单束等长重建和双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带的临床研究

目的 对比观察单束等长重建和双束解削重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析自2004年8月至2008年10月行内侧髌股韧带重建治疗的60例(72膝)陈旧性髌骨脱位患者的临床资料,其中单束等长重建组22例(27膝),双束解剖重建组38例(45膝).术后手法检查髌骨稳定性,记录再脱位的病例数,CT测量髌骨外移度及髌骨倾斜角并以Kujala和主观问卷评分进行膝关节功能评估.结果 所有患者均随访12个月以上,无再脱位病例.(1)髌骨不稳发生率,术后单束重建组18.5%,双束重建组2.2%,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)术后两组髌骨倾斜角和髌骨外移率均恢复至正常范围,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)Kujala评分,单束组术前59±9,术后87±4;双束组术前62±9,术后94±6,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)术后主观问卷:单束重建优良率85.2%,双束重建组97.8%,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 单、双束重建内侧髌股韧带均明显恢复髌骨稳定性,提高膝关节功能,但临床评价双束重建优于单束重建.     

双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位的疗效分析

[目的]探讨双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位临床疗效,为临床治疗提供参考。[方法]选择60例髌骨脱位患者,采用双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带进行治疗,术后行膝关节CT检查,测量股骨滑车沟角、关节融合度角、外侧髌骨角、髌骨倾斜角;采用Kujala评分和Lysholm评分对膝关节功能进行主观评估,并与术前进行对比。[结果]术后患者全部获得随访,平均时间为(12.9±2.5)个月。伤口一期愈合,无感染、不愈合发生,无下肢深静脉血栓形成。体格检查髌骨倾斜试验、髌骨外推试验阴性,无复发性脱位发生。术后CT测量,髌股适合角由(21.89±4.49)°减小为(10.70±2.12)°;外侧髌骨角由(2.03±5.49)°增加为(8.29±2.13)°;髌骨倾斜角由(22.10±4.2)°减小为(12.70±1.65)°,差异均具有统计学意义。关节功能评分:Kujala评分由(57.47±7.99)提高为(87.57±5.88);Lysholm评分由(62.32±5.36)提高为(92.15±3.61),差异均具有统计学意义。[结论]内侧髌股韧带双束解剖重建治疗髌骨脱位,能纠正不良的髌骨轨迹,改善患者主观症状,提高膝关节功能。短期临床观察无复发性脱位发生,但是重建手术中创伤大,中期疗效还需要进一步研究探讨。     

膝关节镜联合C型臂治疗复发性髌骨脱位疗效分析

目的探讨膝关节镜联合C型臂透视下定位重建内侧髌股韧带等长点治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法自2013年10月至2017年5月收治复发性髌骨脱位58例(63膝),男26例28膝,女32例35膝;年龄16~47岁,平均(21.8±7.16)岁。采用膝关节镜联合C臂机透视下定位内侧髌股韧带等长点,自体半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。对其进行影像学评价:Q角、胫骨结节股骨滑车沟(tibia tuberosity-trochlear groove,TT-TG),Insall-Salvati指数、髌股适合角、外侧髌股角、髌骨外移率;临床疗效评价包括国际膝关节评分委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分、Lysholm膝关节功能评分。结果所有病例均获得随访,随访时间1~40个月,平均21个月。术后恐惧试验均阴性,随访期间无髌骨再脱位及骨折发生。末次随访时髌股适合角(0.20±4.19)°,外侧髌股角(3.52±1.33)°,髌骨外移率(0.35±0.14)。与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);IKDC膝关节功能主观评分(87.46±4.04)分、Lysholm膝关节功能评分(87.28±3.33)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论膝关节镜联合"C"型臂透视下定位重建内侧髌股韧带等长点治疗复发性髌骨脱位的近期效果可靠。     

半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位

 目的 探讨关节镜下半腱肌肌腱移植双束解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 自2006年1月至2010年1月收治复发性髌骨脱 位29例（31膝）,男11例,女18例（20膝）;年龄16～32岁,平均22岁。游离自体半腱肌肌腱,双束重建内侧髌股韧带,以双锚钉及骨槽固定于髌骨,股骨止点 采用界面螺钉固定,于关节镜下调整髌骨复位。5例同时行胫骨结节前内移术。所有病例均获得随访,随访时间9～22个月,平均14个月。影像学评价包括测量髌 股适合角、外侧髌股角、髌骨外移率;临床疗效评价包括国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC）膝关节功能主观评分 、Lysholm膝关节功能评分及Tegner膝关节运动评分。结果 术后恐惧试验均阴性,随访期间无髌骨再脱位及骨折发生。末次随访时髌股适合角5.65°±2.23°、 外侧髌股角3.52°±2.63°、髌骨外移率0.25±0.46,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;IKDC膝关节功能主观评分（93.20±5.33）分、Lysholm膝关 节功能评分（93.02±6.08）分及Tegner膝关节运动评分（6.58±0.87）分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 关节镜下半腱肌肌腱移植双束解 剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的近期效果可靠。     

