腹腔镜双侧子宫动脉阻断联合宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠

目的探讨腹腔镜双侧子宫动脉阻断联合宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的疗效。方法 2013年1月~2015年5月北京大学第三医院妇科诊治62例CSP,均行经阴道超声检查进行初筛,盆腔MRI确诊,腹腔镜下先分离出双侧子宫动脉并进行阻断,然后在宫腔镜下清除剖宫产瘢痕部位的妊娠病灶,复查术后血h CG、妇科超声,评估治疗效果。结果 62例均成功实施腹腔镜下双侧子宫动脉阻断及宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除,无中转开腹及子宫切除。术中出血量中位数为30 ml(P_(25):20 ml,P_(75):100 ml),4例因病灶范围大,术中出血分别为600、600、800、800 ml,其中3例输血。1例因术后h CG下降不满意再次行宫腔镜妊娠病灶清除术。血h CG术后4~75 d,(30.9±16.9)d降至正常。术后20~75 d,(34.8±11.4)d月经恢复来潮。62例随访4~32个月,(15.8±8.0)月,5例再次妊娠,其中4例足月剖宫产分娩,1例术后再次发生CSP,行宫腔镜病灶清除。结论腹腔镜双侧子宫动脉阻断联合宫腔镜瘢痕妊娠病灶清除治疗CSP疗效确切,是治疗CSP的理想方法。     

对比微波消融、子宫动脉栓塞治疗单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤效果

目的 对比观察微波消融（MWA）与子宫动脉栓塞（UAE）治疗单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析49例单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤患者,27例接受MWA治疗（MWA组）,22例UAE治疗（UAE组）,比较2组治疗效果及预后。结果 2组术后月经过多、痛经、贫血等症状均缓解并逐渐消失。术后均出现发热、腹痛及阴道排液等并发症,经对症处理或未经处理自行恢复。术后随访12个月,术后3、6个月MWA组肌瘤体积及最大径均小于UAE组（P均<0.05）。术后6、12个月MWA组血清卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）水平均低于UAE组（P均<0.05）,雌二醇（E2）水平高于UAE组（P<0.05）。MWA组复发率为25.93%（7/27）,UAE组为27.27%（6/22）,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 MWA和UAE治疗单发子宫肌壁间肌瘤疗效确切、安全可靠,MWA效果优于UAE。     

腹腔镜对剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的诊治价值

目的：探讨腹腔镜对剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（ cesarean scar pregnancy ,CSP）的诊治价值。方法回顾分析2008年2月～2011年12月15例CSP入院即行腹腔镜治疗（腹腔镜监护下清宫或腹腔镜病灶切除及修补术）和12例经保守性治疗（药物或者超声引导下清宫）失败转腹腔镜治疗的临床资料。结果首选腹腔镜手术治疗15例中,1例因探查发现瘢痕缺损较大,出血多,中转开腹;9例行腹腔镜下病灶切除及修补术,其中3例同时行子宫动脉阻断术（uterine artery embolization,UAE）,2例同时行宫腔镜检查;5例行腹腔镜监护下清宫,其中2例同时行宫腔镜检查术。15例均治愈并保留子宫,术后平均29 dβ-hCG降至正常,平均2个月月经复潮,半年后3例再次妊娠（其中1例足月时剖宫产分娩）。保守性治疗失败12例中,7例在腹腔镜监护下清宫,其中1例同时行宫腔镜检查;5例行腹腔镜下病灶切除及修补术,其中2例行UAE,1例行宫腔镜检查术。12例均治愈并保留子宫,术后平均30 dβ-hCG降至正常,平均1个月月经复潮,半年后2例再次妊娠。结论腹腔镜手术能尽早明确诊断,有多种手术方式选择,降低CSP诊治过程中的风险,可以修复瘢痕部位缺陷,是诊断和治疗CSP的理想方法。     

