实验大鼠斜方肌肌纤维型组成及分布研究

目的探讨大鼠斜方肌的肌纤维型组成和分布,借以了解该肌功能。方法取成年SD大鼠斜方肌升部肌组织进行冰冻切片(8μm厚),采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法并稍做改良,对其进行肌纤维分型研究。结果SD大鼠斜方肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色后可明确分出2种肌纤维型,即白色的Ⅰ型纤维(慢缩纤维)和深褐色的Ⅱ型纤维(快缩纤维),2种肌纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;图像分析计数其Ⅰ型纤维占(48.8±6.9)%,Ⅱ型纤维比例为(51.2±6.9)%,2者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论SD大鼠斜方肌2型肌纤维所占比例均等,与其维持颈背部姿势的作用一致。     

大鼠胸深肌肌纤维型的组成及分布

目的探讨SD大鼠胸深肌的肌纤维型组成和分布,借以了解该肌功能。方法采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法并稍做改良,对成年SD大鼠胸深肌冰冻切片进行肌纤维分型研究。结果大鼠胸深肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色后可明确分出2型肌纤维,即明亮色白的Ⅰ型纤维(慢缩纤维)和幽暗深褐的Ⅱ型纤维(快缩纤维),并且,两种纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;图像分析仪下计数Ⅱ型纤维达到65%±6%,而Ⅰ纤维仅占35%±5%,前者明显高于后者(P<0.01)。结论大鼠胸深肌以Ⅱ型纤维为主,属于力量和速度型肌。     

大鼠胸浅肌肌纤维型组成及其葡萄糖转运蛋白4表达特征

目的:研究大鼠胸浅肌不同肌纤维型的组成分布及其葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)表达差异,了解该肌功能。方法:采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶染色法并稍做改良,对成年SD大鼠胸浅肌冰冻切片进行肌纤维分型研究,并用免疫组织化学法对肌纤维分型后的切片进行GLUT4表达分析。结果:大鼠胸浅肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶染色后可明确分出明亮色白的Ⅰ型纤维和幽暗深褐的Ⅱ型纤维,2种纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;Ⅰ型纤维比例为(52·6±6·3)%,Ⅱ纤维为(48·4±5·7)%,两者比例均等。免疫组织化学显色结果显示,GLUT4主要存在于包裹肌束的肌膜和Ⅰ型纤维膜上,而Ⅱ型纤维膜表达不明显。结论:大鼠胸浅肌两型纤维比例均等,属耐力兼速度型肌;Ⅰ型纤维膜的GLUT4表达高于Ⅱ型纤维,表明前者葡萄糖摄取能力高于后者。     

大鼠骨骼肌纤维组织化学分型与肌球蛋白重链的功能

目的 研究分析了成年SD大鼠外侧腓肠肌各肌亚体内肌纤维的分布与肌球蛋白重链异构体(MHCs)的构成.方法 应用琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)组织化学染色分析其4型肌纤维构成比例与横切面积,并以十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺小孔梯度凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测肌球蛋白重链异构体.结果 Ⅰ型慢缩氧化(SO型)肌纤维、ⅡX型快缩氧化(FO型)肌纤维、ⅡA型快缩氧化酵解(FOG型)肌纤维及ⅡB型快缩酵解(FG型)肌纤维的构成比例在内侧亚体分别为(10.2±4.1)%、(2.8±2.1)%、(25.7±9.6)%、(61.3±10.1)%;在外侧浅亚体分别为(15.9±8.2)%、(6.1±2.6)%、(22.8±11.5)%、(55.2±12.6)%;而在外侧深亚体则分别为(21.3±9.2)%、(9.8±2.5)%、(18.5±8.7)%、(50.4±10.9)%.4型肌纤维均呈交错式镶嵌型分布.Ⅰ型肌纤维横切面积较小,ⅡX型肌纤维横切面积最小,ⅡA型肌纤维横切面积中等,ⅡB型肌纤维横切面积最大.与使用SDS-PAGE在内侧亚体、外侧浅亚体及外侧深亚体分别发现的肌球蛋白重链异构体(MHCs)所确定的MHCsⅠ、MHCsⅡx(或Ⅱd)、MHCsⅡa、MHCsⅡb相对应.结论 大鼠外侧腓肠肌的重要功能是屈膝关节和伸跗关节,在提踵推进躯体向前和需少量肌力活动时,主要依靠外侧浅、深亚体的肌纤维完成.只有快速运动使肌力需要25%以上时,才有内侧亚体的参与.     