重建髌骨内侧韧带治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位

[目的]探讨重建髌骨内侧韧带治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位的效果。[方法]11例14膝复发性髌骨脱位患儿采用半腱肌重建髌骨内侧韧带(MPFL)术进行治疗,术后通过至少3年时间的随访,了解膝关节脱位复发,患膝主观症状以及患肢整体功能情况。[结果]术后膝关节脱位无复发,手术前后IKDC膝关节功能主观评分分别为(39.4±4.7)和(91.3±6.1),X线检查手术前和最后1次随访时髌股协调角分别为(17.9±6.1)和(5.4±8.3),Insall髌骨指数分别为(1.34±0.21)和(1.17±0.33),髌股外侧角分别为(-2.3±8.7)和(10.3±3.9)。P值均<0.01,[结论]半腱肌重建髌骨内侧韧带术能够有效地治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位,防止复发,并有利于缓解膝关节症状,恢复膝关节功能。     

内侧髌股韧带解剖重建术治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的:探讨关节镜内侧髌股韧带解剖重建术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法:将符合纳入标准的33例复发性髌骨脱位患者行关节镜内侧髌股韧带解剖重建术治疗,术后给予渐进式康复运动锻炼,随访6个月,观察术前、术后6个月髌骨外移率、髌骨倾斜角、髌骨适合角改善,并行Kujala主观评分、Lysholm评分和Tegner运动功能评分等膝关节综合功能评分。结果:33例均获得满意随访,术后6月髌骨合适角[(10.84±1.23)°]、髌骨倾斜角[(8.21±0.74)°]、髌骨外移率[(9.75±1.37)%]均低于术前[分别为(38.26±6.57)°、(15.61±1.33)°、(52.91±7.36)%,P0.05];术后6月Kujala主观评分[(82.19±8.96)分]、Lysholm评分[(86.49±6.27)分]、Tegner运动功能评分[(5.54±1.36)分]均高于术前[分别为(63.27±7.15)分、(54.39±4.52)分、(3.02±0.56)分,P0.05];术后6月髌骨外移不超过50%髌骨宽度,无髌骨再脱位或半脱位发生,J型征、髌骨研磨试验、恐惧试验术后均阴性。结论:关节镜内侧髌股韧带解剖重建术能够有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位,改善膝关节的稳定性并避免脱位复发,利于膝关节功能恢复,疗效满意。     

关节镜辅助下三联术治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下三联术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法对18例复发性髌骨脱位患者在关节镜辅助下行外侧支持带松解、内侧髌股韧带重建及改良Fulkerson截骨三联术。术后进行髌骨外推恐惧试验,观察再脱位率,测量髌股适合角和外侧髌股角,采用Lysholm和Kujala评分评价膝关节功能。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~36个月。术后6个月内,有2例出现髌骨外侧疼痛,经康复理疗后均逐渐好转或消失。18例患者术后恐惧试验均阴性,随访期间无髌骨再脱位,Q角在正常范围。末次随访时患膝CT显示:髌股适合角5.83°±2.46°、外侧髌股角3.52°±0.64°、Lysholm膝关节功能评分93.28分±3.32分;Kujala髌股关节评分92.15分±12.43分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论关节镜辅助下三联术治疗复发性髌骨脱位能恢复髌股关节功能并有效防止复发。     

改良小切口单束重建内侧髌股韧带

[目的]探讨使用新的骨性标志定位股骨和髌骨骨道,改良单束重建内侧髌股韧带的手术方法及疗效。[方法]2014年10月~2017年6月,18例复发性髌骨脱位患者接受改良小切口单束重建内侧髌股韧带术,术中以股骨内收肌结节和髌骨内缘凸起最高点为参考点定位骨道。术后随访主观感受、CT评价髌骨倾斜角及关节适合角,Lysholm和Kujala评分评价膝关节功能。[结果]随访最长12个月,17例膝关节活动度恢复正常,1例于术后8周活动度屈曲约60°,给予关节镜下松解,经康复训练恢复正常。患者无再脱位,髌骨外推恐惧试验均为阴性。CT显示髌骨倾斜角及关节适合角术后明显变小,Kujala及Lysholm评分术后明显改善。[结论]本手术方法可快速定位骨隧道,短期随访效果满意。     

