破裂型椎间盘突出重吸收过程中P38MAPK信号通路的作用

目的 :构建大鼠自体尾椎破裂型椎间盘突出冲吸收动物模型,探讨P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases,P38MAPK)信号通路在破裂型椎间盘突出重吸收中的作用。方法 :将40只3月龄SD大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,每组20只。采用刺破大鼠自体尾椎椎间盘,包埋至L4-5背部肌肉的方法制作破裂型椎间盘突出重吸收模型。实验组从造模至取材之日予腹腔注射P38MAPK特异性阻断剂SB203580;对照组予腹腔注射生理盐水,分别在造模1周和4周后处死并取出包埋的椎间盘,电子天平称重。计算1周末和4周末椎间盘减少质量,镜下观察椎间盘形态退变情况。Real Time PCR法检测P38MAPK、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumour necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、基质金属蛋白酶3(matrix metalloproteinase-3,MMP-3)、基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)的m RNA表达。Western Blot法检测TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-3、MMP-9及磷酸化P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(phosphorylated p38mitogen-activated protein kinase,p-p38MAPK)的蛋白表达。结果 :实验组1周时椎间盘质量减小0.47±2.90mg,4周时减少1.11±3.05mg,两组之间无统计学差异(P0.05),对照组1周时椎间盘质量减小4.15±1.84mg,4周时减少10.56±3.29mg,两组之间存在统计学差异(P0.05)。镜下可见,实验组4周时与1周时相比,组织形态无明显退变,对照组4周时与1周时相比,组织形态出现明显退变。Real Time PCR检测,1周时,实验组椎间盘髓核组织中TNF-α、p38MAPK、MMP-3、MMP-9的m RNA表达低于对照组(P0.05);4周时,实验组TNF-α、IL-1β、p38MAPK、MMP-3的m RNA表达低于对照组(P0.05)。Western Blot法检测,4周时,实验组椎间盘组织中TNF-α、P38MAPK、P-p38MAPK、MMP-3的蛋白表达低于对照组(P0.05);对照组4周时椎间盘组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、P-p38MAPK的蛋白表达均高于1周时(P0.05)。对照组髓核组织中P-p38MAPK与MMP-3、IL-1β、TNF-α的蛋白表达呈正相关(0r1,P0.05)。结论 :P38阻断剂可能通过抑制髓核组织中P38MAPK的磷酸化,降低TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-3、MMP-9的m RNA和蛋白体表达,从而抑制突出椎髓核组织重吸收。     

白细胞介素-17在退变腰椎间盘中的表达及意义

[目的]观察白细胞介素-17(IL-17)在退变腰椎间盘组织中的表达水平,并探讨其与椎间盘退变发生发展的关系.[方法]实时荧光相对定量PCR(RQ-PCR)方法检测42例退变椎间盘组织(26例来自腰椎间盘突出症患者,16例来自腰椎管狭窄症患者)及8例正常对照椎间盘组织(来自4具新鲜尸体)中IL-17和孤独受体(retinoid-relatedorphanreceptor,RORγT)mRNA的表达水平;免疫组织化学EnVision法检测入选标本CD4表面抗原、IL-17表达水平.[结果]退变组椎间盘组织IL-17、RORγTmRNA的相对表达量显著高于正常对照组相对表达量(P＜0.05),且腰椎间盘突出组和腰椎管狭窄组IL-17、RORγrmRNA表达量差异无统计学意义(t=0.669,P=0.507,T=421,p=0.38);IL-17mRNA和RORγTmRNA相对表达水平呈线性关系(r=0.381,P=0.013);退变组椎间盘组织IL-17、CD4细胞表面抗原阳性率显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.001),且腰椎间盘突出组和腰椎管狭窄组IL-17、CD4细胞表面抗原阳性率差异无统计学意义(t=1.13,P=0.265,t＝1.459,P=0.152).[结论]IL-17mRNA和蛋白表达水平在退变椎间盘组织中显著升高,说明IL-17参与椎间盘退变的病理过程,Th17细胞介导的免疫炎症反应可能在腰椎间盘退变的发生发展中起重要作用.     

