原发性脑干病变BAEP与CT、MRI对比研究

目的：探讨ＣＴ,ＭＲＩＢＡＥＰ对脑干病变诊断的敏感性及ＢＡＥＰ与脑干病损严重程度和预后的关系。方法：对３２例脑干病变的患者同时进行了ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及ＢＡＥＰ检查,同时对患者进行格拉斯哥昏迷计分（Ｇｌａｓｇｏｗｃｏｍａｓｃｏｒｅ,ＧＣＳ）及神经功能缺损评从（ＳＳＳ）。根据ＢＡＥＰ检查结果分为３组：Ⅰ组：ＢＡＥＰ正常组;Ⅱ组ＢＡＥＰ异常或双侧不对称,但各波存在;Ⅲ组：除Ⅰ波外,其余各波消失。病后３月对患者进行预后评价。结果：脑干病变ＣＴ阳性率５３．１３％,ＭＲＩ阳性率９０．６２％,ＢＡＥＰ阳性率８４．３８％。ＭＲＩ及ＢＡＥＰ阳性率高于头颅ＣＴ,有显著性差异,Ｐ＜０．０５。Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组患者ＧＣＳ计分高于Ⅲ组,ＳＳＳ评分低于Ⅲ组,Ⅲ组的患者均预后不良,与Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组比较有显著差异ｐ＜０．０５。结论：ＭＲＩ和ＢＡＥＰ对脑干病变异常率较高,若同时进行ＭＲＩ和ＢＡＥＰ检查阳性率达１００％;ＢＡＥＰ是判断脑干病变严重程度及预后较为可靠的指标。     

多系统萎缩的临床与CT及磁共振分析

目的　评价临床表现与ＣＴ、磁共振（ＭＲＩ） 结合对多系统萎缩（ＭＳＡ） 的诊断价值。方法　选择５６ 例多系统萎缩病人，其中橄榄桥脑小脑萎缩（ＯＰＣＡ）３７ 例，Ｓｈｙ－ Ｄｒａｇｅｒ 综合征（ＳＤＳ）１３ 例，纹状体黑质变性（ＳＮＤ）６ 例。全部病人均行头颅ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ检查，并对其临床表现、分型、ＭＲＩ进行比较。结果　临床发现各型早期各有特点，且ＭＲＩ表现也各不相同。结论　临床表现与ＭＲＩ结合可提高ＭＳＡ 中ＯＰＣＡ、ＳＮＤ的诊断率，但在ＳＤＳ病人ＭＤＩ改变不明显。头颅ＣＴ对ＭＳＡ 诊断意义不大。     

癫痫手术前SPECT的定位价值

癫痫手术前ＳＰＥＣＴ的定位价值沈国富，孙克华，谭启富，冯宣我们对１２例癫痫患者行发作间期及１例美解眠诱发后的脑局部血流ＳＰＥＣＴ检查，结果显示ＳＰＥＣＴ较之ＣＴ．ＭＲＩ、ＥＥＧ具有更高的阳性率，其定位的阳性率达到了８０％以上，美解眠诱发后可能会增加结...     

枕叶癫痫21例报告

为了探讨枕叶癫痫的临床特征，对２１例枕叶癫痫患者的临床发作特征（视觉发作、偏转发作、自动症和全身大发作）进行评估，并比较了头皮ＥＥＧ和颅内ＥＥＧ对枕叶癫痫的诊断价值。结果发现，起于抽搐的对侧者１１例，１０例有同侧偏转。头皮ＥＥＧ罕有助于枕叶癫痫的定位，且常常是错误的。颅内ＥＥＧ记录可正确证实枕叶异常放电的起源，且有Ｓｙｌｖｉａｎ裂的内侧或侧方上下不同癫痫扩散类型。２０例作了ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及单光子发射断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ）检查，证实有枕叶病变，１例只作了ＣＴ与ＳＰＥＣＴ检查证实。１９例作了病变及致痫灶切除，２例作了颞叶切除。手术结果：除１例因智能低下需照料外，均获得良好效果，随访２～５年，２０例均已恢复学习或工作。结果提示，枕叶癫痫虽表现复杂，甚或导致错误的诊断，但如注意到早期发作先兆或症状，应用ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、ＳＰＥＣＴ及颅内电极记录，常可作出正确诊断。手术结果是满意的。     

