外科脱位经头凹植骨治疗股骨头坏死

[目的]总结经髋关节外科脱位入路头凹处开窗死骨清除植骨治疗股骨头坏死的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2013年1月~2015年1月应用髋关节外科脱位入路经股骨头头凹处开窗死骨清除打压植骨术治疗32例(36髋)股骨头坏死病例资料,男21例(23髋),女11例(13髋),年龄20~53岁,平均(35.61±5.24)岁;激素性股骨头坏死13例(17髋),酒精性股骨头坏死11例(13髋),特发性股骨头坏死8例(8髋);ARCO股骨头坏死分期Ⅱb期16髋,Ⅱc期12髋,Ⅲa期8髋。采取髋关节外科脱位入路显露股骨头,经股骨头凹处开窗进行死骨清除自体骨打压植骨治疗,术中根据股骨头钻孔渗出情况分血性渗出组和淡黄色脂样渗出组。术后避免早期负重,术后3、6、12个月复查,根据髋关节Harris评分进行疗效分析。[结果]32例患者均获得随访,随访时间25~42个月,平均(35.63±5.25)个月,随访期间未出现伤口感染、大转子截骨端不愈合等并发症。术后股骨头植骨均重建,重建时间为1~1.5年。不同ARCO分期患者治疗后Harris评分均高于术前,P值0.05,差异有统计学意义。血性渗出组与脂样渗出组术前Harris评分比较差异无统计学意义,但MRI坏死面积存在明显差异,术后12个月血性渗出组Harris评分显著高于脂样渗出组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]髋关节外科脱位入路经头凹处开窗死骨清除自体骨打压植骨治疗大面积股骨头坏死或病灶位于后内侧者病灶清除更彻底,切除周围增生血管翳,同时可进行头颈成形,并且股骨头钻孔不同渗出情况与术后疗效存在明显相关性。     

经皮头颈开窗人工骨支撑植骨术治疗早期股骨头坏死

[目的]探讨经皮头颈开窗人工骨支撑植骨术治疗早期股骨头坏死(塌陷前期)的近期临床疗效。[方法]2010年8月~2012年1月,本组共46例(51髋)患者接受经皮头颈开窗人工骨支撑植骨术治疗早期股骨头坏死(ACROⅡ期),其中男31例,女15例,平均年龄36.4岁,29例为酒精性ONFH,17例为激素性ONFH。术后第1、2、3、6个月、1年及以后每年门诊定期随访、X线片复查,依据Harris髋关节评分及优良率评估疗效。[结果]经过至少2年(25~52个月,平均38.6个月)随访,共44例(49髋)得到末次随访(失访率4.08%)。Harris评分由术前(73.50±6.81)分提高到末次随访时的(87.30±9.62)分,优良率由术前32.65%提高至末次随访时的87.75%,其中ACROⅡA期由37.50%提高到100%,ⅡB期由34.78%提高到91.30%,ⅡC期由27.77%提高到77.77%,手术前后优良率的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。该组共有8.16%(4/49)的患者最终行全髋关节置换术,其中ACROⅡA期0例,ⅡB期1例,ⅡC期3例;影像学显示共有14.29%(7/49)的患者发生影像学进展,其中ACROⅡA期0例,ⅡB 3例,ⅡC期4例。[结论]经皮头颈开窗人工骨支撑植骨术治疗早期股骨头坏死的近期疗效满意,具有操作简单、手术创伤小、恢复快及并发症少等优点,但中远期临床效果尚待进一步观察。     

