四氧嘧啶致小鼠糖尿病造模条件优化及稳定性考察

目的:优化四氧嘧啶致小鼠糖尿病模型建立的实验条件;评价模型的稳定性。方法:研究小鼠品种、性别、周龄、四氧嘧啶溶媒、给药途径、给药剂量、禁食时间等因素对造模成功率、死亡率及血糖的影响;考察优化后模型的稳定性。结果:小鼠品种、性别、周龄对造模均有影响,是影响造模的主要内在因素;给药途径、给药剂量、禁食时间对造模影响较大,是影响造模的主要外部条件。优化后的模型稳定性较好。结论:选择禁食6小时的ICR小鼠,以尾静脉注射60mg/kg的四氧嘧啶,可以获得成模率高、死亡率较、血糖持续稳定的糖尿病小鼠模型。     

Long-term consumption of virgin coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil diet impairs learning and memory in CD1 mice

Objective: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been used in the management of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, this research investigated the effect of long-term consumption of VCO diet on learning and memory in CD1 mice. Methods: Thirty male CD1 mice (divided into three groups, n = 10) were fed with standard rodent chow (control), 5% and 20% VCO diets (respectively) for 28 d. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was used to test the effect of VCO on visuo-spatial learning and memory, while the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) was used to measure short- and long-term recognition memory. Results: Learning performance of mice did not differ in the MWM. During the probe trial, duration in the retention quadrant and annulus crossings were lower (P < 0.05) in the 5% and 20% VCO diet groups compared to the control diet group, showing that VCO impaired visuo-spatial memory. During the NORT, mice showed more total approaches in the 20% VCO diet group (P < 0.05) compared to control and the 5% VCO diet groups during the short-term memory test. During the long-term memory retention test, the total approaches were also higher in the 20% VCO group compared to control and 5% VCO group (P > 0.05). The discrimination index was also lower in the 20% VCO group compared to control and 5% VCO diet groups indicating impaired long-term cognitive memory in mice given 20% VCO diet. Histological examination of brains showed damage within the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus in the 20% VCO diet group, in line with the behavioural observations. Conclusion: Long-term consumption of virgin coconut oil diet impairs memory in mice.     

建立四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠模型的研究

目的研究四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠模型空腹血糖和糖耐量试验的变化规律。方法选择健康小白鼠40只分为正常组、造模1组、造模2组、造模3组,每组10只。其中造模1组、造模2组、造模3组用四氧嘧啶对小鼠进行腹腔注射造模。测定注射前(造模前)空腹血糖和造模后连续多次空腹血糖及糖耐量试验。结果造模组每周测1次空腹血糖,各组均无显著性差异(P均>0.05),造模后2,3,6,9,14,21 d各测1次空腹血糖,仅2,3,6 d造模组各项增高,与正常组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05或<0.01),以后均无显著性升高,个别还低于正常组。第21天进行糖耐量试验,造模组与正常组血糖有显著性差异,空腹血糖虽无显著性,但餐后30 min造模组显著高于正常组,而且餐后2 h血糖不能恢复到空腹或正常组水平。结论四氧嘧啶做小鼠糖尿病造模时,空腹血糖有时不升高或仅有轻度升高,但糖耐量试验出现糖耐量异常,可以判断模型建立成功。     

The antidiabetic activity of total lignan from Fructus Arctii against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice and rats

The antidiabetic activity of the total lignan from the plant Fructus Arctii, used in China for the control of diabetes, was investigated in models of alloxan-induced diabetic mice and hyperglycemic-hyperlipidemic diabetic rats. The biochemical parameters studied were: blood glucose, glucose tolerance, serum insulin, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Total lignan was given to mice and rats daily for 10 days at doses of 2.0, 1.0, 0.5 g/kg and 1.38, 0.69, 0.35 g/kg respectively. The alloxan-diabetic animals showed significant reductions in plasma glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol after treatment with the total lignan from the plant Fructus Arctii and glibenclamide (used as standard) compared with the diabetic controls, while the glucose tolerance, serum insulin level and HDL-cholesterol were elevated without the risk of hypoglycemia. In conclusion, the total lignan from the plant Fructus Arctii has been proven to be a safer antidiabetic agent and might help to prevent diabetic complications. It can serve as a good adjuvant in the present armamentarium of antidiabetic drugs.     