SPECT在脑部疾病中的应用

本文报告２５９例脑部疾病病人ＳＰＥＣＴ脑显像结果，并与ＣＴ，ＭＲＩ，ＥＥＧ及ＴＣＤ等检查作比较。结果表明：ＳＰＥＣＴ对脑梗塞的早期确诊，ＴＩＡ的辅助诊断和癫痫的定位诊断有较大价值。脑血流断层显像诊断意义大，但其他核素显像方法在某些疾病中仍有很大诊断价值。     

发作间期PET和SPECT检查对颞叶癫痫定位诊断价值

目的：探讨发作间期１８Ｆ－脱氧葡萄糖（ＦＤＧ）正电子发射断层扫描（ＰＥＴ）和９９ｍＴｃ－己撑半脱氨酸（ＥＣＤ）单光子发射断层扫描对顽固性颞叶癫痫（ＴＬＥ）的定位诊断价值。方法：５３例脑电图（ＥＥＧ）定位明确的顽固性ＴＬＥ患者分别行发作间期１８Ｆ－ＦＤＧＰＥＴ和９９ｍＴｃ－ＥＣＤＳＰＥＣＴ检查。其中２１例磁共振（ＭＲＩ）显示有结构性病变并与ＥＥＧ定位结果一致。结果：ＭＲＩ异常组均在ＰＥＴ和ＳＰＥＣＴ相应部位出现低代谢和低灌注表现。ＭＲＩ正常组，ＰＥＴ定位准确性为８４．５％，显著高于ＳＰＥＣＴ的５６．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：对于无结构性病变的颞叶癫痫，发作间期ＰＥＴ检查有较高的定位诊断价值，ＳＰＥＣＴ的临床意义相对较小     

24例脑囊虫病的影像学分析

本文分析了1990～1997年在我科住院的24例脑囊虫病患者的影像学资料,探讨了影像学对该病的诊断价值。资料　24例患者,男14例,女10例,平均273岁(6～67岁),临床类型为:脑实质型11例,癫痫型12例,脑室型1例;1例合并前房囊虫表现为视力下降;1例合并皮下囊虫结节。5例经手术证实,未手术的19例患者中17例血、ＣＳＦ囊虫间凝试验阳性,16例行头颅ＣＴ检查,2例行头颅ＭＲＩ检查,6例行ＭＲＩ和ＣＴ检查。患者均经至少一个疗程吡喹酮、地塞米松、甘露醇等治疗,症状缓解20例,好转4例。24例ＣＴ和/或ＭＲＩ检查结果为:头颅ＣＴ示18例多发或单发低密度灶,其…     

病毒性脑炎的头颅MRI表现

目的 研究头颅核磁共振（ＭＲＩ）对病毒性脑炎的早期诊断价值。方法 观察１０例病毒性脑炎患者头颅ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ表现,其中８例增强扫描。５例行快速液体衰减反转回复（ＦＬＡＩＲ）检查。结果 头颅ＭＲＩ较ＣＴ发现更多病灶,其病灶多不增强,ＦＬＡＩＲ技术可以更清发现病灶,其中单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的ＭＲＩ更有其特征性表现。结论 头颅ＭＲＩ有助于病毒性脑炎的早期诊断同。     

功能性影像技术在抑郁症研究中的进展

近些年来，正电子发射计算机断层扫描（ＰＥＴ）和单光子发射计算机断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ），在情感性精神障碍患者脑血流和代谢方面的研究较多。与计算机断层扫描（ＣＴ）和磁共振（ＭＲＩ）比较，ＳＰＥＣＴ和ＰＥＴ通过对活体大脑血流及神经化学活动进行动态观察，取得...     