MMP-1、MMP-9 mRNA在创伤性骨关节炎软骨中的表达

目的 研究兔前交叉韧带横断术(ACLT)创伤性骨关节炎(OA)动态模型软骨中MMP-1、MMP-9 mRNA的表达,探讨MMP-1、MMP-9在OA软骨退变中的作用.方法 30只新西兰兔随机分为对照组(10只)、ACLT组(20只),ACLT组行右膝ACLT,对照组行关节囊切开缝合术,ACLT组于术后4、8 w各处死10只,对照组术后4 w处死.解剖显微镜观察股骨内髁软骨形态学变化,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测股骨内髁软骨MMP-1、MMP-9 mRNA的表达.结果 形态学示ACLT组软骨退变重于对照组(P<0.05),且ACLT 8 w组重于4 w组(P<0.05);RT-PCR示ACLT组MMP-1、MMP-9 mRNA表达量均高于对照组(P<0.01),且ACLT 8 w组均高于4 w组(P<0.01).结论 创伤性OA软骨退变过程中伴随着MMP-1、MMP-9 mRNA表达的上调,软骨中MMP-1、MMP-9 mRNA的表达一定程度上反映了OA软骨的退变程度.     

被动吸烟大鼠椎间盘中白介素-1β和白介素-1受体Ⅰ的表达及意义

目的：观察被动吸烟大鼠椎间盘中自介素-1β（IL-1β）和白介素-1受体Ⅰ（IL-1RⅠ）的表达，探讨被动吸烟诱发椎间盘退变的机制。方法：取4周龄SD大鼠60只，随机分为6组，第1组不予吸烟，10只；第2-4组分别吸烟2周、4周、8周，第5、6组吸烟8周后予停止吸烟4周、8周，每组10只。在相应时间点处死动物，取L4/5椎间盘行HE染色和IL-1β及IL-1RⅠ免疫组化染色，观察椎间盘退变情况和IL-1β及IL-1RⅠ的表达情况。结果：HE染色显示，吸烟2周时椎间盘无明显退变，吸烟4周时椎间盘出现2～3级退变，吸烟8周时椎间盘出现3-4级退变，停止吸烟后4周退变无明显修复；停止吸烟后8周退变部分修复。免疫组化染色显示，吸烟2周组IL-1β及IL-1RⅠ染色阳性细胞率增加，吸烟4周组染色阳性细胞率大于2周组；吸烟8周组达（76&#177;3．2）％和（46&#177;2．8）％，停止吸烟后4周开始下降，8周时降至（66&#177;2．9）％和38&#177;2．2％。结论：被动吸烟可以诱发大鼠椎间盘退变，且随吸烟时间延长退变加重；其导致退变的机制可能与上调椎间盘内IL-1β和IL-1RⅠ的表达有关。     

腺相关病毒介导的成骨蛋白-1和性别决定区Y框蛋白9双基因联合转染兔退变椎间盘的生物学效应

目的 观察腺相关病毒(AAV)介导的成骨蛋白-1(OP-1)和性别决定区Y框蛋白9(SOX9)双基因体内转染对兔退变椎间盘的影响.方法 针刺损伤法制作兔退变椎间盘模型,于4周后,分别于造模椎间盘髓核内注射20μl双基因混合液(1∶1)、重组AAV(rAAV)-OP-1、rAAV-SOX9、rAAV-增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),于转染后9周行MRI观察椎间盘变化,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测Ⅱ型胶原mRNA及蛋白多糖mRNA的变化.结果 MRI显示双基因组T2加权像信号强度明显恢复,与SOX9、OP-1组比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);RT-PCR证实双基因组Ⅱ型胶原及蛋白多糖mRNA表达量均明显高于单一SOX9及OP-1组(P＜0.05).结论 SOX9及OP-1双基因联合转染治疗退变椎间盘组织具有明显作用;双基因治疗椎间盘退变具有协同效用.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对膝关节炎大鼠软骨损伤及KDM6A/SOX9信号通路的影响

目的 观察骨髓间充质干细胞对膝关节骨性关节炎大鼠的影响,并探讨其机制。方法 将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(Control)、膝关节骨性关节炎组(KOA)、骨髓间充质干细胞组(BMSCs),每组10只,剩余10只用于骨髓间充质干细胞的分离。处理4周后进行大鼠关节指数(AI)评分;HE染色观察软骨组织病理学变化;免疫组化检测软骨组织Col II、IL-6、MMP-3、MMP-13表达;ELISA法检测血清IL-6、TNF-α、MMP-3、MMP-13含量;qRT-PCR检测软骨组织Col II、Col I、TNF-α、IL-6、MMP-13、KDM6A、SOX9、Aggrecan mRNA表达;Western blot检测软骨组织KDM6A、SOX9、Aggrecan蛋白表达。结果 与Control组比较,KOA组大鼠AI评分、血清IL-6、TNF-α、MMP-3、MMP-13含量、软骨组织IL-6、MMP-3、MMP-13表达明显升高(P<0.05);Col II、KDM6A、Aggrecan、SOX9 mRNA和蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05)。与KOA组比较,BMS...     

