视神经炎与多发性硬化的关系研究

目的为了探讨视神经炎与多发性硬化的关系。方法分析２８例视神经炎患者的头颅磁共振（ＭＲＩ）及体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）检查情况。结果（１）头颅ＭＲＩ扫描异常率为３２．１％，病灶呈多发性，主要分布在侧脑室旁、半卵圆中心，长Ｔ２信号，少数合并长Ｔ１信号。（２）ＳＥＰ中枢传导异常率为４２．９％，下肢异常多于上肢，单侧异常多于双侧。（３）发病两次及两次以上，脊髓受累机会增加。结论伴有较多的亚临床损害的视神经炎可能是多发性硬化的一个临床类型     

MRI貌似脊髓空洞症的多发性硬化2例

ＭＲＩ貌似脊髓空洞症的多发性硬化２例陈晓希，桂德超，王国相多发性硬化（Ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ，ＭＳ）是一种青壮年时期的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病。磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）常表现为脑和脊髓白质内脱髓鞘病灶。我们观察到２例ＭＲＩ表现为沿脊髓中央管周围...     

多系统变性及脊髓性肌萎缩磁共振成像-病理对照研究

多系统变性及脊髓性肌萎缩磁共振成像－病理对照研究鲁晓燕，陈巨坤，王鲁宁，梁燕例１男性，５６岁。因行走困难、肌强直８年入院。死于呼吸循环衰竭。头部标本ＭＲＩ扫描见壳核呈长Ｔ＿２信号及略长Ｔ＿１信号（图１）。标本的大体观察见壳核萎缩，色泽增深呈深灰色。镜...     

亚急性联合变性的磁共振表现

目的评价磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）对亚急性联合变性（ＳＣＤ）的诊断价值。方法对临床和实验室检查确诊的７例ＳＣＤ患者进行ＭＲＩ检查。结果有３例异常，均位于胸段脊髓，２例Ｔ２加权为片状或条状高信号区，１例胸髓变细。结论ＭＲＩ对ＳＣＤ有一定的诊断价值。     

多发性硬化的MRI增强的临床意义研究

目的探讨在ＭＲＩ增强中多发性硬化（ＭＳ）病灶强化的机制与临床的关系。方法对２３例ＭＳ患者均作ＭＲＩ平扫与增强扫描,其中９例作ＭＲＩ平扫与增强复查,使用德国西门子公司Ｐ８０．２Ｔ永磁型ＭＲ成像仪,采用ＳＥ序列。造影剂使用ＧＤ－ＤＴＰＡ,剂量为０．１ｍｌ／ｋｇ。结果ＭＲＩ平扫,ＭＳ病灶呈长Ｔ１长Ｔ２的斑片状异常信号,静脉注入ＧＤ－ＤＴＰＡ后产生的强化。用以分析ＭＳ的ＭＲＩ强化特征与临床分型的关系。结论不同临床类型的ＭＳ患者,在ＭＲＩ平扫及增强上均有不同的表现,这可能与ＭＳ斑的形成有不同的病理机制有关     

肝豆状核变性的脑MRI与临床表现的相关分析

目的探讨肝豆状核变性（ｈｅｐａｔｏｌｅｎｔｉｃｕｌａｒｄｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＨＬＤ）的脑ＭＲＩ表现特点与ＨＬＤ病程及神经体征间有无相关性，以及ＭＲＩ是否有助于ＨＬＤ的诊断。方法对１６例具有角膜Ｋ－Ｆ环阳性、锥体外系体征以及生化检验异常的ＨＬＤ患者进行了头部ＭＲＩＳＥ序列横轴面和矢状面扫描。结果异常信号多呈长Ｔ１长Ｔ２且分布广泛，对称出现，Ｔ２加权像低信号为本病较具特征性的改变，病变分布以豆状核、丘脑及脑干为显著，其分布与某些神经体征有很好的相关性，但与病程间无相关性。结论ＭＲＩ有助于ＨＬＤ的诊断。     

