活性炭直接吸附铜铁锰锌离子的机理

本文研究了Cu~(2 ) 、Fe~(3 )、Mn~(2 )、Zn~(2 )在活性炭上的吸附作用,以及环境条件对这种吸附作用的影响。实验表明,它们在活性炭上的吸附强度顺序为Fe~(3 )>Cu~(2 )>Zn~(2 )>Mn~(2 )。所试离子除Fe~(3 )以部分FeOHeOH~(2 )形式外,均主要以离子形式与活性炭颗粒直接键合而被吸附。它们的吸附作用符合表面络合吸附模式,以简化络合反应模式计算出的表面络合形成条件稳定常数大小顺序与试验结果一致。     

膜分离腐殖酸前后晚期渗沥液的活性炭吸附特性研究

对晚期渗沥液及膜分离提取腐殖酸后的透过液进行了活性炭吸附特性研究.结果表明:活性炭对晚期渗沥液和膜透过液中有机物的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温线,吸附效果良好.活性炭对晚期渗沥液中有机物具有较好的吸附效果,对腐殖酸表现出优先吸附作用,对其中较低分子量的有机物会选择性地吸附;膜透过液中相对较高分子量的富里酸难于被吸附,而分子量较低的富里酸和其他有机物则较易被吸附,TOC和E2去除率分别达到75%和72%,膜透过液的活性炭最佳投加量为8 g/L.     

碱土金属在活性炭上的吸附行为研究

本文研究了Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｓｒ＾２＋在活性炭上吸附作用以及环境条件对这种吸附作用的影响。实验表明，它们在活性上的吸附强度顺序为Ｍｇ＾２＋〈Ｃａ＾２＋〈Ｓｒ＾２＋，吸附作用符合表面络合吸附模式，以简化络合反应模式计算出的表面络合形成条件稳定常数大小顺序与试验结果一致。     

口服活性炭对有机磷农药中毒患者胆碱酯酶活性恢复的影响

活性炭为多孔物质,具有极大的表面积,可通过物理和化学双重吸附作用,非特异地吸附气相、液相乃至固相中的多种物质,吸附能力强,其吸附过程是可逆的,但解吸过程缓慢。活性炭经口进入胃肠道后     

活性炭对阿维菌素吸附效果的实验研究

目的评价体外不同条件下活性炭对阿维菌素的吸附效果。方法用人工胃液、人工肠液配制浓度为10、5和2.5 g/L的阿维菌素溶液,分别调至pH1.9和pH6.8,设活性炭干预组和对照组,于孵育10 min、30 min、1 h、2 h和4 h后离心,紫外可见分光光度法测上清液中阿维菌素浓度,计算阿维菌素随时间的残留率和活性炭对阿维菌素的吸附率。结果 (1)在人工胃液与肠液环境中,不同炭药比(活性炭与阿维菌素质量比)时活性炭对阿维菌素均具有良好的吸附作用,并且存在时间依赖性;各个检测时间点活性炭对阿维菌素的吸附率(Q)均随炭药比的增加而递增。(2)活性炭-阿维菌素复合物的稳定性较强,在胃肠排空时间内基本不发生解离现象。结论活性炭吸附阿维菌素效果良好,且与炭药比呈正相关。     

农药倍硫磷中毒的实验性治疗研究

本文对大鼠经口灌胃染毒倍硫磷(LD_(100)剂量)进行了实验性治疗研究。结果表明:常规方法治疗不理想;动物给予阿托品、解磷定腹腔注射的同时,连续用活性炭灌胃,可收到显著效果(P<0.01);活性炭对倍硫磷有明显吸附作用,这种吸附呈对数正相关关系(r=0.995),吸附比例约为9～10:1。     