基质金属蛋白酶-13、白细胞介素-1在大鼠 退变腰椎间盘组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-13( MMP-13 )、白细胞介素-1( IL-1 )在去势大鼠退变腰椎间盘组 织中的表达及临床意义。方法 80只3月龄却rague-Dawiey ( SD )大鼠,随机均分为3组,每组10 只：基础对照组（BL组）手术组（0VX);手术对照组（Sham组）;BL组在手术开始前处死,其余2组 术后三个月处死,并与处死前10凿和4凿分别给予显色双荧光标记。L2-4椎体进行骨密度及硬组织 切片分析,蕴源-5进行HE常规染色、灾郧特殊染色及运用免疫组化检测MMP-13、L-1的表达,观察椎 间盘的病理学改变并据评分标准对腰椎间盘的退变程度（LVD)进行评分。结果1、大鼠腰椎骨量的 下降及椎间盘的退化：双侧卵巢切除组比手术对照组严重;2、免疫组化：双侧卵巢切除组与手术对照 组比较大鼠椎间盘中MMP-13、L-1表达明显升高（孕<0.05 )。结论基质金属蛋白酶-13、白细胞介 素-1表达量的增加是腰椎间盘退变形成和发展的重要因素。     

灯盏细辛对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9表达及活性的影响

目的:研究灯盏细辛对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达及活性的影响,探讨该药防治糖尿病肾病(DN)的机制.方法:采用腹腔注射STZ制备糖尿病动物模型,将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、灯盏细辛组、苯那普利组,分别于4、8周处死,经免疫组化及酶谱法(Zymography法)观察各组肾组织MMP-9的表达部位及其活性水平.结果:灯盏细辛能增加MMP-9的蛋白表达,提高其活性水平(P＜0.05),与苯那普利组比较,两组的血清生化指标和MMP-9的蛋白表达水平相似.结论:MMP-9在DN发生发展中起重要作用,灯盏细辛通过上调MMP-9在肾组织的蛋白表达达到治疗DN的目的.     

淫羊藿苷对大鼠椎间盘退变的影响

[目的]研究淫羊藿苷(ICA)对大鼠尾椎椎间盘退变(IDD)的影响。[方法]体内实验部分,SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham组)、空白对照组(IDD组)和3个淫羊藿苷处理组(ICAL、ICAM、ICAH)。制备椎间盘退变模型,给予相应处理,并行MIR和细胞因子检测。体内实验部分,自假手术与IDD动物椎间盘髓核分离细胞,体外培养,并给予淫羊藿苷处理(ICAL、ICAM、ICAH),检测细胞和上清的细胞因子等。[结果]体内实验表明,术后2周,与IDD组比较,ICAM组椎间盘T2加权信号强度高;术后6周,IDD组信号消失,ICAM组则无明显改变;ICAM组MRI的Pfirrmann评级均明显低于IDD组(P<0.05)。与Sham组比较,IDD组的IL-1β、IL-6蛋白表达显著增高(P<0.05);与IDD组比较,ICA组的IL-1β、IL-6蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05)。体外实验显示:IDD组NP细胞增殖率明显降低(P<0.05);而ICA组的NP细胞增殖率明显升高(P<0.05)。与Sham组相比,IDD组NP细胞IL-1β、IL-6表达显著上调(P<0.05);与IDD组比较,ICA各组NP细胞IL-1β、IL-6表达显著下调(P<0.05)。与正常对照组相比,IDD组NP细胞Aggrecan和CollagenⅡmRNA及蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);与IDD组相比,ICA各组Aggrecan和CollagenⅡmRNA及蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。[结论]淫羊藿苷可促进退变髓核细胞增殖、蛋白聚糖及II型胶原蛋白合成,减少IL-1β及IL-6表达,延缓椎间盘退变。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.