自体或同种异体腓骨联合打压植骨治疗股骨头坏死的初步研究

目的 总结打压、支撑植骨术治疗股骨头坏死的中期疗效,比较采用自体腓骨和同种异体皮质管状骨(下称异体腓骨)行支撑植骨的疗效.方法 2004年8月-12月,采用打压、支撑植骨术治疗股骨头坏死40例,分为自体腓骨组和异体腓骨组.自体腓骨组20例(27髋),其中男17例(23髋),女3例(4髋);年龄22～53岁,平均41岁;国际骨循环研究学会(Association Research Circulation Osseous,ARCO)分期Ⅱ期22髋,Ⅲ期5髋.异体腓骨组20例(31髋),其中男17例(25髋),女3例(6髋);年龄18～55岁,平均40岁;ARCO分期Ⅱ期23髋,Ⅲ期8髋.两组一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).采用Harris评分评估临床疗效,X线片评估影像学疗效.需再行保髋手术或转行全髋关节置换作为观察终点.结果 40例患者均获随访,随访时间36～40个月,平均37.5个月.自体腓骨组与异体腓骨组股骨头保存率分别为92.6%、90.3%.末次随访Harris评分自体腓骨组由术前(70.82±8.26)分提高至(86.36±6.27)分,异体腓骨组由术前(69.94±9.59)分提高至(87.45±7.03)分,两组治疗前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).影像学评估显示,自体腓骨组和异体腓骨组术后塌陷纠正或未加重分别为17髋(63.0%)和21髋(67.8%),获得良好修复分别为20髋(74.1%)和22髋(71.0%),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).自体腓骨组术后并发症发生于术后负重行走后,而异体腓骨组出现于术后伤口愈合期.结论 对于股骨头坏死患者,在经股骨颈植腓骨基础上采用改良的微创打压、皮质支撑植骨技术可取得较好中期疗效.异体腓骨与自体腓骨作为支撑材料,疗效相似.     

高位股骨头颈开窗植骨治疗中青年ARCO Ⅲ期股骨头坏死

[目的]探讨高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗中青年ARCOIII期股骨头坏死患者的临床疗效。[方法]回顾分析2012年1月～2017年6月采用高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗中青年股骨头坏死ARCOIII期患者58例(69髋)。随访评价保髋是否成功,比较成功与失败组术前资料,采用COX风险模型及Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析影响术后失败的因素。[结果] 58例(69髋)均顺利完成手术且随访12～48个月,平均随访(39.17±1.72)个月。末次随访Harris评分为(81.72±8.12)分,与术前(73.47±11.91)分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后评定19髋临床失败,股骨头生存率为72.50%。成功组术前Harris评分显著高于失败组(P0.05),成功组术前ARCO分期和术前CJFH分型显著优于失败组(P0.05)。Cox风险模型分析显示,术前Harris评分为手术成功的保护因素,Harris评分每增加1分,手术失败的发生风险降低4.18%(HR=0.958,95%CI:0.919-0.999,P=0.046)。术前CJFH分型及术前ARCO分期的HR值均1,为危险因素,但尚未达到统计学显著性。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析示,ARCO IIIB期患者临床失败率高于ARCO IIIA期患者。[结论]采用高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗中青年ARCO IIIA期患者可获得良好的临床效果,尤其对于术前Harris评分较高的C+L1型患者效果最佳。     

两种强化股骨头力学结构治疗股骨头坏死临床疗效比较

[目的]比较同种异体骨支撑架/自体松质骨/脱钙骨基质（DBM）与钛合金支撑架/自体松质骨/脱钙骨基质（DBM）分别植入行髓芯减压后的股骨头,强化其力学结构,治疗股骨头坏死的疗效。[方法]2001年1月～2004年8月治疗成人股骨头坏死（FicatⅠ～Ⅲ期）63例（68髋）,在股骨头坏死行髓芯减压后分别植入同种异体骨支撑架/自体松质骨/DBM（A组）和钛合金支撑架/自体松质骨/DBM（B组）,A组32例（34髋）,B组31例（34髋）,分别观察2组病例的手术时间、术中出血量、Harris髋关节评分、X线影像学进展情况及并发症的发生率。[结果]两组所有患者均获得随访,平均随访47个月（24～67个月）,以最后1次随访资料作为最终评价依据。两组在手术时间、术中出血量、Harris评分变化、X线影像学进展情况及并发症的发生率方面均无显著性差异,但两组术后的Harris评分均较术前明显提高,差异有显著性。[结论]同种异体骨支撑架结合自体松质骨和DBM植入治疗成人股骨头坏死,和钛合金支撑架一样能增加股骨头负重区软骨下骨的机械支撑,有利于股骨头坏死的修复与重建。能用同种异体骨支撑架代替钛合金支撑架以加强股骨头软骨下骨的机械强度治疗股骨头坏死。     