慢性放射性脊髓病临床及MRI分析

目的探讨慢性放射性脊髓病的临床特点及ＭＲＩ特征。方法回顾性分析１０例慢性放射性脊髓病临床及ＭＲＩ资料。结果本病临床症状多样,发病３个月内以感觉症状为主,多有Ｌｈｅｒｍｉｔｅ’ｓ征;６个月后常有四肢轻瘫、不典型Ｂｒｏｗｎ－Ｓｅｑｕａｒｄ综合征。ＭＲＩ特征：发病３个月内脊髓肿大６例,髓内多发点片状长Ｔ１长Ｔ２病灶,６个月后均显示脊髓萎缩;１０例中有８例Ｔ１信号显示放射野。结论慢性放射性脊髓病表现多样,ＭＲＩ检查有重要的诊断价值。     

脊髓型多发性硬化

报告５例脊髓型多发性硬化（ＭＳ），其临床表现为脊髓损害的症状和体征，病程中均有缓解与复发。其中１例做了全身尸检，为国内首例尸检报告。病理特点：①脊髓白质广泛脱髓鞘改变；②枕叶白质有两处陈旧性软化灶而无临床症状与体征；③伴有周围神经脱髓鞘病变，并且周围神经病变与临床表现及电生理学检查相符。作者结合文献对ＭＳ的诊断、病理特点进行了讨论     

Arnoid-Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症发病机理的临床研究

目的　探讨 Ａｒｎｏｌｄ Ｃｈｉａｒｉ 畸形合并脊髓空洞症 （ Ａ Ｃ Ｍ／ Ｓ Ｍ） 的发病 机理, 寻求更好的手术方法。方法　对１４ 例 Ａ Ｃ Ｍ／ Ｓ Ｍ 的患者进行 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ检查及术前奎科试验, 术中枕大池、空洞及脊髓蛛网膜下腔 （ Ｓ Ｓ Ａ Ｓ） 压力测量, 分析与空洞形成及大小相关的因素, 对单纯 Ａ Ｃ Ｍ 及 Ｈ Ｃ Ｉ（ 正中矢状面最宽处空洞与脊髓直径比值） ＜ ０５ 者行枕下颅骨切除＋ 硬膜扩大修补术 （ Ａ） ; Ａ Ｃ Ｍ／ Ｓ Ｍ 且 Ｈ Ｃ Ｉ≥０５者行 Ａ＋ 空洞蛛网膜下腔（ Ｓ Ｓ） 分流术（ Ｂ） 。结果　１４ 例患者均有不同程度的颈部位置性梗阻。空洞内液体与 Ｃ Ｓ Ｆ蛋白含量无显著差异（ Ｐ ＞ ００５） , 小脑扁桃体下疝的程度与空洞大小无显著线性关系（ Ｐｒ１ ＞ ０５ , Ｐｒ２ ＞ ０２） ; 枕大池与椎管蛛网膜下腔压力差与空洞大小呈显著正相关（ Ｐｒ３ ＜ ０１ , Ｐｒ４＜ ０００５） 。手术有效率为９３８ ％ 。结论　脑脊液动力学改变是脊髓空洞形成的关键, 当后颅窝与椎管内压力梯度达到一定值时, 脊髓空洞开始形成。治疗应根据 Ａ Ｃ Ｍ 是否伴有 Ｓ Ｍ 及 Ｓ Ｃ Ｉ值选择恰当的手术方法。     

脊髓空洞症的临床与MRI的研究

脊髓空洞症的临床与ＭＲＩ的研究李淑兰，尹普安，陈炽贤，陈丽英脊髓空洞症（ｓｙｒｉｎｇｏｍｙｅｌｉａ，ＳＭ）是神经系统常见病，磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）应用以来，我们将影像学改变与临床症状之间进行了比较和分析。６０例ＳＭ病人，男３２例，女２８例；平均年龄３８...     