CT,MRI和DSA诊断蛛网膜下腔出血价值的评价

本文通过对７９例ＳＡＨ的临床、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和ＤＳＡ的对照研究，发现ＣＴ对急性期ＳＡＨ诊断价值较大，可作为筛选措施。ＭＲＩ对亚急性ＳＡＨ及隐匿性血管畸形的诊断优于ＣＴ和ＤＳＡ。ＤＳＡ可直观显示动脉瘤、动静脉畸形和供血动脉、引流静脉，还可作介入治疗。     

Books Received

Mc. Alpine, D., C. E. Lumsden, E. D. Acheson , A re-appraisal.
Smith, B. H. , Principles of Clinical Neurology
M. Mumenthaler, H. Schliack, Torben Fog , Läsionen periphärer Nerven
E. Ettlinger , Functions of the Corpus Callosum
J. C. Scotto , L'hyperostose frontale interne
D. Ingvar, N. Lassen , Regional Cerebral Blood Flow
Michaelis, L. , Orthopaedic surgery of the limbs in paraplegia
Adolf Juba , Pathologie des Ballismus
I. Taylor , The neurological mechanisms of hearing and speech in Children
F. Mellerio , L'electroencéphalographie dans les intoxications aigués
T. W. Farmer , Pediatric Neurology
P. Bourret, R. Louis , Anatomie du systéme nerveux central
M. Brazier , Brain Function. Vol. II. RNA and brain function; memory and learning
E. Gutmann, P. Hnik , The effect of use and disuse on neuromuscular functions
R. G. Siekert, J. P. Whisnant , Cerebral Vascular Disease
Excerpta Medica Foundation , Third International Congress of Neurological Surgery, Copenhagen, August 1965
H. W. Delank , Das Eiweissbild des Liquor cerebrospinalis und seine klinische Bedeutung
Schadé, J. P., D. H. Ford , Basic Neurology
C. Bernhard, E. Bohm , Local Anaesthetics as Anticonvulsants
M. Singer, J. Schadé , Degeneration Patterns in the Nervous System
K. Akert, C. Bally, J. Schadé, H. Pakkenberg , Sleep Mechanisms     

IIIrd International Symposium On Neural Transplantation from Molecular Bases to Clinical Application

IIIrd International Symposium On Neural Transplantation from Molecular Bases to Clinical Application(6th - 11th August 1989, Cambridge, U.K.)International Organising Committee: A. Aguayo, A. Bj?rklund, S.B. Dunnett, WJ. Freed, F.H. Gage, D.M. Gash, S.D. Iversen, R.D. Lund, C.D. Marsden, L. Olson, J. Sladek, C. Sotelo.Local Organising Committee: L.E. Annett, DJ. Clarke, S.B. Dunnett, P.C. Emson, B.J. Everitt, O. Isacson, S.D. Iversen, S.-J. Richards, J.D. Rowell, D.J.S. Sirinathsinghji.     