围塌陷期股骨头坏死的头颈开窗植骨

[目的]评价经直前入路（direct anterior approach, DAA）高位头颈开窗植骨治疗“围塌陷期”股骨头坏死的临床疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2015年9月—2018年3月股骨头坏死患者32例（37髋）的临床资料,均采取DAA入路,头颈部带部分软骨高位开窗清除坏死骨并自体骨打压植骨。观察临床与影像结果。[结果]所有患者均顺利完成手术,术中无神经、血管损伤等严重并发症。随访（35.23±10.35）个月,随访过程中,5例（5髋）临床症状加重,其中2髋改行THA,判定为保髋失败,占13.51%;27例（32髋）临床症状持续改善,判定为保髋成功,占86.49%。与术前相比,末次随访时髋关节疼痛VAS评分显著降低（P<0.05）。而Harris评分、髋关节屈曲、内旋、外旋ROM均显著增加（P<0.05）。影像方面,与术前比较,末次随访坏死面积、关节面塌陷情况、关节间隙变窄情况无显著变化（P>0.05）。[结论]经DAA高位头颈开窗植骨治疗“围塌陷期”股骨头坏死仍可取得较好临床效果。     

高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗早期股骨头坏死的效果

目的观察高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗早期股骨头坏死的效果。方法对29例(38髋)早期股骨头坏死患者实施高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗。术后1个月对患者行第1次随访,之后每隔3个月再次随访,根据Harris评分判定临床疗效。结果 29例患者均获(24.5±1.5)个月随访,期间未出现感染及神经损伤等并发症。术前Harris总体评分为(72.43±7.31)分,末次随访Harris总体评分为(86..74±11.65)分,前后对比显著提高。各期Harris评分均有显著改善。结论高位股骨头颈开窗植骨支撑术治疗早期股骨头坏死,能促进坏死组织修复,利于患者髋关节功能恢复。     

髓芯减压植骨术与带肌蒂骨瓣移植术治疗股骨头坏死的效果比较

目的探讨股骨头髓芯减压植骨术与开窗减压带蒂骨瓣移植术治疗股骨头坏死的临床疗效比较。方法本院自2004-02—2012-02诊治的非创伤性成人早期股骨头缺血坏死58例(64髋),其中28例(32髋)采用髓芯减压植骨术治疗(A组),30例(32髋)采用开窗减压加带蒂缝匠肌骨瓣移植术治疗(B组)。记录2种手术方法的患者术前、术后一般状况、X线平片、Harris评分。结果本组获随访1~36个月,平均20个月。开窗减压带肌蒂骨瓣移植术术后复发率及远期髋关节活动情况较单纯髓芯减压植骨术效果好。结论开窗减压带蒂骨瓣移植术的临床疗效在股骨头坏死的早中期优于单纯髓芯减压植骨术。     

髋外科脱位灯泡技术治疗早期股骨头坏死

[目的]介绍髋外科脱位灯泡技术治疗早期股骨头坏死的手术技术与初步效果。[方法] 2017年1月—2019年11月对25例非创伤性股骨头坏死患者采用此技术手术治疗。所有病例经髋关节外科脱位显露头颈处,头颈交界处开窗,清除坏死骨,自体骨植入病灶清除后的股骨头空腔,打压充填像灯泡样支撑股骨头。[结果] 25例患者均顺利手术,无严重并发症。Harris评分由术前(53.21±7.36)分显著增加至末次随访时(87.50±9.87)分(P0.05);VAS评分由术前(3.94±0.52)分显著下降至末次随访时(1.02±0.14)分(P0.05)。至末次随访时,仅1例改行全髋置换术。按ARCO标准,影像学评价术后髋关节,优12例,良8例,差5例,优良率高达80.00%。[结论]髋外科脱位灯泡技术治疗股骨头坏死,不破坏股骨头血运,可直视下彻底清除死骨,近期临床结果满意。     