羊髋部和大腿肌组织的肌纤维类型分布

<正> 组成肌肉内肌纤维类型与其运动和姿势的功能有关。作者在本文检测了组成羊的髋部和大腿肌肉的肌纤维类型和不同的分布。分别以肌球蛋白ATP酶和NADH四唑鎓还原酶(NADH——TR)活动把肌纤维分为Ⅰ型,ⅡA和ⅡB型。股中间肌只由Ⅰ型肌纤维组成,这些纤维显示出弱硷稳定肌球蛋白ATP酶和强NADH——TR活性。臀辅     

背阔肌的组织化学特征研究

本文用酸碱预孵育肌球蛋白ATP酶法、乳酸脱氢酶法、油红O法、PAS法,研究了20只犬的背阔肌.结果表明,用肌球蛋白ATP酶法可将肌纤维分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型.Ⅰ型可分为3个亚型,Ⅱ型可分为ⅡA、ⅡB和ⅡC3个亚型.Ⅱ型肌纤维在背阔肌中占的比例大.Ⅱ型肌纤维含有较多糖原,Ⅰ型肌纤维含有较多脂肪颗粒.通过酶的染色观察,Ⅰ型、ⅡB和ⅡC亚型肌纤维的乳酸脱氢酶活性强弱无明显差别,ⅡA亚型肌纤维乳酸脱氢酶活性较弱.本文对背阔肌组织化学特征进行了讨论.     

酸性和碱性预孵育处理对骨骼肌肌纤维分型的影响—肌球蛋白ATP酶法

为比较分别经酸性和碱性预孵育液处理的肌球蛋白ATP酶反应法对骨骼肌肌纤维分型的影响．采用酸性（pH4．5）和碱性（pH10．4）预孵育肌球蛋白ATP酶法对大鼠躯干的腹外侧荐尾肌、后肢的处长伸肌相邻切片分别染色，然后比较相邻切片的相同肌纤维类型。结果显示两种预孵育液对ⅡA型肌纤维的分型设有影响，而酸性预孵育液处理后所鉴别的Ⅰ型和ⅡB型肌纤维，在经碱性预孵育液后有少数分别呈现为ⅡB型和ⅡA型肌纤维。本研究表明酸和碱性预孵育ATP酶染色对骨骼肌肌纤维的分型没有完全对应的“镇相”结果，这可能提示肌球蛋白ATP酶的活性在不同的酸性和碱性环境中有不同的稳定性。     

牵张延长下颌骨对二腹肌纤维型构成影响的研究

目的 :研究牵张延长下颌骨前后二腹肌的组织化学特征。方法 :应用肌球蛋白ATP酶 (pH9.4)染色法 ,观测了牵张前后 8只狗的二腹肌肌纤维类型 ,并用VIDAS图像分析仪测量其横截面积。结果 :ATP酶染色 ,二腹肌肌纤维分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型 ,Ⅰ型纤维数量较Ⅱ型纤维少。牵张延长下颌骨后 ,Ⅰ型纤维数量显著性增多 ,Ⅱ型纤维数量显著性减少。牵张成骨后 ,Ⅰ型纤维、、Ⅱ型纤维的横截面积与术前比较没有显著性差异。结论 :牵张延长下颌骨后 ,与牵张方向平行的二腹肌肌纤维型分布发生了与功能变化相适应的改变     