Effect of Syzigium cumini extracts on hepatic hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in experimental diabetes

Syzigium cumini commonly known as Jamun, is widely used in Indian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Oral administration of 2.5 g/kg body weight of the aqueous extract of Jamun seed for 1 month resulted in an increase in the activity of hexokinase and a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver of alloxan dosed diabetic animals. The results also show that there was a decrease in the leakage of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in the serum of these animals. The effect exerted by Jamun seed was more prominent than that of glibenclamide. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic action of alcohol extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots in chemical induced diabetes in rats

The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of an alcohol extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots, an indigenous plant used in Ayurvedic medicine in India. Oral administration of the extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCREt) roots for 6 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in blood and urine glucose and in lipids in serum and tissues in alloxan diabetic rats. The extract also prevented a decrease in body weight. Thus our study clearly shows that an alcohol TCREt has a hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic action.     

槲皮素在糖尿病模型大鼠肝脏甲基化代谢的研究

目的:考察糖尿病模型大鼠体内槲皮素甲基化代谢的变化情况。方法:采用高脂高糖饮食+链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠肝匀浆,研究槲皮素甲基化代谢特征及酶动力学,并与正常大鼠比较观察糖尿病状态下甲基化代谢的差异。结果:槲皮素(浓度2.6～165.5μM)在大鼠肝匀浆中甲基化代谢酶动力学符合Michaelis-Menten方程。槲皮素在正常和糖尿病大鼠肝匀浆的甲基化代谢的酶动力学参数米氏常数(Km)分别为12.4±2.6、12.0±0.7μM,最大反应速度(Vmax)分别为440.4±27.5、307.9±5.1pmol/min/mg,内在代谢清除率(CLint)分别为35.4、25.7 ml/min/mg。与正常大鼠相比,糖尿病大鼠肝匀浆中槲皮素甲基化代谢物的Vmax和CLint降低。结论:糖尿病状态降低了槲皮素甲基化代谢,可能会减慢槲皮素在体内的消除过程。     

巴豆油所致的呕吐过程中狗胃肠道电活动的改变

目的　研究巴豆油所致的呕吐过程中狗胃肠道电活动的改变。方法　沿狗胃窦与小肠浆膜面埋植Ag -AgCl双极电极 ;经胃管向胃内注入 10 %巴豆油。结果　首先小肠慢波呈现自下而上的逆行性抑制 ,而后从回肠末端至十二指肠均发生不规律的锋电活动 ,5 8.8%的锋电活动于各段小肠同时发生 ,41.2 %的锋电活动由回肠末端经 1～ 7s逆行传导至十二指肠 ,实验狗伴呕吐前驱症状并随之发生呕吐。分别阻断α和 β受体对巴豆油所引致的胃肠电活动改变及呕吐过程无影响。双侧膈上迷走神经切除后 ,胃肠电活动改变消失 ,但呕吐及其前驱症状仍存 ,呕吐率为迷走神经完整时的 3 1%。结论　巴豆油所致的呕吐过程中狗胃肠道电活动的改变与α和β受体无关 ,迷走神经在其中有重要作用     

The impact of argan oil on plasma lipids in humans: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