吻合血管腓骨移植联合DBM及自体多能干细胞混合性植入治疗ARCOⅡ～Ⅲ期非创伤性股骨头坏死

[目的]探讨吻合血管腓骨移植联合DBM(脱钙骨基质)及自体多能干细胞混合性植入治疗ARCOⅡ^Ⅲ期非创伤性股骨头坏死的临床疗效。[方法]选择2006年10月Ⅲ期非创伤性股骨头坏死的临床疗效。[方法]选择2006年10月²013年12月期间ARCOⅡ2013年12月期间ARCOⅡ^Ⅲ期非创伤性股骨头坏死53例(82髋);年龄23Ⅲ期非创伤性股骨头坏死53例(82髋);年龄23⁵9岁,平均36.3岁;男61例,女21例。随机分为2组,A组采用改良的游离腓骨切取方法及髋关节前外侧小切口,股骨颈前方开窗,结合大转子下经皮技术用专用器械清除股骨头死骨至软骨下骨板,Ⅲ期患者行股骨头成形。DBM与减压所得自体松质骨颗粒(直径5 mm)制备成混合物[比例(259岁,平均36.3岁;男61例,女21例。随机分为2组,A组采用改良的游离腓骨切取方法及髋关节前外侧小切口,股骨颈前方开窗,结合大转子下经皮技术用专用器械清除股骨头死骨至软骨下骨板,Ⅲ期患者行股骨头成形。DBM与减压所得自体松质骨颗粒(直径5 mm)制备成混合物[比例(2⁴)∶1],植入到软骨下骨板下面,夯实。将切取的游离腓骨移植,腓骨远端与股骨颈后侧以1枚直径3.5 mm的可吸收钉固定,吻合旋股外侧动静脉与腓动静脉近端(动静脉比例1∶2为宜)。腓骨吻合完毕后将20 ml骨髓制备的自体多能干细胞注入头内,剩余的DBM与自体骨粒混合物填充腓骨与头颈腔隙。B组仅行吻合血管腓骨移植。[结果]53例(82髋)均获得随访,随访时间平均4.2年(2年4)∶1],植入到软骨下骨板下面,夯实。将切取的游离腓骨移植,腓骨远端与股骨颈后侧以1枚直径3.5 mm的可吸收钉固定,吻合旋股外侧动静脉与腓动静脉近端(动静脉比例1∶2为宜)。腓骨吻合完毕后将20 ml骨髓制备的自体多能干细胞注入头内,剩余的DBM与自体骨粒混合物填充腓骨与头颈腔隙。B组仅行吻合血管腓骨移植。[结果]53例(82髋)均获得随访,随访时间平均4.2年(2年⁷年2个月)。应用Harris髋关节功能评分:A组41髋,优15髋,良22髋,可4髋,差0髋;B组41髋,优3髋,良19髋,可15髋,差4髋,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术后X线片影像学评价。其中:A组放射学成功38髋,B组放射学成功20髋,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。并发症A组3例,B组4例,两组差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。[结论]吻合血管腓骨移植联合DBM及自体多能干细胞混合性植入治疗ARCOⅡ7年2个月)。应用Harris髋关节功能评分:A组41髋,优15髋,良22髋,可4髋,差0髋;B组41髋,优3髋,良19髋,可15髋,差4髋,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术后X线片影像学评价。其中:A组放射学成功38髋,B组放射学成功20髋,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。并发症A组3例,B组4例,两组差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。[结论]吻合血管腓骨移植联合DBM及自体多能干细胞混合性植入治疗ARCOⅡ^Ⅲ期非创伤性股骨头坏死效果肯定,操作简单,创伤小、并发症少,能够阻止或延缓疾病进展。联合DBM及自体多能干细胞混合性植入既节约了自体骨用量,又促进骨的修复。该方法适于青壮年非创伤性股骨头坏死ARCOⅡⅢ期非创伤性股骨头坏死效果肯定,操作简单,创伤小、并发症少,能够阻止或延缓疾病进展。联合DBM及自体多能干细胞混合性植入既节约了自体骨用量,又促进骨的修复。该方法适于青壮年非创伤性股骨头坏死ARCOⅡ^Ⅲ期,Ⅲ期宜行股骨头成形。     