海风藤酮对缺血鼠脑磷脂酶A2,三磷酸肌醇及自由基形成的影响

为了观察血小板活化因子（ｐｌａｔｅｌｅｔａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒｙ，ＰＡＦ）受体拮抗剂海风藤酮对缺血脑组织抗氧化剂活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、磷脂酶Ａ２活性、三磷酸肌醇含量的影响，采用光化学诱导鼠大脑中动脉闭塞及再通模型，观察用海风藤酮后上述脂质活性介质含量的变化。实验结果证实，脑缺血尤其是再灌注期脑组织磷脂酶Ａ２活性增强、三磷酸肌醇及自由基含量明显增加，而ＰＡＦ受体拮抗剂海风藤酮可明显抑制再灌注期鼠脑磷脂酶Ａ２活性及自由基的形成。结果提示，海风藤酮可能成为脑缺血尤其是再灌注期脑损害的有效治疗药物     

Estradiol attenuates the adenosine triphosphate-induced increase of intracellular calcium through group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons

Estradiol attenuates the ATP-induced increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons by blocking the L-type voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC). Because ATP is a putative nociceptive signal, this action may indicate a site of estradiol regulation of pain. In other neurons, 17β-estradiol (E(2)) has been shown to modulate L-type VGCC through a membrane estrogen receptor-group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR(2/3)). The present study investigated whether the rapid estradiol attenuation of the ATP-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) requires mGluR(2/3). Previously we showed that DRG (L(1)-S(3)) express ERα, P2X(3), and mGluR(2/3) receptors. DRG were acutely dissociated by enzyme digestion and grown in short-term culture for imaging analysis. DRG neurons were stimulated twice, once with ATP (50 μM) for 5 sec and then again in the presence of E(2) (100 nM) or E(2) (100 nM) + LY341495 (100 nM), an mGluR(2/3) inhibitor. ATP induced a transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (216.3 ± 41.2 nM). This transient increase could be evoked several times in the same DRG neurons if separated by a 5-min washout. Treatment with estradiol significantly attenuated the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in 60% of the DRG neurons, to 163.3 ± 20.9 nM (P < 0.001). Coapplication of E(2) and the mGluR(2/3) inhibitor LY341495 blocked the 17β-estradiol attenuation of the ATP-induced [Ca(2+) ](i) transient (209.1 ± 32.2 nM, P > 0.05). These data indicate that the rapid action of E(2) in DRG neurons is dependent on mGluR(2/3) and demonstrate that membrane estrogen receptor-α-initiated signaling involves interaction with mGluRs.     

Visual cortical projections and chemoarchitecture of macaque monkey pulvinar

We investigated the patterns of projections from the pulvinar to visual areas V1, V2, V4, and MT, and their relationships to pulvinar subdivisions based on patterns of calbindin (CB) immunostaining and estimates of visual field maps (P(1), P(2) and P(3)). Multiple retrograde tracers were placed into V1, V2, V4, and/or MT in 11 adult macaque monkeys. The inferior pulvinar (PI) was subdivided into medial (PI(M)), posterior (PI(P)), central medial (PI(CM)), and central lateral (PI(CL)) regions, confirming earlier CB studies. The P(1) map includes PI(CL) and the ventromedial portion of the lateral pulvinar (PL), P(2) is found in ventrolateral PL, and P(3) includes PI(P), PI(M), and PI(CM). Projections to areas V1 and V2 were found to be overlapping in P(1) and P(2), but those from P(2) to V2 were denser than those to V1. V2 also received light projections from PI(CM) and, less reliably, from PI(M). Neurons projecting to V4 and MT were more abundant than those projecting to V1 and V2. Those projecting to V4 were observed in P(1), densely in P(2), and also in PI(CM) and PI(P) of P(3). Those projecting to MT were found in P(1)- P(3), with the heaviest projection from P(3). Projections from P(3) to MT and V4 were mainly interdigitated, with the densest to MT arising from PI(M) and the densest to V4 arising from PI(P) and PI(CM). Because the calbindin-rich and -poor regions of P(3) corresponded to differential patterns of cortical connectivity, the results suggest that CB may further delineate functional subdivisions in the pulvinar.     