子宫动脉栓塞术在综合治疗高风险子宫瘢痕妊娠中的作用

目的探索子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)在综合治疗高风险子宫切口瘢痕妊娠(CSP)中的作用和安全性。方法选取临床诊断为CSP的48例患者,均为孕囊位于肌层向外生长、供血丰富、原始胚胎生长活性高且药物治疗失败、或预计药物治疗难以成功者,先行子宫动脉氨甲蝶呤(MTX)及少量平阳霉素碘化油乳剂推注、明胶海绵颗粒(条)栓塞,之后对9例加行清宫术、1例加行超声引导孕囊穿刺注射MTX+宫腔镜病灶切除术、24例加行宫腔镜病灶切除及瘢痕切除修复。术后复查β-HCG和孕酮,复查超声,观察患者腹痛和出血情况,对所有取出孕囊均行病理检查,随访3个月以上,观察并发症和月经恢复时间。结果 48例患者UAE治疗均1次成功,均成功保留子宫,取出孕囊病理检查结果示陈旧坏死变性组织、瘢痕妊娠,其中1例UAE+清宫术(48h内)发生非致命大出血(200ml),接受UAE+宫腔镜病灶及瘢痕切除修复术者恢复较快,术后β-HCG和孕酮迅速恢复近正常,1个月后月经恢复。结论综合治疗高风险CSP时,采用UAE的治疗效果好、安全性高,不良反应少,可作为重要治疗方法。     

脑膜中动脉栓塞术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿:Meta分析

目的 系统评价脑膜中动脉(MMA)栓塞术治疗慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)的有效性及安全性。方法 检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、万方医学网及维普数据库自建库至2021年11月栓塞MMA或以传统手术治疗CSDH相关临床队列研究,依据纳入及排除标准筛选文献,采用Stata 16.0软件进行分析。结果 最终纳入8篇文献、共1 482例CSDH患者,根据治疗方法分为栓塞组(n=318)及传统手术组(n=1 164)。栓塞组中,70例接受单纯MMA栓塞;其中248例接受栓塞联合手术治疗,包括67例术前栓塞、32例术后辅助栓塞、118例术后复发补救栓塞和31例未提及栓塞时机。Meta分析结果显示,栓塞组治疗失败率[RR＝－1.28,95%CI(－2.09,－0.47),P<0.05]、再次手术干预率[RR＝－1.59,95%CI(－2.27,－0.91),P<0.05]均低于传统手术组,而治疗相关并发症发生率组间差异无统计学意义[RR＝－0.40,95%CI(－0.93,0.13),P=0.13]。结论 MMA栓塞术治疗CSDH安全、有效。     

影响高强度聚焦超声消融治疗剖宫产切口部妊娠辐照剂量的因素

目的 采用最优尺度回归分析观察影响高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)消融治疗剖宫产切口部妊娠(CSP)总辐照剂量的因素。方法 纳入131例接受HIFU消融联合超声引导下清宫术的CSP患者,分析总辐照剂量与临床及超声指标的相关性;采用最优尺度分析观察影响总辐照剂量的因素,并建立模型预测总辐照剂量。结果HIFU治疗CSP总成功率为96.95%(127/131)。总辐照剂量与CSP患者体质量指数(BMI,X1)、停经时间(X2)、血β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(X3)、孕囊与膀胱间子宫肌层厚度(X4)及孕囊最大径线(X5)均显著相关(P均<0.05),预测模型为:总辐照剂量=0.273×X1+0.044×X2+0.113×X3-0.033×X4+0.327×X5。最优尺度回归分析显示,BMI及孕囊最大径线(r=0.295、0.448,P均<0.05)是影响总辐照剂量的重要因素,其重要性分别为0.294和0.535。结论 患者BMI(17.9~29.3 kg/m²)和孕囊最大径线是影响HIFU消融治疗CSP总辐照剂量最为重要的因素。     

剖宫产子宫切口瘢痕部位妊娠临床分析

目的探讨剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析9例子宫瘢痕部位妊娠患者的临床资料,包括临床表现、发生子宫瘢痕部位妊娠距前次剖宫产术的时间、辅助检查、治疗方法及预后。结果患者发病距前次剖宫产妊娠时间2～25年;孕龄：早孕6例,中孕2例,晚孕1例。治疗方法：氨甲喋呤全身或局部化疗2例;宫腔镜病灶电切3例;吸宫术1例;开腹病灶切除1例;剖宫取胎术3例;子宫次全切除3例。结论随着剖宫产率的升高,子宫瘢痕部位妊娠的发病率明显上升,是剖宫产术后严重的并发症。二维超声、宫腔镜检查、MRI、血β-HCG对CSP的诊断和鉴别诊断有很高的价值。氨甲喋呤全身和局部用药后再行吸宫术有效,开腹行病灶局灶切除安全,病灶〈5cm、局限在浅肌层宫腔镜电切安全有效。     