Radial head prosthesis with a mobile head

Radial head replacement is a useful method in the treatment of comminuted radial head fractures. Because such injuries are a common clinical problem and many complications have been reported after radial head replacements, a new radial head prosthesis is proposed. This new design, based on the shape-dimensional identification of the radial head, consists of two parts. The head, made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, is articulated with a Vitallium stem. A series of functional quality and strength tests were conducted on this new prosthetic design. The implant was also examined via the finite element method. General preclinical investigations of clinical cases show that this prosthesis is a very promising design.     

Infections of head

1.

1. Mention is made of the historical knowledge of head infections.     

The utility of head computed tomography after minimal head injury

OBJECTIVE: To determine if patients who present with a history of loss of consciousness who are neurologically intact (minimal head injury) should be managed with head computed tomography (CT), observation, or both. METHODS: We prospectively studied patients who presented to our urban Level I trauma center with a history of loss of consciousness after blunt trauma and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15. All patients underwent CT of the head and were subsequently admitted for 24 hours of observation. RESULTS: A total of 1,170 patients with minimal head injury were studied during a 35-month period. All patients had Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 15 on arrival and had a history of either loss of consciousness or amnesia to the event. Two hundred forty-seven patients (21.1%) were intoxicated with drugs or alcohol on admission; 39 patients (3.3%) had abnormalities detected by CT, including 18 intracranial bleeds; 21 patients (1.8%) had changes in therapy as a direct result of their CT results, including 4 operative procedures. No patient with negative CT results deteriorated during the subsequent observation period. CONCLUSION: CT is a useful test in patients with minimal head injury because it may lead to a change in therapy in a small but significant number of patients. Subsequent hospital observation adds nothing to the CT results and is not necessary in patients with isolated minimal head injury.     

Necessity of monitoring after negative head CT in acute head injury

Objective

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of delayed complications in acute head injury (HI) patients with an initial normal head computed tomography (CT).

Materials and methods

This retrospective study included 3023 consecutive patients who underwent head CT due to an acute HI at the Emergency Department (ED) of Tampere University Hospital (August 2010–July 2012). Regardless of clinical injury severity, the patients with a normal head CT were selected (n = 2444, 80.9%). The medical records of these patients were reviewed to identify the individuals with a serious clinically significant complication related to the primary HI. The time window considered was the following 72 h after the primary head CT. A repeated head CT in the hospital ward, death, or return to the ED were indicative of a possible complication.

Results

The majority (n = 1811, 74.1%) of the patients with a negative head CT were discharged home and 1.1% (n = 27) of these patients returned to ED within 72 h post-CT. A repeated head CT was performed on 12 (44.4%) of the returned patients and none of the scans revealed an acute lesion. Of the 632 (25.9%) CT-negative patients admitted to the hospital ward from the ED, a head CT was repeated in 46 (7.3%) patients within 72 h as part of routine practice. In the repeated CT sample, only one (0.2%) patient had a traumatic intracranial lesion. This lesion did not need neurosurgical intervention. The overall complication rate was 0.04%.

Conclusion

In the present study, which includes head injuries of all severity, the probability of delayed life-threatening complications was negligible when the primary CT scan revealed no acute traumatic lesions.