活性炭体外对万古霉素等7种抗生素吸附的实验研究

目的 了解和比较活性炭体外对万古霉素等7种抗生素的吸附能力。方法 采用在普通培养瓶中加（FAN）或不加活性炭（SA），用于培养含有各种抗生素的模拟标本，在全自动血培养仪上测定其阳性报警时间。结果 活性炭瓶（FAN）中的细菌生长繁殖情况明显好于普通瓶（SA），活性炭对红霉素和包哌酮／舒巴坦的吸附浓度为16μg/ml；对阿米卡星为8μg/ml；对左氧氟沙星为4μg/ml；对万古霉素、青霉素为2μg/ml；而对亚胺培南只有1μg/ml。结论 活性炭对7种抗生素体外都有很好的吸附作用，选择活性炭瓶在提高血培养阳性率方面具有一定的实用价值。     

改性活性炭处理室内空气中甲苯的试验研究

活性炭是固体吸附法吸附苯系物等非极性有机物适合的吸附剂。为改善活性炭吸附甲苯的效果,对普通煤质活性炭进行酸改性处理,除去酸可溶性物质,使其灰分降低,表面积提高。结果表明,活性炭经盐酸(5%,10%,15%)改性,均提高了对甲苯的吸附速率。其中15%盐酸改性活性炭吸附甲苯速率最快,而5%盐酸改性活性炭吸附甲苯效果好于10%盐酸改性活性炭。     

血液灌流

血液灌流(hemopefusion，HP)是临床常用的血液净化方法之一，它通过将患者的血液从体内引出经过体外循环，利用体外循环灌流器中吸附剂的吸附作用清除外源性和内源性毒物、药物以及代谢产物等，从而达到净化血液的目的。常用的吸附剂有活性炭和吸附树脂。     

活性炭孔隙参数对二噁英气相吸附影响的试验研究

依托痕量二噁英稳定发生装置,开展了3种典型活性炭对气相二噁英的吸附特性及活性炭的常用孔隙参数与二噁英移除效率间的相关性试验研究。结果表明,同一温度下,活性炭对不同氯代水平的PCDD/Fs异构体存在吸附选择性,饱和蒸汽压较低的高氯代PCDD/Fs更容易被活性炭吸附;相比活性炭比表面积,活性炭孔容对二噁英的移除效率的影响可能更高,活性炭中孔结构的丰富度则是决定其对二噁英吸附性能的关键,二噁英移除效率随中孔孔容及中孔比表面积的增大而增大。     

电吸附对决明子中金属元素含量的影响

对决明子水煎液进行电吸附处理,应用火焰原子吸收光谱法和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水煎液中的钾、钠、镁、铁、钙、铜、锌、锰、镉、铅的含量。结果表明,水煎液中的金属元素含量在电吸附过程中均呈现下降趋势,随着电吸附时间的增加,元素含量下降呈非线性下降规律,Pb、Cd含量分别降低47.2%,49.6%。     

益气健脾和胃中药微量元素的测定

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定益气健脾和胃中药微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu的含量,采用硝酸高氯酸混酸湿法消解,体积比4:1。结果表明中药中Fe含量最高,其次是Mn和Zn,不同药物中含量有所差别。分析结果为研究中药理论、药理药效等方面的深入研究提供了有效的参考数据。     

Desorption kinetics and mobility of some radionuclides in sediments

The desorption kinetics of five radionuclides, 85Sr, 137Cs, 60Co, 54Mn, and 65Zn, were studied for several coastal sediments, a few limnetic sediments, and one subsoil, using various aqueous solutions for extraction in batch systems. In a 2-wk desorption experiment, greater than 90% of most radionuclides sorbed were extracted by 6N-HCl, whereas in 1N-HCl approximately 30% of the 137Cs was retained within the sediments and a soil due to its fixation following intraparticle diffusion. For longer desorption periods (6 wk), reversible sorption with sediments could be seen for the 137Cs compared with the other four radionuclides in seawater. The EDTA-2Na solution extracted greater than 70% of 65Zn, 54Mn, and 60Co, and the ammonium oxalate extracted greater than 60% of 54Mn and 60Co. Readily exchangeable cations extracted by ammonium acetate were greater than 80% for 85Sr, approximately 50% for 137Cs, and 40% for 60Co and 54Mn. Many of the distribution coefficients for these radionuclides in coastal sediments obtained by desorption experiments were one order of magnitude or more larger than those obtained by the adsorption experiments. For 85Sr, larger-than-expected distribution coefficients were obtained in the desorption experiments, an indication of the irreversible formation of metal-oxyhydroxides during a slow reaction. Using batch and column diffusion experiments, it was recognized that 60Co and 54Mn are less strongly associated with coastal sediments under suboxic conditions, and their migration rates are greater in deeper layers of sediment than in the top layer, an indication that a single Kd model is inappropriate to forecast the behavior of radionuclides near sediment surface layers.     