The study aims to investigate the effect of argan oil on plasma lipid concentrations through a systematic review of the literature and a meta‐analysis of available randomized controlled trials. Randomized controlled trials that investigated the impact of at least 2 weeks of supplementation with argan oil on plasma/serum concentrations of at least 1 of the main lipid parameters were eligible for inclusion. Effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Meta‐analysis of data from 5 eligible trials with 292 participants showed a significant reduction in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD: ?16.85 mg/dl, 95% CI [?25.10, ?8.60], p < .001), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: ?11.67 mg/dl, 95% CI [?17.32, ?6.01], p < .001), and triglycerides (WMD: ?13.69 mg/dl, 95% CI [?25.80, ?1.58], p = .027) after supplementation with argan oil compared with control treatment, and plasma concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: 4.14 mg/dl, 95% CI [0.86, 7.41], p = .013) were found to be increased. Argan oil supplementation reduces total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides and increases high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Additionally, larger clinical trials are needed to assess the impact of argan oil supplementation on other indices of cardiometabolic risk and on the risk of cardiovascular outcomes.     

糖足福浸液对糖尿病大鼠足部溃疡的治疗作用

目的:观察糖足福对糖尿病足部溃疡的治疗作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠90只,随机取10只作为正常对照组,其余大鼠以高糖高脂饲料加链脲佐菌素制备大鼠2型糖尿病模型,再以足部皮肤切割法制备足部溃疡模型。将模型大鼠随机分为模型对照组、糖足福6.25g/100ml、3.13g/100ml、1.56g/100ml组、二甲双胍100 mg/kg联合糖足福6.25g/100ml组。采用35~38℃药液浸泡溃疡足,模型对照组以20%的乙醇浸泡,每次30min,每天1次,直至溃疡痊愈。记录各组大鼠溃疡痊愈时间,检测血糖、血清胰岛素(INS)、血脂水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)和胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)。结果:糖足福6.25g/100ml、3.13g/100ml、1.56g/100ml组大鼠足部溃疡的愈合时间均显著小于模型对照组、血糖水平均显著低于模型对照组、IRI均明显著低于模型对照组、ISI均高于模型对照组、大鼠进食量及饮水量均显著低于模型对照组。糖足福6.25g/100ml组INS水平低于模型对照组。糖足福6.25g/100ml、3.13g/100ml、1.56g/100ml组大鼠血清中TG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C含量与模型对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:糖足福有相对较弱的提高岛素敏感性和降低血糖作用,但其具有明显的促进糖尿病大鼠足部溃疡愈合作用,说明其促进糖尿病足部溃疡愈合作用主要通过局部作用而产生的。     

The effect of Momordica charantia and Mucuna pruriens in experimental diabetes and their effect on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism

The Indian traditional system of medicine prescribed traditional plant therapies. Two such plants, i.e. Momordica charantia (MC) and Mucuna pruriens (MP), earlier shown to reduce hyperglycaemia, were assessed for their anti hyperglycaemic effect on varying degrees of hyperglycaemia and diabetic complications. Alcohol and aqueous extracts of MC (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) and only an alcohol extract of MP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day) were evaluated in a pilot study (plasma glucose >180 mg/dL, 21 days), a chronic study in alloxanized rats (plasma glucose >280mg/dL, 120 days) and streptozotocin (STZ) mice (plasma glucose >400 mg/dL, 60 days). In the pilot study, the maximum antihyperglycaemic effect occurred with an aqueous extract of MC at week 3 and an alcohol extract of MP at week 6 at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day. In chronic alloxanized rats, the selected dose of MC led to a significant fall of 64.33%, 66.96%, 69.7% and 70.53% in plasma glucose levels at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months, respectively. MP showed a decrease of 40.71%, 45.63%, 50.33% and 51.01% at the same time period. In chronic STZ diabetic mice, MC led to a mean reduction of 15.37%, 18.68% and 22.86% in plasma glucose levels on days 40, 50 and 60 of sampling while MP had no significant effect. The alteration in hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content and hepatic glucokinase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate and phosphofructokinase levels in diabetic mice were partially restored by MC but not by MP. The mechanism of action of MC and MP is discussed.     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Yaotuitong Capsules in experimental rats with chemically induced radicular neuritis

Objective

The aims of this study were to determine the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Yaotuitong (translation: low back and leg pain) capsules, a Chinese herbal preparation, and the histological changes it induces in experimental rats with chemically induced radicular neuritis.