子宫动脉栓塞联合宫腔镜清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠临床疗效分析

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞联合宫腔镜下清宫术剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的临床效果。方法对36例CSP患者入院后先行子宫动脉栓塞术,术后1~2 d在超声引导下行宫腔镜下清宫术。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 36例患者均顺利完成子宫动脉栓塞术及宫腔镜下清宫术,并经术中病理学检查确诊。宫腔镜清宫术手术时间为(31.60±11.40)min,术中出血量为(29.42±10.50)mL。出院时复查均证实子宫恢复良好。术后血β-HCG水平转阴时间为(36.52±11.60)d。月经恢复时间(39.21±9.94)d。结论子宫动脉栓塞联合宫腔镜下清宫术治疗CSP,创伤小,疗效确切,术后恢复快且安全性高。     

意外胆囊癌二次术后早期复发的危险因素及辅助化疗疗效分析

背景与目的 术后早期复发是胆囊癌预后不良的重要危险因素，越来越多的证据表明辅助化疗可以改善患者的预后。但目前有关意外胆囊癌（IGBC）二次术后早期复发及辅助化疗对患者预后的影响尚未见报道。因此，本文探讨IGBC二次术后早期复发的危险因素及分析辅助化疗对于早期复发和非早期复发患者的疗效，以为临床提供决策支持。方法 回顾性收集2011年1月—2021年12月于西安交通大学第一附属医院肝胆外科因IGBC行意向性根治术的170例患者的临床病理资料，分析患者术后早期复发的影响因素（早期复发定义为二次意向根治术后12个月内），以及患者术后无复发生存（RFS）与总体生存（OS）的影响因素。结果 170例行IGBC意向性根治术后患者，随访期间复发者73例（42.94%）、早期复发者41例（24.12%）。IGBC术后早期复发患者中位OS时间明显短于非早期复发患者（χ²=192.910，P<0.001）。病理分化程度（OR=20.758，95% CI=5.557~80.239）、CA19-9水平（OR=7.920，95% CI=1.557~39.771）及病灶残留（OR=8.050，95% CI=3.062~21.160）是IGBC术后早期复发的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。病理分化程度（HR=6.160，95% CI=2.877~13.193）、CA19-9水平（HR=2.538，95% CI=1.297~4.965）、手术切除范围（HR=2.111，95% CI=1.154~3.860）、病灶残留（HR=2.571，95% CI=1.547~4.273）是IGBC术后RFS时间的独立危险因素（均P<0.05）。病理分化程度（HR=3.225，95% CI=1.461~7.121）、早期复发（HR=29.558，95% CI=14.250~61.311）、病灶残留（HR=2.416，95% CI=1.361~4.287）是IGBC术后OS时间的独立危险因素（均P<0.05），辅助化疗是术后OS时间的独立保护性因素（HR=0.260，95% CI=0.123~0.551，P<0.05）。按有无病灶残留及是否早期复发分层分析的结果显示，辅助化疗可延长病灶残留患者术后RFS时间及OS时间，亦可延长早期复发患者术后OS时间（均P<0.05）。结论 病灶残留是IGBC二次术后早期复发及预后的独立危险因素，术后辅助化疗可以有效改善病灶残留及早期复发患者的预后。     

术前超声联合免疫组织化学预测甲状腺乳头状癌颈部中央区淋巴结转移

目的 观察术前超声联合免疫组织化学(免疫组化)预测甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)颈部中央区淋巴结转移(CLNM)的价值。方法 回顾性分析153例接受手术治疗的PTC患者,根据术后病理将其分为CLNM阳性组(n=75)和CLNM阴性组(n=78);比较2组患者术前超声及免疫组化检测结果,以logistic回归分析评价术前超声联合免疫组化预测颈部CLNM的价值。结果 组间患者年龄、病灶最大径、微钙化、纵横比、紧邻被膜及HBME-1表达水平差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。PTC患者年龄≤45岁、病灶最大径>2.0 cm、微钙化、紧邻被膜及HBMI-1(++/+++)为颈部CLNM的危险因素;据此建立的logistic模型用于预测PTC颈部CLNM的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积为0.823[95%CI(0.785,0.888)]。结论 术前超声联合免疫组化可预测PTC颈部CLNM;PTC患者年龄≤45岁、病灶最大径>2.0 cm、微钙化、紧邻被膜及HBMI-1(++/+++)均为颈部CLNM的危险因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.