自体半腱肌肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位疗效分析

目的分析关节镜辅助下自体半腱肌肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法对2012—2015年期间我院收治的36例复发性髌骨脱位患者进行关节镜辅助下自体半腱肌肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。手术前后及随访期内定期行CT检查,记录髌骨外移率、髌骨倾斜角及髌股合适角,并做好Tegner、Kujala、Lysholm评分。结果 36例患者随访时间1~3年,平均1.5年。患者术前髌骨外移率、髌骨倾斜角及髌股适合角分别为(49.13±2.37)%、(12.31±2.83)°、(35.86±5.01)°,末次随访时为(8.92±1.67)%、(7.98±1.33)°、(12.07±1.73)°,改善明显(P0.05);Tegner、Kujala、Lysholm术前评分分别为(3.36±0.87)分、(56.91±3.07)分、(57.23±2.83)分,末次随访时为(5.33±1.02)分、(90.18±3.01)分、(92.53±2.81)分,有显著提高(P0.05)。结论关节镜辅助下自体半腱肌肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带可有效恢复关节解剖结构,改善膝关节功能。     

重建MPFL治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效.方法 采用髌骨前缘固定人工韧带及自体肌腱技术重建MPFL治疗髌骨不稳定11例.结果 随访12个月,无一例复发髌骨脱位.术后12个月髌股适合角平均值为(-7.3±3.4)°,外侧髌股角平均值为(7.2±1.5)°,Kujala膝关节功能评分平均值为(9...     

Secondary reconstruction of failed esophageal reconstruction

Between June 1992 and November 2002, 17 patients underwent secondary reconstruction of circumferential esophageal defects due to the failure of immediate reconstruction following ablation of thoracic esophageal cancer. Salvage reconstruction was achieved using free jejunal transfer in 13 patients (including long segment with double vascular pedicle in 2 cases), skin and/or musculocutaneous flap in 2 cases, and jejunal pull-up in 2 cases. In 5 patients, the second salvage surgery was required because of the failed first salvage. However, successful restoration of the esophagus and peroral alimentation was finally achieved in 16 of 17 patients, except 1 patient with several salvage operations using skin and musculocutaneous flap because the gut was unusable. We concluded that the preferred first choice for salvage restoration is free jejunal transfer. If the length of the esophageal defect is extensive, colonic interposition or jejunal pedicle with microvascular anastomosis for supercharging is the next option. If these procedures cannot be used, the transfer of a long jejunal segment with double vascular pedicles is recommended. Reconstruction using skin and/or musculocutaneous flap is the final option. As primary wound closure is often difficult in secondary reconstruction of the esophagus, a pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap is reliable to cover the reconstructed esophagus because skin flaps located in the neck region may be damaged by neck dissection or irradiation, and coverage of the anastomosis with muscle between the digestive tracts is effective to prevent leakage.     

Breast reconstruction: late cosmetic results of implant reconstruction

The long cosmetic outcome of breast implant reconstruction is unknown. The morbidity and cosmetic outcome of 360 patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with various types of implant has been prospectively analysed over a 10-year period. 334 patients who completed their reconstruction were suitable for evaluation of their cosmetic outcome. The early complication rate (<2 months) was 9.1%, with an explantation rate of 1.6%. The late complication rate (>2 months) was 23%, with a pathological capsular contracture rate of 11% at two years and 15% at five years, and an implant removal rate of 7%. The revisional surgery rate was 30.2%. The cosmetic results were prospectively assessed using an objective five point global scale. Every patient was scored at each visit once surgery was completed. The overall cosmetic outcome deteriorates in a linear fashion from an initial acceptable result in 86% of patients two years after completion of their reconstruction to only 54% at five years. This fall off in the cosmetic outcome was not associated with the type of implant used, the volume of the implant, the age of the patient or the type of mastectomy incision employed. Radiotherapy was not a significant factor as only 28 patients were irradiated. However, on Cox model analysis pathological capsular contracture was the only factor which significantly contributed to a poor cosmetic outcome(P<0.0001 (relative risk 6.3). In spite of a high revisional surgery rate, deterioration still occurred, suggesting that other unaccounted for variables were responsible. On photographic retrospective review of those patients without a capsular contracture who demonstrated a deterioration in their cosmetic scores, it became clear that a possible reason for their poor result was late asymmetry produced by the failure of both breasts to undergo symmetrical ptosis as the patients aged.     