Methods

Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal, model, Western medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine groups (n=24 per group). We surgically duplicated a chemical radicular neuritis model to simulate lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. Granuloma formation was measured on postoperative days (PODs) 3, 7, 14, and 21. Prostaglandin E₂ and 5-hydroxytryptamine (inflammation mediators) levels in the surrounding tissue and the histology of the nerve root were determined on PODs 7 and 14.

Results

Yaotuitong capsules significantly reduced prostaglandin E₂ (P<0.01) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (P<0.01) levels in tissue surrounding the nerve root. It also inhibited granuloma formation (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Yaotuitong capsules have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects that can alleviate the discomfort of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion.     

Effect of garlic oil on ethanol induced gastric ulcers in rats

Garlic oil was evaluated for gastroprotective activity against ethanol induced ulcers. Reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of these ulcers. The possible involvement of garlic oil in restraining the oxidation process produced in gastric tissue was also investigated. The ulcer index, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity (GPx, catalase, SOD) were determined. Pretreatment with garlic oil in doses of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, 30 min before administration of ethanol (1 mL of 100%) caused a decrease in ulcer index and lipid peroxidation and ameliorated the decrease in antioxidant enzyme levels caused by ethanol. The result suggests that garlic oil possesses antioxidant properties and provides protection against ethanol induced gastric injury.     

高果糖诱导2型糖尿病机制及中药多糖缓解2型糖尿病的靶点通路研究进展

果糖作为膳食中的主要糖,通常以蔗糖或高果糖玉米糖浆的形式添加到饮食中。流行病学研究表明,过量摄入果糖是2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）的一个风险因素,并且T2DM是在全球范围内流行的疾病。大量研究表明,中药具有明显的降糖作用,其生物活性成分主要包含多糖、黄酮、皂苷等。通过阐明高果糖摄入可能影响肝脏胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢导致T2DM的发生,讨论中药多糖改善这2种糖尿病发生机制的靶点和通路,为开发含有中药多糖的降血糖药物和功能性食品提供参考。     

Prevention of bone loss by oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis

The effects of oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on different primary and secondary osteoporotic marker changes were tested in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Experiments were performed on three different rat models: sham-operated control, ovariectomized and ovariectomized supplemented with garlic oil. In ovariectomized group, there has been a significant increase in different relative organ weights compared to sham-operated control, while the uterine weight was found to be decreased. Supplementation with oil extract of garlic could effectively reverse these changes. Also low bone densities that developed in the ovariectomized group were significantly recovered in the garlic oil supplemented group. In our study, the development of high rate of bone turnover and osteoporosis in the ovariectomized animals were confirmed by significant alteration of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity, urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline and urinary calcium to creatinine ratio, when compared with the sham-operated control group. Garlic oil extract supplementation, apart from its unique influence in lowering blood cholesterol, could also prevent ovariectomy-induced rise in all the above-mentioned marker changes. The results of this study emphasize that oil extract of garlic possibly has a positive role in suppressing ovariectomy-induced bone resorption.     