The process of care in residential facilities

Background Although residential facilities (RFs) have largely replaced mental hospitals (MHs) in most developed countries for the long-term residential care of severely impaired patients, the process of care in RFs has not been well studied. The aim of this paper is to investigate the process of care in 265 RFs, representing 19.3% of all RFs in Italy, and to devise a classification of RFs based on process characteristics.Methods Structured interviews were conducted with the manager and staff of each RF. Residents were evaluated using standardized rating instruments.Results Most RFs had specific admission criteria, with one third having a waiting list that averaged about 3 months. There was no formal limitation to the length of stay in three quarters of RFs, and turnover rates were very low. Although a homelike atmosphere was found in many RFs, most facilities had restrictive rules on patients’ daily lives and behaviours. RFs carried out several external activities targeted at integrating patients within the local community. Standardized assessment instruments and written treatment plans were rarely used. A cluster analysis based on the levels of restrictiveness and the standardization of the process of care classified RFs into five groups that differed with respect to daily staff coverage, size, geographical distribution and proportion of former MH residents. No significant intercluster differences were associated with the current clinical and psychosocial characteristics of residents, or with several other outcome variables.Conclusions This study provides naturalistic evidence of the heterogeneity of the process of residential care on a large scale. Future efforts should focus on developing an empirical classification of RFs, as well as on national and international standards of care and staffing to address patients’ needs.The PROGRES Group includes: National Coordinators: G. de Girolamo, A. Picardi, P. Morosini (National Mental Health Project, National Institute of Health); Biostatistician: R. Micciolo (University of Trento); Regional Coordinators: P. Argentino, M. Casacchia, P. Ciliberti, G. Civenti, A. Colotto, G. Dell’Acqua, W. Di Munzio, G. Fagnano, A. Fioritti, N. Longhin, M. Miceli, M. Nicotera, M. Pisetta, R. Putzolu, E. Rossi, M. E. Rotunno, G. Borsetti, D. Semisa, R. Tomasi, P. Tulli, E. Zanalda; Researchers: C. Barbini, F. Basile, G. Bazzacco, R. Bracco, A. Calvarese, G. Canuso, E. Caroppo, L. Caserta, M. Colangione, S. Damiani, T. De Donatis, F. Di Donato, V. Di Michele, R. Esposito, M. Facchini, S. Ferraro, P. Fracchiolla, P. Gabriele, D. Gallicchio, G. Giardina, A. Greco, F. Grilletti, S. Guzzo, A. M. Lerario, M. R. Marinelli, C. Marino, E. Monzani, F. Picoco, L. Pinciaroli, C. A. Rossetti, P. Rubatta, G. Santone, F. Scorpiniti, V. Scrofani, M. Stefani, A. Svettini, A. Zaffarano, M. Cellini, A. Galli, K. Pesaresi, G. Pitzalis, L. Tarantino; Scientific Consultants: F. Amaddeo, I. Falloon     

Brainstem neurons with descending projections to the spinal cord of two elasmobranch fishes: Thornback guitarfish,Platyrhinoidis triseriata,and horn shark,Heterodontus francisci

We studied two cartilaginous fishes and described their brainstem supraspinal projections because most nuclei in the reticular formation can be identified that way. A retrogradely transported tracer, horseradish peroxidase or Fluoro-Gold, was injected into the spinal cord of Platyrhinoidis triseriata (thornback guitarfish) or Heterodontus fransisci (horn shark). We described labeled reticular cells by their position, morpohology, somatic orientation, dendritic processes, and laterality of spinal projections. Nineteen reticular nuclei have spinal projections: reticularis (r.) dorsalis, r. ventralis pars α and β, r. gigantocellularis, r. magnocellularis, r. parvocellularis, r. paragigantocellularis lateralis and dorsalis, r. pontis caudalis pars α and β, r. pontis oralis pars medialis and lateralis, r. subcuneiformis, r. peduncularis pars compacta, r. subcoeruleus pars α, raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus, raphe magnus, and locus coeruleus. Twenty nonreticular nuclei have spinal projections: descending trigeminal, retroambiguus, solitarius, posterior octaval, descending octaval, magnocellular octaval, ruber, Edinger-Westphal, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, latral mesencephalic complex, periventricularis pretectalis pars dorsalis, central pretectal, ventromedial thalamic, posterior central thalamic, posterior dorsal thalamic, the posterior tuberculum, and nuclei B, F, and J. The large number of distinct reticular nuclei with spinal projections corroborates the hypothesis that the reticular formation of elasmobranches is complexly organized into many of the same nuclei that are found in frogs, reptiles, birds, and mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 403:534–560, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Methods to induce primary and secondary traumatic damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures

