的 监测我国泌尿系统感染(尿感)住院患者细菌分布变化及耐药状况。方法 以2000—2001年中国细菌耐药监测研究方案收集的菌株及采用平皿二倍稀释法测定的临床分离菌对不同类抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为材料，比较尿感分离菌株和监测研究收集的全部菌株的耐药率。以50％和90％的细菌被抑制的最低药物浓度(MIC50、MIC90)表示抗菌药物的抗菌活性，并根据美国临床实验标准委员会(NCCLS 2001)指定的指导原则，判定细菌对所测药物的耐药率和敏感率。结果 全国九大城市13家医院的34个病房收集尿感细菌501株，其中社区感染与院内感染菌株之比为23．5：1。致病菌所占比例为：革兰阴性杆菌317株，占63．3％，包括：大肠埃希菌35．9％，克雷伯杆菌属9．8％，铜绿假单孢菌5．2％，变形杆菌4．2％，阴沟肠杆菌2．0％；革兰阳性球菌184株．占36．7％，包括：肠球菌属13．6％，金黄色葡萄球菌8．0％，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌13．2％、链球菌属2．0％。此外，念球菌9株。克雷伯杆菌属、阴沟肠杆菌、枸橼酸菌属、甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)对喹诺酮类等抗生素的耐药率与总体研究结果比较增高(P≤0．05或P≤0．001)。结论 泌尿系统感染的主要致病菌仍为革兰阴性杆菌，但肠球菌的比例明显升高。革兰阴性杆菌对某些抗生素耐药尤其对喹诺酮类药物耐药较总体结果严重。     

尿路感染病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的探讨尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性特征，为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据。方法收集146例尿路感染患者中段尿标本分离的病原菌进行鉴定及药敏实验。结果尿路感染革兰阴性菌感染占总体的67．8％，大肠埃希菌占56．1％，革兰阳性菌中，肠球菌占14．4％，葡萄球菌占13．7％，药敏显示，革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星、二三代头孢敏感；革兰阳性菌对抗生素的敏感性以替考拉定、万古霉素最高。结论尿路感染应及时进行尿液细菌培养及药敏试验，慎重应用抗生素，以减少耐药株的产生。     

普通外科重症加强治疗病房获得性感染的耐药性监测

目的监控外科重症加强治疗病房（SICU）中医院获得性感染的病原菌耐药性,指导临床防治。方法监测分析我院SICU2001年1月至2004年12月间医院获得性感染的情况。结果平均感染率为11．3％,常见感染部位是呼吸道（30．9％）、腹腔（29．0％）、血液（9．7％）和胆道（7．2％）;常见病原菌是铜绿假单胞菌（11．6％）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（11．1％）、白色念珠菌（9．7％）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产生株的检出率分别为66．2％和58．5％;耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）检出率分别是94．7％和88．2％。碳青霉烯类对肠杆菌的抗菌活性最强,非发酵菌耐药严重;万古霉素、替考拉宁对革兰阳性球菌活性最强,二性霉素B对真菌抗菌活性最强。结论SICU医院获得性感染耐药问题严重,不同感染部位的病原菌各有特点,建立感染监控机制,掌握医院获得性感染的耐药性变化是有效预防和治疗的关键。     

泌尿系感染病原菌分析及耐药性测定

目的了解泌尿系感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法对200例泌尿系感染患者行尿液病原菌检测及药敏分析。结果在分离的243株病原菌中,革兰阳性细菌、革兰阴性细菌及真菌分别占50．21％（122／243）、34．16％（83／243）及15．64％（38／243）。检出的耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌、高耐氨基糖苷类肠球菌及产超广谱13．内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌分别占同类菌的48．39％（30／62）、42．50％（17／40）和35．85％（19／53）。结论泌尿系感染菌株分布广泛,且耐药严重,条件致病菌感染增加。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.