柴胡挥发油大鼠肝毒性“量-时-毒”关系研究

目的:研究柴胡挥发油多次灌胃致大鼠肝毒性的"量-时-毒"关系。方法:连续30天给Wistar大鼠灌胃不同剂量的柴胡挥发油,分别于药后71、52、1、30天检测大鼠血清ALT、AST活性、肝体比值和病理组织学变化。结果:连续30天灌胃(0.19～0.42)ml/kg的柴胡挥发油可造成大鼠肝毒性损伤,药后7天即可产生明显肝毒性,各剂量组血清ALT、AST活性明显升高,肝体比值增大(,0.26～0.42)ml/kg组肝脏出现轻微病理损伤。药后15～21天肝毒性表现最明显,血清ALT、AST活性显著升高,与空白组比较,各剂量组均呈现不同程度的显著性差异,且随剂量增加升高更明显;肝体比值显著增大;肝脏病理损伤严重。药后30天,大鼠出现死亡,ALT、AST活性及肝体比值较21天增加不明显。结论:柴胡挥发油致大鼠肝毒性损伤的剂量范围是(0.19～0.42)ml/kg,相当于生药量(92.6～204.7)g/kg,按柴胡口服液计约相当于70kg人日用量的(1.5～3.4)倍。     

当归精油对大鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩的影响

目的:观察当归精油对大鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩的影响.方法:制作离体子宫平滑肌肌条,考察催产素、高钾去极化溶液存在条件下当归精油对子宫肌条反应的影响.结果:当归精油对催产素及高K 去极化液中Ca2 所致的离体子宫平滑肌收缩均呈剂量依赖性抑制;使CaCl2累积量-效曲线非平行性右移,最大效应下降,呈非竞争性抑制;且对子宫平滑肌依细胞内、外Ca2 两种收缩成分均呈抑制作用.结论:当归精油对大鼠离体子宫平滑肌条的抑制作用,可能与其拮抗Ca2 有关.     

紫草油和水袋防止压疮的护理研究

[目的]研究中药紫草油和水袋对压疮的预防及护理效果。[方法]对52例长期卧床患者采取涂擦紫草油、垫水袋的方法进行预防性护理干预。[结果]52例患者无1例出现压疮。[结论]紫草油加水袋能有效防止压疮。     

荆芥挥发油对内毒素中毒模型小鼠的保护作用

观察荆芥挥发油对内毒素(LPS)中毒模型小鼠的保护作用,并采用GC-MS对荆芥挥发油进行化学成分测定。雄性C57BL/6J小鼠按体重分层随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、地塞米松组(5 mg·kg-1)、荆芥挥发油0.226 g·kg-1及0.452g·kg-1剂量组。除地塞米松组实验当日腹腔注射给药一次外,其余各组小鼠连续灌胃给药5 d,1次/d。各组末次给药30min后,除空白组小鼠外,其余各组小鼠腹腔注射LPS(15 mg·kg-1)制备内毒素中毒模型。造模12 h后,小鼠取血分离血清,采用ELISA及液相蛋白芯片技术测定炎症因子IL-18,IL-1β,IL-5,TNF-α,单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1),巨噬细胞炎性蛋白(MIP-1β),巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)及粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)的水平;剖取肺脏、脾脏、胸腺称重,计算脏器指数;取小鼠全血进行白细胞(WBC)、血小板(PLT)计数;同时进行各组小鼠肺组织病理组织学检查。GC-MS检测结果显示薄荷酮、胡薄荷酮的相对质量分数分别为46.67%,33.92%,二者质量分数占总挥发油的80.59%。荆芥挥发油预防给药,0.452,0.226 g·kg-1剂量均能显著降低模型小鼠血清IL-1β,IL-5,TNF-α,MCP-1,MIP-1β,M-CSF水平(P0.01或P0.05),荆芥挥发油0.452 g·kg-1剂量亦降低血清IL-18,GM-CSF水平(P0.01或P0.05);荆芥挥发油0.226 g·kg-1剂量能使肺组织内嗜中性粒细胞浸润减少,显示出良好抗炎效应。但荆芥挥发油预防给药,对模型小鼠白细胞计数的升高、血小板计数的减少及脾脏指数、肺指数的升高、胸腺指数的降低无明显干预作用。结果表明,荆芥挥发油预防给药对内毒素(LPS)中毒模型小鼠有一定保护作用,作用发挥主要与抑制各类炎性细胞因子的释放,减轻炎症反应有关。