Organotypic brain slice cultures have been used in a variety of studies on neurodegenerative processes [K.M. Abdel-Hamid, M. Tymianski, Mechanisms and effects of intracellular calcium buffering on neuronal survival in organotypic hippocampal cultures exposed to anoxia/aglycemia or to excitotoxins, J. Neurosci. 17, 1997, pp. 3538-3553; D.W. Newell, A. Barth, V. Papermaster, A.T. Malouf, Glutamate and non-glutamate receptor mediated toxicity caused by oxygen and glucose deprivation in organotypic hippocampal cultures, J. Neurosci. 15, 1995, pp. 7702-7711; J.L. Perez Velazquez, M.V. Frantseva, P.L. Carlen, In vitro ischemia promotes glutamate mediated free radical generation and intracellular calcium accumulation in pyramidal neurons of cultured hippocampal slices, J. Neurosci. 23, 1997, pp. 9085-9094; L. Stoppini, L.A. Buchs, D. Muller, A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue, J. Neurosci. Methods 37, 1991, pp. 173-182; R.C. Tasker, J.T. Coyle, J.J. Vornov, The regional vulnerability to hypoglycemia induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal culture: protection by early tetrodotoxin or delayed MK 801, J. Neurosci. 12, 1992, pp. 4298-4308.]. We describe two methods to induce traumatic cell damage in hippocampal organotypic cultures. Primary trauma injury was achieved by rolling a stainless steel cylinder (0.9 g) on the organotypic slices. Secondary injury was followed after dropping a weight (0.137 g) on a localised area of the organotypic slice, from a height of 2 mm. The time course and extent of cell death were determined by measuring the fluorescence of the viability indicator propidium iodide (PI) at several time points after the injury. The initial localised impact damage spread 24 and 67 h after injury, cell death being 25% and 54%, respectively, when slices were kept at 37 degrees C. To validate these methods as models to assess neuroprotective strategies, similar insults were applied to slices at relatively low temperatures (30 degrees C), which is known to be neuroprotective [F.C. Barone, G.Z. Feuerstein, R.F. White, Brain cooling during transient focal ischaemia provides complete neuroprotection, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1, 1997, pp. 31-44; V.M. Bruno, M.P. Goldberg, L.L. Dugan, R.G. Giffard, D.W. Choi, Neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in cortical cultures exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation or excitatory aminoacids, J. Neurochem. 4, 1994, pp. 387-392; G.C. Newman, H. Qi, F.E. Hospod, K. Grundhmann, Preservation of hippocampal brain slices with in vivo or in vitro hypothermia, Brain Res. 1, 1992, pp. 159-163; J.Y. Yager, J. Asseline, Effect of mild hypothermia on cerebral energy metabolism during the evolution of hypoxic ischaemic brain damage in the immature rat, Stroke, 5, 1996, pp. 919-925.]. Low temperature incubation significantly reduced cell death, now being 9% at 24 h and 14% at 67 h. Our results show that these models of moderate mechanical trauma using organotypic slice cultures can be used to study neurodegeneration and neuroprotective strategies.     

Book reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Llinas R, ed The workings of the brain. Development, memory and perception.
Thomas D, ed. Neuro-oncology. Primary malignant brain tumours.
Sandler M, Collins G, eds. Migraine. A spectrum of ideas.
Kazner E, Wende S, Grumme T, Stochdorph O, Felix R, Clausen C, eds. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography of intracranial tumors. A clinical perspective.
Winlow W, ed. Neuronal communications.
Hofferberth H, Brune A A, Sitger G, Weger H D, eds. Vascular brain stem diseases.
Dolenc V. Anatomy and surgery of the cavernous sinus.
Kolb B, Whishaw I O, eds. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology.
Scherzer A L, Tscharnuter I, eds. Early diagnosis and therapy in cerebral palsy.
Bartako D, Gerttenbrandt F, Turcani P , eds. Neurology in Europe I.     