Influence of the duration of ischemia and reperfusion on infarct volume and microvascular damage in mice

OBJECTIVES: Focal cerebral ischemia is responsible for alterations of vascular permeability, and the loss of microvascular integrity is a primary source of subsequent hemorrhages. We evaluated the influence of different durations of ischemia and reperfusion on infarction size and microvascular damage after focal cerebral ischemia in the mouse.METHODS: C57BL/6 mice (n=39) were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia (I) and reperfusion (R). Consecutive brain sections were analysed for infarction volumes (Nissl-staining) and for collagen type IV (immunohistochemistry and western blot).RESULTS: Infarction size (percentage of the infarction volume versus ipsilateral hemisphere) increased with total time of ischemia and reperfusion: 19+/-2% (I3R0), 30+/-2% (I3R3), 36+/-4% (I3R12), 41+/-4% (I1R24), 45+/-6% (I2R24) and 58+/-2% (I3R24). The ischemic hemispheres showed a significant progressive reduction of collagen type IV positive vessels (ischemic versus non-ischemic contralateral area): 90+/-3% (I3R0), 88+/-1% (I3R3), 82+/-3% (I3R12), 85+/-3% (I1R24), 79+/-3% (I2R24), 72+/-2% (I3R24).CONCLUSIONS: Both prolonged ischemia and reperfusion lead to an increased infarction volume, as well as progressive microvascular damage.     

Behavioural effects of trishomocubanes in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions

Whilst dopamine replacement improves cardinal features of Parkinson's disease, chronic levodopa administration is associated with dose-related side effects and not all symptoms are ameliorated, necessitating the development of new treatments. Studies of trishomocubanes, a novel group of sigma ligands, have shown enhanced amphetamine-stimulated striatal release of dopamine and a potentially neuroprotective action in vitro and reversal of reserpine-induced catalepsy in vivo. Such effects warrant investigation in animal models of parkinsonism. Our study therefore examines two novel trishomocubane compounds, N-(3'-fluorophenyl)methyl-4-azahexacyclo[5.4.1.0(2,6).0(3,10).0(5,9).0(8,11)]dodecan-3-ol (1) and, N-(3'-fluorophenyl)ethyl-4-azahexacyclo[5.4.1.0(2,6).0(3,10).0(5,9).0(8,11)]dodecan-3-ol (2) in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of Parkinson's disease. A variety of motor behaviours were studied in rats given 6-OHDA lesions. Groups of lesioned rats were given either (1) or (2) or vehicle solution i.p. Acute administration of 3 mg/kg (1) resulted in a decrease in locomotor activity. Twenty-five milligrams per kilogram (2) caused a decrease in locomotor activity at t=10 and t=20 min of the locomotor test but this was not found when (2) was co-administered with either apomorphine or amphetamine. The decreased locomotor activity indicates that (1) and (2) may have sedative/anxiolytic effect(s). However, elevated plus maze data failed to demonstrate anxiolysis with (2). Quantification of dopaminergic neurons did not demonstrate any significant difference in the magnitude of cell loss between drug-treated vs. vehicle treated rats so no neuroprotective effect was demonstrated in this model at the doses utilised.     

Differential uptake and catabolism of prostaglandin (PG)E(2) versus PGF(2alpha) in the sheep choroid plexus during development

