流道型轴流血泵支承结构设计与分析

目的:为了改善电磁轴承结构复杂、体积偏大,液力轴承承载力小、不能在较大负载下工作的弊端,提出一种流道型磁液悬浮轴流血泵,提高血泵承载能力。方法:流道型轴流血泵轴向采用永磁力进行支承,径向采用转子叶轮的流道结构产生的液力悬浮;利用Ansys对轴向瞬态磁场进行仿真,对磁力变化进行研究,利用Fluent对不同开槽方向、角度、深度的径向液力进行仿真,对液力变化进行研究。结果:根据轴向磁力随位移的变化,得出磁力最大为2.9 N,楔形开槽结构倾斜角为28°,开槽数为5,槽深0.36 mm,叶顶间隙为0.40 mm,性能达到最优,能满足人体使用。结论:流道型轴流血泵相对于普通磁液悬浮血泵有更高的承载力,较好的悬浮性能,为轴流血泵的优化研究提供了新的思路。     

永磁减载耐久性叶轮血泵的研制

为了延长血泵使用寿命 ,目前除了电磁磁浮还没有更好的解决办法 ,但是电磁磁浮需要位置检测和反馈控制 ,而且增加能耗、可靠性差 ,因此提出了永磁减载的新方法。介绍了一种新颖的永磁轴承 ,它具有径向支承和轴向弹簧的双重作用。在血泵驱动电机的两端安装两个永磁轴承 ,既可以为转子提供径向减载 ,又可以使转子轴向悬浮。为了减小定子与转子之间的摩擦 ,除了提高轴承的径向支承力以外 ,还要减小定子铁心对转子磁钢的径向吸引力 ,解决的办法是适当减小铁心和转子磁钢的用量 ,同时增大定子与转子间的气隙。通过实验研究转子磁钢参数和气隙的变化对电机效率的影响 ,可以确定转子磁钢的尺寸和气隙值 ,从而使电机保持高效率运转 ,同时又实现了永磁减载。通过永磁减载方法设计的耐久性叶轮血泵已连续稳定运转八个月 ,振动小 ,噪音低 ,进一步深入研究正在进行之中     

人工心脏传子系统数学建模与仿真

目的研究用于左心室辅助装置(LVAD)的无磨损的血泵转子系统,为第三代人工心脏即轴流血泵柔性转子建立数学模型并进行控制仿真分析.方法将血泵转子悬浮于主动式磁轴承(AMB)系统中,利用线性化方法建立系统简单的线性数学模型,利用状态变量反馈(SVFB)方法、全次元观测器(observer)设计和线性二次控制器(LQR)对系统进行控制仿真.结果与讨论人工心脏血泵转子系统对干扰的稳定延迟时间为350ms,稳态误差接近0,无超调现象,满足血泵转子系统设计要求.     

永磁减载耐久性叶轮血泵的研制

为了延长血泵使用寿命，目前除了电磁磁浮还没有更好的解决办法，但是电磁磁浮需要位置检测和反馈控制，而且增加能耗、可靠性差，因此提出了永磁减载的新方法，介绍了一种新颖的永磁轴承，它具有径向支承和轴向弹簧的双重作用。在血泵驱动电机的两端安装两个永磁轴承，即可以为转子提供径向减载，又可以使转子轴向悬浮，为了减小定子与转子之间的摩擦，除了提高轴承的径向承力以外，还要减小定子铁心对转子磁钢的径向吸引力，解决的办法是适当减小铁心和转子磁钢的用量，同时增大定子与转子间的气隙，通过实验研究转子磁钢参数和气隙的变化对电机效率的影响，可以确定转子磁钢的尺寸和气隙值，从而使电机保持高效率运转，同时又实现了永磁减载，通过永磁减载方法设计的耐久性叶轮血泵已连续稳定运转八个月，振动小，噪音低，进一步深入研究正在进行之中。     

永磁磁浮叶轮血泵及转子悬浮性能分析

为了消除叶轮血泵内的机械磨损、延长血泵的使用寿命,血泵均采用电磁悬浮技术,但是电磁磁浮有许多不适合血泵的弊端.本文介绍的永磁磁浮叶轮血泵采用一种新颖的永磁轴承,该轴承由两个大小不同、充磁方向相同的同心磁环组成,具有轴向弹簧和径向轴承的双重功能.作者利用实验室自制叶轮血泵转子位置测试系统测量转子的位置.数据处理结果表明,血泵的转速越高、流量越大、气隙越小越有利于叶轮血泵转子悬浮.此外,还讨论了采用三种不同形式永磁轴承的叶轮血泵转子的悬浮性能.     