Intranasal sumatriptan for the acute treatment of migraine

Two double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multicenter, multinational, parallel-group studies were carried out to identify the optimum dose of intranasal sumatriptan for the acute treatment of migraine. Study medication was taken as a single dose through one nostril in the first study, and as a divided dose through two nostrils in the second study. Totals of 245 and 210 patients with a history of migraine were recruited into the one-and two-nostril studies, respectively. In both studies, headache severity had significantly improved at 120 min after doses of 10–40 mg sumatriptan compared to placebo (P < 0.05) and the greatest efficacy rates were obtained with 20 mg sumatriptan. With 20 mg sumatriptan 78% and 74% of patients experienced headache relief in one- and two-nostril studies respectively. Sumatriptan was generally well tolerated, the most frequently reported event being taste disturbance. The results of the two studies are similar and indicate that administering sumatriptan as a divided dose via two nostrils confers no significant advantage over single-nostril administration. The publication committee members were as follows: Prof. C. Dahlöf Gothenburg; Prof. N. E. Gilhus, Bergen; Dr. V. Lüben, Giessen; Dr. R. Salonen, Tampere; Prof. J. M. Warier, Strasbourg; Ms E. Ashford, Glaxo Group Research Limited, Greenford; Mr. R. Dawson, Glaxo Group Research Limited, Greenford; Mrs D. Noronha Glaxo Group Research Limited, Greenford.Principal investigators were as follows: One nostril study France: Dr. N. Brion, Le Chesnay; Prof. G. Chazot, Lyon; Dr. P. Dano, Marseille; Prof. A. Destee, Lille; Dr. M. Schwob, Paris; Prof. J.M. Warter, Strasbourg. Germany: Dr. J. Brand, Konigstein; Dr. R. Enkelmann, St. Goar; Prof H. D. Langohr, Fulda; Dr. V. Lüben, Giesssen; Dr. M. Mockesch, Weinheim; Dr. H Pistauer, Preetz; Dr. Schimek, Giegen; Dr. E. Siegel, Munich. Norway: Dr. J. S. Aasen, Fredrikstad; Prof. N. E. Gilhus, Bergen; Dr. I. Monstad, Elverum; Dr. T. Mörland, Skien; Dr. K. Nestvold, Nordbyhagen; Dr. O. Roald, Oslo; Dr. R. Salvesen, Bodö; Prof. O. Sjaastad, Trondheim; Dr. B. Stadnes, Drammen; Dr. K. A. Tjörstad, Stavager.Two Nostril study Eire: Dr. A. Rynne, Dublin. Finland: Dr. M. Farkkila, Helsinki; Dr. H. Havanka, Kemi; Dr. T. Jolma, Pori; Dr. H. Kilpelainen, Savonlinna; Dr. E. Koivunen-Tapio, Jyvaskyla; Reunanen, Oulu; Dr. E. Sako, Turku; Dr. R. Salonen, Tampere. Sweden: Dr. B. Andersson, Gävle; Dr. C. Behring, Vasteras; Prof. C. Dahldf, Gothenburg; Dr. S. E. Eriksson, Falun; Dr. Hindfelt, Malmö; Dr. H. Hultberg, Osmo; Dr. F. Johansson, Umea; Dr. C. Muhr, Uppsala     

南京地区多发性硬化的临床与病理

对４例多发性硬化的临床和病理进行了研究。男、女各２例；年龄分别为２０岁、２６岁、２８岁及６２岁。病程分别为３２天、４５天、８年及２０年。临床表现多发病灶，主要症状和体征是视力障碍、肢体瘫痪及截瘫等，缓解复发１～４次不等。研究发现其病理改变为中枢神经系统白质多发性脱髓鞘病灶，视神经、视交叉及脊髓损害严重，脊髓又以后索及侧索损害为多见，有对称倾向。在较新鲜的病灶中发现明显的星形胶质增生，而在陈旧性病灶扩展的边缘部可见到血管周围淋巴细胞浸润。对此病的诊断标准、命名及临床病理特征等进行了讨论     

Reference values of hemostasis related factors of healthy Japanese adults. I: Circadian fluctuation

The circadian fluctuation of hemostasis related parameters was examined on 16 healthy Japanese adults (male 9, female 7). Twenty one parameters were measured in this study, i.e. fibrinogen, the activity of F.II, F.V., F.VII, F.VIII, F.IX, F.X., F.XI, F.XII, antithrombin III, plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, as well as the antigen level of F.IX, von Willebrand Factor, protein C, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, fibrinopeptide A, plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex and FDP. Fluctuation was not significant in almost all of the parameters except F.VIII, F.IX, beta-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4, tPA and PAI-1. Although the fluctuations of F.VIII, F.IX, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were statistically significant, they remained within the normal ranges. On the other hand, tPA and free PAI-1 showed significant circadian fluctuation, of which levels were highest at 9:00. It was postulated that the significant circadian fluctuation of fibrinolytic activity will be regulated by the balance between tPA and PAI-1 in plasma.     