The early postnatal decrease in prostaglandin (PG)E(2) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) likely contributes to the establishment of continuous breathing. To elucidate mechanisms underlying this event, choroid plexuses from lateral (L-CP) and third/fourth (III/IV-CP) ventricles were incubated with [3H]-PGE(2) and label uptake (tissue-to-medium ratio for radioactivity, T/M) and catabolism (%radioactivity associated with metabolites, PGM) were measured. [3H]-PGF(2alpha) was a reference. Uptake of [3H]-PGE(2) was lower than [3H]-PGF(2alpha) in the term fetus (L-CP: 5.9+/-0.5 vs. 9.6+/-0. 9, n=11; III/IV-CP: 2.7+/-0.4 vs. 7.7+/-1.0, n=5) and 17 d lamb (L-CP: 5.3+/-0.8 vs. 11.0+/-1.2, n=7; III/IV-CP: 3.1+/-0.2 vs. 11. 6+/-2.8, n=3 and 4, respectively). This difference was not significant in the pregnant adult. Release of the two compounds was similar and did not change with age. [3H]-PGE(2) uptake was reduced by probenecid (1 mM) and excess PG (60 microM PGE(2) or PGF(2alpha)). Excess PG also reduced catabolism in the fetus, which was extensive for [3H]-PGE(2) and [3H]-PGF(2alpha)60%). In the lamb, catabolism remained high for [3H]-PGE(2) (L-CP: 64+/-4%, n=7; III/IV-CP: 41+/-4%, n=3), but not [3H]-PGF(2alpha) (L-CP: 26+/-4%, n=7; III/IV-CP: 4+/-1%, n=4). In the pregnant adult, catabolism was above background only for [3H]-PGE(2) in the L-CP (26+/-5%, n=11). Unlike the perinatal animal, this catabolism was reduced by probenecid. In conclusion, PGE(2) uptake and catabolism operate independently in the choroid plexus from perinatal sheep. Differences between PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha) are developmentally-regulated for both mechanisms. While neither process explains the postnatal decrease in CSF PGE(2), both may help keep CSF levels low during early postnatal development.     

P2X3-mediated peripheral sensitization of neuropathic pain in resiniferatoxin-induced neuropathy

Patients suffering from sensory neuropathy due to skin denervation frequently have paradoxical manifestations of reduced nociception and neuropathic pain. However, there is a lack of satisfactory animal models to investigate these phenomena and underlying mechanisms. We developed a mouse system of neuropathy induced by resiniferatoxin (RTX), a capsaicin analog, and examined the functional significance of P2X3 receptor in neuropathic pain. From day 7 of RTX neuropathy, mice displayed mechanical allodynia (p<0.0001) and thermal hypoalgesia (p<0.0001). After RTX treatment, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of the peripherin type were depleted (p=0.012), while neurofilament (+) DRG neurons were not affected (p=0.62). In addition, RTX caused a shift in neuronal profiles of DRG: (1) increased in P2X3 receptor (p=0.0002) and ATF3 (p=0.0006) but (2) reduced TRPV1 (p=0.036) and CGRP (p=0.015). The number of P2X3(+)/ATF3(+) neurons was linearly correlated with mechanical thresholds (p=0.0017). The peripheral expression of P2X3 receptor in dermal nerves was accordingly increased (p=0.016), and an intraplantar injection of the P2X3 antagonists, A-317491 and TNP-ATP, relieved mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, RTX-induced sensory neuropathy with upregulation of P2X3 receptor for peripheral sensitization of mechanical allodynia, which provides a new therapeutic target for neuropathic pain after skin denervation.     

Diffusion tensor imaging metrics of the corpus callosum in relation to bimanual coordination: Effect of task complexity and sensory feedback

When manipulating objects with both hands, the corpus callosum (CC) is of paramount importance for interhemispheric information exchange. Hence, CC damage results in impaired bimanual performance. Here, healthy young adults performed a complex bimanual dial rotation task with or without augmented visual feedback and according to five interhand frequency ratios (1:1, 1:3, 2:3, 3:1, 3:2). The relation between bimanual task performance and microstructural properties of seven CC subregions (i.e., prefrontal, premotor/supplementary motor, primary motor, primary sensory, occipital, parietal, and temporal) was studied by means of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Findings revealed that bimanual coordination deteriorated in the absence as compared to the presence of augmented visual feedback. Simple frequency ratios (1:1) were performed better than the multifrequency ratios (non 1:1). Moreover, performance was more accurate when the preferred hand (1:3–2:3) as compared to the nonpreferred hand (3:1–3:2) moved faster and during noninteger (2:3–3:2) as compared to integer frequency ratios (1:3–3:1). DTI findings demonstrated that bimanual task performance in the absence of augmented visual feedback was significantly related to the microstructural properties of the primary motor and occipital region of the CC, suggesting that white matter microstructure is associated with the ability to perform bimanual coordination patterns in young adults. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Phosphorylation and function of α4β2 receptor

The neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha4 and beta2 subunits expressed in heterologous expression systems assemble into high- and low-affinity receptors (Zwart and Vijverberg, 1998; Buisson and Bertrand, 2001; Houlihan et al., 2001; Nelson et al., 2003), which reflects the assembly of two distinct subunit stoichiometries of alpha4beta2 receptor (Nelson et al., 2003). The high-affinity receptor ([alpha4]2[beta2]3) is about 100-fold more sensitive to ACh than the low-affinity receptor ([alpha4]3[beta2]2) (Zwart and Vijverberg, 1998; Buisson and Bertrand, 2001; Houlihan et al., 2001; Nelson et al., 2003). Recent evidence implicated 14-3-3 proteins as modulators of the relative abundance of nAChR subunits in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where ligand-gated ion channels assemble. The 14-3-3 proteins influence ER-to-plasma membrane trafficking of multimeric cell-surface proteins (O'Kelly et al., 2002). 14-3-3 proteins bind components of these multimeric proteins, and this interaction overrides dibasic COP1 retention signal to permit forward transport of the protein (O'Kelly et al., 2002). In the case of alpha4beta2 nAChRs, 14-3-3 binds the alpha4 subunit, and this association is dependent on phosphorylation of a serine residue within a protein kinase A(PKA) consensus sequence in the large cytoplasmic domain of the alpha4 subunit, which is also a binding motif recognized by 14-3-3 (Jeancloss et al., 2001; O'Kelly et al., 2002). The interplay among PKA, alpha4 subunits, and 14-3-3 proteins increases cell-surface expression of alpha4beta2 nAChRs by increasing steady-state levels of the alpha4 subunit available for assembly with beta2 subunits (Jeancloss et al., 2001). Because it is not known how 14-3-3-dependent changes in the steady-state levels of the alpha4 subunit might affect the functional type of alpha4beta2 receptors, we have investigated the effects of mutations of the 14-3-3 binding motif in the alpha4 subunit on alpha4beta2 nAChR function.     

Gangliosides of human cerebrospinal fluid in various neurologic diseases.

Simultaneous profile determination and quantification of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gangliosides in various neurologic diseases (n = 71) was examined. Gangliosides were extracted with methanol/chloroform from clinically available amounts of CSF (4-5 ml), then separated and quantified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and direct densitometry. Based on chromatographic comparison with standards, the percentage of lipid-bound NeuAc positive fractions in 'normal' CSF samples were: GM1 (II3 NeuAc-GgOse4Cer) (3%); GD3 (II3 NeuAc2-Lac-Cer) (4%); GD1a (IV3 NeuAc, II3 NeuAc-GgOse4 Cer) (15%); X1 (3%); GD1b (II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4 Cer) (16%); X2 (4%); GT1b (IV3 NeuAc, II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4-Cer) (40%); and GQ1b (IV3(NeuAc)2, II3(NeuAc)2-GgOse4-Cer (15%). Similarity between CSF and CSF and human cerebellar cortex, particularly in proportion of "b" series gangliosides (GQ1b, GT1b, GD1b), could be observed. A higher proportion of GD1a ganglioside, with decreased GQ1b was found in infancy. The total ganglioside content (mean +/- 2 SD) varied between 645-894 micrograms/l. Significant alterations of the CSF ganglioside profile, with an increase in less polar gangliosides, GM3 and GD3, correlated with the blood-brain barrier dysfunction (CSF hemorrhages, compressive syndrome), or some malignant processes (metastatic brain melanoma). A statistically significant increase in the content of total CSF gangliosides was found in the following groups of patients as compared to controls: (1) ischemic cerebrovascular accident (CVI) with good outcome (P less than 0.02); (2) peripheral neuropathy and polyneuropathy (P less than 0.001) and (3) intravertebral discopathy (P less than 0.05). A significant decrease in the content of total CSF gangliosides was found in CVI group with lethal outcome (P less than 0.05).