人类四肢骨骼肌的肌纤维型分布

本世纪五十年代以来,形态学者利用电镜和组织化学技术对骨骼肌的红、白两种肌纤维重新进行了大量研究。1970年,利用肌球蛋白腺苷三磷酸酶(ATP_ase)反应法将哺乳动物骨骼肌分为Ⅰ、ⅡA、和ⅡB三型已得到普遍采用。1971年,Burke用电刺激单个α运动神经元研究各个运动单位的收缩特性发现由这条最后公路所产生的运动实际上存在三种性质,除了慢缩的运动单位外,快缩运动单位又有耐疲劳的和易疲劳的两种;再通过糖元消耗法和ATP酶反应法确认这三种不同生理特性的肌纤维与ATP酶反应所分的三型正相符合。1972年Peter等将ATP_ase反应、生理特性和肌纤维内氧化酶和磷酸化酶等含量相联系,又将肌纤维归入SO、FOG和FG三型(表1)。     

慢性低氧大鼠膈肌纤维横截面积变化

本文通过建立慢性常压和减压低氧大鼠模型 ,采用肌球蛋白ATP酶 (mATP酶 )组化方法将肌纤维分为Ⅰ、ⅡA和ⅡB三种类型和显示毛细血管 ,用计算机图象分析系统测定肌纤维横截面积 (CSA)和毛细血管密度变化 ,观测慢性低氧大鼠膈肌不同类型纤维CSA变化 ,探讨其与毛细血管密度变化的关系。慢性低氧大鼠肌纤维CSA均不同程度缩小 ,CSA缩小与毛细血管密度增加显著相关。膈肌CSA缩小使毛细血管相对密度增加 ,有利于氧运输和弥散 ,膈肌氧化能力增强。     

人咬肌的肌构筑学研究

对10侧人咬肌的肌构筑学研究表明，咬肌浅部为多羽肌，内部有3－5个与肌表面平行排列的腱板，肌纤维从浅深两面附着于腱板上，深部为带状肌，肌纤维并行排列几乎垂直下行，咬肌浅部明显重于深部，约为深部的2．5倍，生理横切面积约为深部的2倍，但生理横切面积／肌重比率却明显小于深部，浅，深两部各项构筑指数在左，右侧无显性差异，以上结果提示，咬肌浅，深两部均属于力量型肌，咬肌浅部在咀嗳活动及保持下颌位置中起主导作用，深部对下颌姿势位的维持和稳定颞下颌关节的正常位置是必不可少的，本研究结果为进一步研究咬肌的肌生理和肌运动学提供可靠的资料。     

Modeling the Dynamic Characteristics of Pneumatic Muscle

A pneumatic muscle (PM) system was studied to determine whether a three-element model could describe its dynamics. As far as the authors are aware, this model has not been used to describe the dynamics of PM. A new phenomenological model consists of a contractile (force-generating) element, spring element, and damping element in parallel. The PM system was investigated using an apparatus that allowed precise and accurate actuation pressure (P) control by a linear servovalve. Length change of the PM was measured by a linear potentiometer. Spring and damping element functions of P were determined by a static perturbation method at several constant P values. These results indicate that at constant P, PM behaves as a spring and damper in parallel. The contractile element function of P was determined by the response to a step input in P, using values of spring and damping elements from the perturbation study. The study showed that the resulting coefficient functions of the three-element model describe the dynamic response to the step input of P accurately, indicating that the static perturbation results can be applied to the dynamic case. This model is further validated by accurately predicting the contraction response to a triangular P waveform. All three elements have pressure-dependent coefficients for pressure P in the range 207 P 621 kPa (30 P 90 psi). Studies with a step decrease in P (relaxation of the PM) indicate that the damping element coefficient is smaller during relaxation than contraction.© 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2003: 8719Rr, 8719Ff, 8710+e, 8768+z     