Quantitative analysis of the effects of lithium on the reverse tolerance and the c-Fos expression induced by methamphetamine in mice

To elucidate the mechanism of psychostimulant-induced reverse tolerance [A. Kifune, S. Tadokoro, Modification of stereotype producing and ambulation-increasing effects following repeated administration of methamphetamine in rats, Jpn. J. Psychopharmacol. 11 (1991) 207-214 [11]; N.J. Leith, R. Kuczenski, Chronic amphetamine: tolerance and reverse tolerance reflect different behavioral actions of the dog, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 15 (1981) 399-405 [13]; S. Tadokoro, H. Kuribara, Reverse tolerance to the ambulation-increasing effect of methamphetamine in mice as an animal model of amphetamine-psychosis, Psychopharmacol, Bull. 22 (1986) 757-762 [18]; S. Tadokoro, H. Kuribara, Modification of the behavioral effects of drugs after repeated administration: special reference to the reverse tolerance, Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 95 (1990) 229-238 [19]], the effects of lithium on ambulatory activity [P. Cappeliez, E. Moore, Effects of lithium on an amphetamine animal model of bipolar disorder, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 14 (1990) 347-358 [1]; M. Hirabayashi, M.K. Alam, Enhancing effect of methamphetamine on ambulatory activity produced by repeated administration on mice, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 15 (1981) 925-932 [7]; M. Hirabayashi, S. Okada, S. Tadokoro, Comparison of sensitization to ambulation-increasing effects of cocaine and methamphetamine after repeated administration in mice, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 43 (1991) 827-830 [8]; T. Miyauchi, K. Kikuchi, S. Satoh, Further studies on the potentiating effect of lithium chloride on methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 31 (1981) 61-68 [14]; H. Ozawa, T. Nozu, H. Aihara, F. Akiyama, M. Sasajima, Pharmacokinetics and general pharmacological actions of lithium salts administered singly or repeatedly, Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 72 (1976) 433-443 [15].] and cerebral c-Fos expression [S. Ceccatelli, M.J. Villar, M. Goldstein, T. Hokfelt, Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 9569-9573 [2]; L. Giovannelli, P.J. Shiromani, G.F. Jirikoski, F.E. Bloom, Expression of c-fos protein by immunohistochemically identified oxytocin neurons in the rat hypothalamus upon osmotic stimulation, Brain Research 588 (1992) 41-48 [4]; B.T. Hope, H.E. Nye, M.B. Kelz, D.W. Self, M.J. Iadarola, Y. Nakabeppu, R.S. Duman, E.J. Nestler, Induction of a long-lasting AP-1 complex composed of altered Fos-like proteins in brain by chronic cocaine and other chronic treatments, Neuron 13 (1994) 1235-1244 [10]; T. Miyauchi, K. Kikuchi, S. Satoh, Further studies on the potentiating effect of lithium chloride on methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 31 (1981) 61-68 [14]; F.R. Sharp, S.M. Sager, K. Hicks, D. Lowenstein, K. Hisanaga, c-fos mRNA, Fos, and Fos-related antigen induction by hypertonic saline and stress, J. Neurosci. 11 (1991) 2321-2331 [16].] were investigated in mice injected with methamphetamine (2 mg/kg, s.c., one to five times). The ambulatory activity enhanced by either acute or chronic methamphetamine injection was delayed or diminished by lithium chloride (LiCl) pretreatment [R.G. Fessler, R.D. Sturgeon, S.F. London, H.Y. Meltzer, Effects of lithium on behaviour induced by phencyclidine and amphetamine in rats. Psychopharmacology 78 (1982) 373-376 [3].]. How the Li-sensitive c-Fos expression in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus and striatum is related to methamphetamine-induced behavioral excitation is unclear. This protocol, in combination with c-Fos expression of mouse cerebral regions, may provide a useful tool for quantitation of ambulatory activity during c-Fos expression.