Primary Health Risk Analysis of Metals in Surface Water of Taihu Lake,China

The status and health risks of eight metals, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni and Mn, in surface water from Taihu Lake (Jiangsu Province, China) were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum hazard quotients (HQ) value through ingestion pathway and dermal adsorption pathway was 2.74E−01 (Ni) and 2.57E−02 (Cd), respectively. However, the individual hazard quotient and total hazard index of eight metals through ingestion and dermal adsorption pathway was all lower than 1, indicating that the pollution situation in the surface water of Taihu Lake concerning these metals has no or low adverse health effects.     

不同价态锰对多巴胺能神经细胞凋亡作用的影响

为探讨不同价态锰对细胞凋亡的影响 ,选用多巴胺能神经细胞 (SH SY5Y细胞 )作为锰神经毒作用的体外测试体系 ,研究二价锰 (Mn2 + )和三价锰 (Mn3+ )对SH SY5Y细胞凋亡的诱导作用以及对多巴胺 (DA)含量的影响。结果显示 :MTT法检测细胞损伤的程度 ,显示Mn2 + 和Mn3+ 呈时间和剂量依赖性的损伤SH SY5Y细胞 ;流式细胞技术证实Mn2 + 和Mn3+ (0 5～ 2mmol L)与SH SY5Y细胞接触 2 4～ 72h ,可诱导细胞发生凋亡 ,透射电镜技术发现凋亡细胞出现核染色体凝集。用高效液相色谱仪测定发现DA含量降低。说明锰所致神经细胞死亡方式是以凋亡为主 ;不同价态锰可引起细胞自身合成的DA含量下降 ,但Mn3+ 的毒作用高于Mn2 + 的毒作用     

Effects of humic acid and competing cations on metal uptake by Lolium perenne

Within the biotic ligand model, which describes relationships between chemical speciation and metal binding at an organism's surface, multicomponent (long-term) metal uptake by plants has seldom been studied. In the present work, we exposed perennial ryegrass to nutrient solutions with two levels of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn (1 and 0.1 microM) and with or without 30 mg/L of humic acid. Iron and Mn concentrations were constant over all treatments. The hypothesis tested was that humic acid lowers the free and labile metal concentration and, therefore, reduces the metal uptake and, finally, the metal content of the plant. The free metal ion concentrations in the nutrient solutions were measured by the Donnan membrane technique and labile metal concentrations by diffusive gradients in thin-films. The metal content of the shoots depends on the metal content of the roots. The metal content of the roots is a function of the adsorption of metals on the root surface. In a multicomponent system at metal concentrations of 1 microM, humic acid decreased Cu, Pb, and Fe adsorption at the root surface, but it increased Cd, Zn, and Mn adsorption at the root surface. Complexation of cations such as Cu, Pb, and Fe with high affinity for (dissolved) organic matter may lead to increased uptake of cations with low affinity for organic matter (Ni, Zn, and Cd) because of competition between cations at the root surface. The results suggest that competition between metal ions can play a major role in multicomponent metal uptake, which has to be taken into account during risk assessments of metal-polluted soils.     

煤矿塌陷区煤矸石复垦及其污染控制试验研究

就煤矿塌陷区煤矸石复垦进行了淋溶、土壤改性、吸附与解吸等试验.结果表明:煤矸石淋溶主要污染物为F-、SO42-、Mn;改性土壤对污染物的吸附能力强,且解吸率和解吸因数均很低,吸附后不易解吸.指出采用煤矸石和改性土壤分层填充可有效控制煤矸石复垦过程中地下水污染,并用原表层土壤进行覆盖,可控制煤矸石复垦后造成的污染.     

锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白体外抑制乙型肝炎病毒DNA的研究

目的探讨锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白体外抑制乙型肝炎病毒DNA(HBV-DNA)作用。方法以天然HBV感染HepG2细胞为模型,通过应用荧光定量PCR法测定细胞中HBV-DNA水平来检测锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白抑制HBV效果,并应用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT)进行锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白对HepG2细胞的毒性研究。结果锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白对细胞的最大无毒剂量(TD0)分别为1.5、3.0和1.5g/L;用HBV感染HepG2细胞,分别加入锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白,各实验组对HBV-DNA均有显著抑制作用,浓度为1.5g/L的锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白抗HBV-DNA结果经对数转换后分别为:(5.746±0.114)、(6.446±0.103)和(5.999±0.725)。结论当HepG2细胞感染乙肝病毒后,锌、铁、锰饱和乳铁蛋白可以显著抑制HBV-DNA,抑制作用强弱依次为:锌饱和乳铁蛋白>锰饱和乳铁蛋白>铁饱和乳铁蛋白。     

Absorption and biological half-life in humans of intrinsic and extrinsic 54Mn tracers from foods of plant origin

Absorption and biological half-life of 54Mn were measured in adult men and women fed foods labeled intrinsically or extrinsically with 54Mn. Each subject consumed a series of three test meals consisting of a food labeled intrinsically, a food labeled extrinsically or MnCl2 (control) served in random order. The foods tested were lettuce, spinach, wheat and sunflower seeds. Lettuce meals and their controls contained 9.65 mumol Mn; other meals contained 22.50 mumol Mn. In addition to the test food or MnCl2, each meal consisted of vegetable oil (5 g), salt (NaCl, 0.15 g) and crackers (10 g), which provided 0.55 mumol Mn. There were no differences in percentage of Mn absorption or biological half-life of 54Mn for any of the intrinsically/extrinsically labeled food pairs. Absorption of 54Mn from MnCl2 (8.90%) was greater than from lettuce (5.20%), spinach (3.81%), wheat (2.16%) or sunflower seeds (1.71%), but the biological half-life did not vary with the source of Mn. Absorption of 54Mn from lettuce was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than from wheat or sunflower seeds. Although the Mn dose in the test meal was less for lettuce than for the other foods, there was no difference in Mn absorption from MnCl2 between the subjects fed lettuce and subjects fed other foods. There was no correlation of either 54Mn absorption or biological half-life with whole blood or plasma Mn.     

牛磺酸对锰致大鼠前额皮质神经毒性损害的干预研究

目的 探讨牛磺酸对锰致大鼠前额皮质神经毒性损害的干预作用.方法 取SD雄性大鼠104只,分为4组:(1)空白对照组:腹腔注射等容量生理盐水.(2)染锰组:每天腹腔注射氯化锰溶液15 ms/ks,连续3个月.(3)牛磺酸预防性干预组:染锰剂量和方法与染锰组一致;腹腔注射牛磺酸溶液200 mg/kg,与染锰同时进行,每周3次,连续3个月.(4)牛磺酸治疗性干预组:染锰剂量和方法与染锰组一致;在连续染锰3个月后停止染锰,再给予腹腔注射牛磺酸,每周3次,连续注射3个月.观察大鼠前额皮质神经元的细胞凋亡并检测丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力.结果 (1)锰对大鼠前额皮质的神经元有诱导凋亡的作用,染锰组凋亡率[(20.2±4.3)%]明显高于对照组[(1.8±2.1)%],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).牛磺酸预防性干预和治疗性干预后,细胞凋亡率下降,与染锰组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).(2)染锰组MDA含量较对照组升高,SOD活力较对照组降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).与染锰组相比,牛磺酸预防性干预组SOD活力增加,MDA含量降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 在体内锰通过氧化应激诱导神经细胞凋亡;牛磺酸抑制锰对神经元凋亡的诱导,通过抗氧化而发挥抗锰神经毒性的作用.