Perforator flap breast reconstruction after unsatisfactory implant reconstruction

In 2009, 86,424 breast reconstructions were performed in the United States, with 76% being implant-based procedures. Capsular contracture and infection are the 2 most cited indications for implant explantation, resulting in a reconstruction failure. However, several patients are dissatisfied with implant reconstruction even without the aforementioned complications. We hypothesize that microvascular autologous tissue transfer with perforator free-flap breast reconstruction provides an excellent salvage modality in the face of an unsatisfactory implant reconstruction, resulting in an improved cosmetic and functional outcome, with low risk of complications. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients in the senior author's practice who underwent perforator flap breast reconstruction between the years 1998 through 2008, and identified all patients who had prior implant reconstruction. Indications for implant explantation, medical history, operative procedure, and postoperative complications were reviewed. During the study period, 1846 perforator flaps were performed. We found 191 patients who underwent autologous breast reconstruction after implant reconstruction with a total of 284 flaps (15.4%). The most frequent patient complaint was unnatural appearance and feel of the implants (Baker I or Baker II), and the majority of patients had not undergone radiation. Most patients were reconstructed using abdominal flaps with 164 deep inferior epigastric perforators, 50 superior gluteal artery perforators, 30 superficial inferior epigastric arteries, 35 inferior gluteal artery perforators, and 5 transverse upper gracilis. The total complication rate was 7.4%, with most complications related to wound healing at the donor site. There were 3 flap losses (1%), all of which were later successfully reconstructed with another perforator flap. Implant failures are traditionally thought to be in patients with Baker grade III/IV capsular contractures and in patients status post radiation therapy. However, in our study, the majority of patients seeking perforator flap reconstruction after implant reconstruction complained of an unnatural feel and appearance of their breasts, and did not have a severe capsular contracture deformity (Baker III/IV), nor had they undergone radiation. This suggests that implant reconstruction can lead to patient dissatisfaction severe enough to warrant removal even with Baker I/II results, and not in the setting of postradiation changes.     

Isolated Roux-en-Y reconstruction versus conventional reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background

Pancreatic fistula (PF) is the major cause for morbidity and mortality following pancreaticoduodenectomy. The primary aim of this study was to compare the occurrence rate of postoperative PF between isolated Roux-en-Y reconstruction (RYR) and conventional reconstruction (CR) after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Nipple-areola reconstruction

Nipple-areola reconstruction from nonspecialized tissues is presented as a worthwhile component of breast reconstruction. General principles are discussed, as are specific techniques for reconstruction of the areola and the nipple. The author's method is recommended as the most efficient use of local tissue for nipple reconstruction in the prosthetic breast, where skin and fat are both in short supply.     

Vaginal reconstruction

Vaginal reconstruction can be an uncomplicated and straightforward procedure when attention to detail is maintained. The Abbé-McIndoe procedure of lining the neovaginal canal with split-thickness skin grafts has become standard. The use of the inflatable Heyer-Schulte vaginal stent provides comfort to the patient and ease to the surgeon in maintaining approximation of the skin graft. For large vaginal and perineal defects, myocutaneous flaps such as the gracilis island have been extremely useful for correction of radiation-damaged tissue of the perineum or for the reconstruction of large ablative defects. Minimal morbidity and scarring ensue because the donor site can be closed primarily. With all vaginal reconstruction, a compliant patient is a necessity. The patient must wear a vaginal obturator for a minimum of 3 to 6 months postoperatively and is encouraged to use intercourse as an excellent obturator. In general, vaginal reconstruction can be an extremely gratifying procedure for both the functional and emotional well-being of patients.     

Urethral reconstruction

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To present an up-to-date review on the main surgical techniques used to treat urethral strictures. RECENT FINDINGS: Anterior urethroplasty can be treated in outpatient surgical settings, thus decreasing the impact of urethroplasty. To improve outcome in adult patients, reconstructive surgeons have learned to apply the principles of hypospadias surgery, such as delicate tissue handling, avoidance of overlapping suture lines, tissue and the development of preputial skin flaps, to adult urethral surgery. Penile skin has been used as a free graft or harvested as a flap for some time, thanks to its location, hairless skin and durability. Since the early 1990s the use of buccal mucosa was introduced in genital reconstructive surgery and has become popular for complex urethral reconstructions. The use of fibrin glue was recently suggested to fix the buccal mucosal graft in a better way and to cover the anastomosis between the graft and urethral plate. SUMMARY: Urethral reconstructive surgery is changing rapidly and this change has posed problems for surgeons who see the principles that previously defined their profession becoming obsolete or unworkable. New techniques, new tools, such as fibrin glue, and new engineered material are a part of our future.