模拟足拇展肌与拇收肌移位吻接术生物力学性质实验研究

研究了正常拇展肌、拇收肌拉伸力学性质和模拟拇外翻拇展肌，拇收肌移位吻接术后拇展肌和拇收肌的力学性质。取10个足标本，解剖后暴露拇展肌与拇收肌，将标本固定于电子万能试验机底座上，由钢丝绳吊钩沿拇收肌、拇展肌纵行方向钩住、钢丝绳上端固定于试验机上夹头上，驱动机器，对标本施加拉应力，直至拇收肌或拇展肌断裂，得出拉伸最大载荷、应力、应变等数据。对断裂后的拇收肌和拇展肌模拟临床手术进行移位吻接，10个拇展肌标本做了腱与腱移位吻接，另取10个拇收肌标本做了腱与腱吻接，10个拇收肌标本做了腱与骨膜吻接。分别对吻接后的标本进行拉伸实验，分别得出了吻接术后各组的拉伸最大载荷、应力、应变等数据和曲线。 以多项式，用最小二乘法得出了各组标本的应力-变关系表达式及应力应变曲线。实验结果表明，拇收肌的应力与拇展肌接近。拇收肌应变大于拇展肌。模拟临床手术拇展肌腱与腱吻合拉伸强度大于拇收肌腱与腱吻合。应变小于拇收肌腱与腱吻合，拇收肌移位腱与骨膜吻接强度低于腱与腱吻合，二者应变较接近。得出了一些重要结论。对实验结果进行分析讨论。     

Muscle fibre types in the suprahyoid muscles of the rat

Five muscle fibre types (I, IIc, IIa, IIx and IIb) were found in the suprahyoid muscles (mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric) of the rat using immuno and enzyme histochemical techniques. More than 90% of fibres in the muscles examined were fast contracting fibres (types IIa, IIx and IIb). The geniohyoid and the anterior belly of the digastric had the greatest number of IIb fibres, whilst the mylohyoid was almost exclusively formed by aerobic fibres. The posterior belly of the digastric contained a greater percentage of aerobic fibres (83.4%) than the anterior belly (67.8%). With the exception of the geniohyoid, the percentage of type I and IIc fibres, which have slow myosin heavy chain (MHCβ), was relatively high and greater than has been previously reported in the jaw‐closing muscles of the rat, such as the superficial masseter. The geniohyoid and mylohyoid exhibited a mosaic fibre type distribution, without any apparent regionalisation, although in the later MHCβ‐containing fibres (types I and IIc) were primarily located in the rostral 2/3 region. In contrast, the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric revealed a clear regionalisation. In the anterior belly of the digastric 2 regions were observed: both a central region, which was almost exclusively formed by aerobic fibres and where all of the type I and IIc fibres were located, and a peripheral region, where type IIb fibres predominated. The posterior belly of the digastric showed a deep aerobic region which was greater in size and where type I and IIc fibres were confined, and a superficial region, where primarily type IIx and IIb fibres were observed.     

Muscle fibre types in the suprahyoid muscles of the rat

Five muscle fibre types (I, IIc, IIa, IIx and IIb) were found in the suprahyoid muscles (mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric) of the rat using immuno and enzyme histochemical techniques. More than 90% of fibres in the muscles examined were fast contracting fibres (types IIa, IIx and IIb). The geniohyoid and the anterior belly of the digastric had the greatest number of IIb fibres, whilst the mylohyoid was almost exclusively formed by aerobic fibres. The posterior belly of the digastric contained a greater percentage of aerobic fibres (83.4%) than the anterior belly (67.8%). With the exception of the geniohyoid, the percentage of type I and IIc fibres, which have slow myosin heavy chain (MHCβ), was relatively high and greater than has been previously reported in the jaw-closing muscles of the rat, such as the superficial masseter. The geniohyoid and mylohyoid exhibited a mosaic fibre type distribution, without any apparent regionalisation, although in the later MHCβ-containing fibres (types I and IIc) were primarily located in the rostral 2/3 region. In contrast, the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric revealed a clear regionalisation. In the anterior belly of the digastric 2 regions were observed: both a central region, which was almost exclusively formed by aerobic fibres and where all of the type I and IIc fibres were located, and a peripheral region, where type IIb fibres predominated. The posterior belly of the digastric showed a deep aerobic region which was greater in size and where type I and IIc fibres were confined, and a superficial region, where primarily type IIx and IIb fibres were observed.     

Effect of EMG Biofeedback and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on Awareness of Frontalis Muscle Tension

Awareness of muscle tension, as estimated by a modification of the Kinsman et al. (1975) procedure for determining probability of correct estimation (P(c)) of absolute differences in muscle tension between adjacent trials, was examined before and after volunteer subjects underwent 4 sessions of either: 1) EMG biofeedback (BF) training, 2) progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) training, or 3) a placebo-control (MC) procedure which involved listening to music as an alleged guide for relaxation. The subjects were 30 females (mean age = 28.3 yrs) responding to an offering of experimental treatment for anxiety and tension. Measurements of frontalis muscle tension (EMG) and P(c) were made before and after training. The results showed that EMG was significantly reduced by BF and PMR training but not by the MC procedure. Increases in P(c) after training were significantly greater for BF than for PMR or MC training. There were no group differences for subjective report of tension. Correlations between pre- to post-training EMG and P(c) change scores were significant only for the BF group and the combined group of BF and PMR subjects. These results suggest that: 1) both BF and PMR training were effective in producing frontalis EMG reductions, 2) the following relationship may exist among training groups in terms of relative influence upon awareness of tension—BF training > PMR training > MC training, and 3) awareness of tension appears to be related to the ability to reduce EMG although the exact nature of this relationship remains unclear.     

肌桥内肌纤维相对长度及截面积的差异对缺损神经再生的影响

目的 :探求较理想的肌桥。方法 :对取材于犬的不同部位的肌桥内肌纤维相对长度和截面积进行镜下观测及桥接缺损神经的实验观察。结果 :缝匠肌的肌条内肌纤维与肌条长轴平行并且多与肌条等长 ;指浅屈肌肌纤维走向与肌条长轴夹角较大而且不与肌条等长。不同肌条的肌纤维截面积有很大差异 ,其中肌纤维走向与肌条长轴夹角较大的肌纤维的截面积也较大。由相对长度较大的肌纤维为主要构成的肌桥缝接缺损神经的再生效果较好。结论 :肌桥内肌纤维的相对长度的差异对缺损神经再生有较大影响     

太极拳转体动作中下肢关节活动顺序性和肌肉力表现及肌肉激活特征

目的 分析太极拳转体与弓步动作中下肢关节活动顺序性、肌肉力表现和肌肉激活程度的差异,揭示太极拳转体动作的特征。 方法 募集 20 名练习时长超过 3 年的健康太极拳练习者,采用三维运动捕捉系统、测力台和表面肌电同步采集转体与弓步两种动作运动学、动力学和肌肉激活信息,并通过 OpenSim 仿真软件获取下肢肌力。结果 与弓步相比,转体动作髋、踝关节外旋幅度显著增大;膝关节外展和外旋力矩显著增大,股二头肌、半腱肌和内外侧腓肠肌峰值肌力显著增强,股二头肌、内外侧腓肠肌峰值肌力时刻显著提前,而股内外侧肌和胫骨前肌峰值肌力显著减小,胫骨前肌肌力最早达到峰值;股二头肌、股内外侧肌和内侧腓肠肌的平均激活水平和激活时间显著增加。 结论 太极拳转体动作由踝、髋关节依次转动组成,肌肉力表现的独特性在于重心两次转移致使支撑腿内外侧肌力曲线呈双峰型,因为全足着地延迟方式引发了腓肠肌与股四头肌激活顺序和肌肉平均激活水平改变。研究结果提示全足着地延迟方式具有调节肌肉激活顺序的作用,合理利用有助于提升临床康复效果。