无源磁浮人工心脏泵的改进型设计

磁力轴承没有机械接触，机械旋转泵应用磁力轴承后就可以解决机械磨损及轴承处产生血栓的问题，但是，国外使用的磁力轴承均是电磁铁加位置测量及反馈控制，不仅结构复杂，体积大，而且消耗附加电能，整个系统的可靠性也差，作者探索用永久磁铁制作磁力轴承，研制成改进型无源磁浮叶轮泵，泵的转子径向由永磁体磁力支承，转子的一端紧固着叶轮，另一端镶嵌磁钢；与转子磁钢相对，驱动电机线圈产生旋转磁场，驱动转子旋转，在实验室用生理盐水试验，当转子静止或低于4000rpm旋转时，转子磁钢在轴向同位于转子和定子之间的隔板有一点接触，接触点位于转子的轴线上，当转子转速逐渐增加至4000rpm以上，转子在轴向与定子脱离，从而实现完全磁浮，由于转子轴向磁浮由液动力产生，且转子磁钢有陀螺效应，所以转子在浮起的过程中运转非常平稳，当用作左心室辅助装置时，叶轮血泵工作转速范围在5000-8000rpm之间，所以实用时转子完全磁浮是不成问题的，无源磁浮技术是对Earnshaw理论（1842）及Braunbeck推论（1939）的重大补充，将在其它科技领域得到广泛应用。     

磁液悬浮离心血泵体外溶血的实验及耐久性实验

通过建立模拟循环管路系统来研究磁液悬浮离心血泵的溶血性能及机械稳定性。建立体外模拟循环管路系统,体外溶血实验中以新鲜羊血为循环介质,调节前负荷和后负荷分别为15、100 mmHg,血泵转速设定为2 900 rpm,测定血浆游离血红蛋白含量（FHb）和红细胞压积（Hct）,计算血泵标准溶血指数（NIH）;耐久性试验其他各项设定同体外溶血实验,循环介质改为甘油水溶液。在体外溶血实验中,测得磁液悬浮离心血泵NIH值为（0.0038±0.0008）g/100L;耐久性实验中血泵连续正常运转90 d,期间无卡壳、停泵等现象,电压、电流、转速稳定。该血泵溶血性能处于较高水平,机械性能稳定可靠,满足进一步进行动物实验的要求。     

基于CFD的液悬浮人工心脏泵叶轮入口优化分析

目的应用计算流体动力学方法(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)对离心式双向液力悬浮人工心脏血泵流场进行仿真分析,通过改进叶轮入口结构来改善血液在血泵的流动状态,从而提升其抗溶血性能。方法从影响血泵溶血性能的角度考虑,基于N-S方程和k-ε标准双方程湍流模型,应用软件FLUENT6.3对离心式人工心脏血泵流场进行数值模拟,分析在设计工况下,叶轮入口处的结构变化对泵内流场的影响,以及流场中最大速度与溶血水平之间的关系,并根据流场分析结果对血泵叶轮入口进行优化。结果经过优化,血泵内流场紊乱现象得到改善,影响溶血值的切应力和曝光时间均有所降低,溶血性能得到改善。同时,对于离心式双向液力悬浮血泵,在设计工况下,其流场中最大速度有作为流场优化过程中的直观指标参数的潜力。结论该研究的仿真分析可为离心式双向液力悬浮人工心脏的设计积累一定经验。     

流道型轴流血泵流体仿真与水力实验分析

为了研究血泵的水力性能,以课题组自制的流道型轴流血泵作为对象,通过计算流体动力学方法,建立血泵流体动力学分析模型,研究血泵叶轮的各个结构参数对血泵水力性能的影响,分别进行不同叶片数、轮毂比、叶型安装角、流道宽度、进出口轴径比参数下的血泵水力性能仿真计算与分析。此外,通过对比分析水力性能和流线图,研究前后导叶对血泵水力性能的影响。采用钛合金材料制作血泵实体,通过模拟人体血液循环回路形式搭建血泵水力试验台,流体介质采用纯净水和甘油混合配制而成的实验液体。在不同转速条件下,对血泵实际水力性能进行测试。水力实验结果表明,该流道型轴流血泵具有较好的水力性能,与计算流体动力学水力性能仿真结果能够较好地吻合,证明血泵性能可以初步满足人体生理需求。     

体外循环用血泵研究进展

本文在阐述体外循环原理及临床意义的基础上,简单介绍了体外循环用血泵的原理、特点以及关键技术评价指标,重点分析了离心血泵的发展历史,及二代、三代离心血泵磁力驱动的工作原理和特点。第二代血泵采用圆盘形磁力耦合器驱动方式,其永磁体采用组合拉推式结构。第三代血泵是在第二代血泵的基础上增加了磁悬浮系统。最后展望了体外循环用离心血泵的发展趋势。     

Novel maglev pump with a combined magnetic bearing

The newly developed pump is a magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump in which active and passive magnetic bearings are integrated to construct a durable ventricular assist device. The developed maglev centrifugal pump consists of an active magnetic bearing, a passive magnetic bearing, a levitated impeller, and a motor stator. The impeller is set between the active magnetic bearing and the motor stator. The active magnetic bearing uses four electromagnets to control the tilt and the axial position of the impeller. The radial movement of the levitated impeller is restricted with the passive stability dependent upon the top stator and the passive permanent magnetic bearing to reduce the energy consumption and the control system complexity. The top stator was designed based upon a magnetic field analysis to develop the maglev pump with sufficient passive stability in the radial direction. By implementing this analysis design, the oscillating amplitude of the impeller in the radial direction was cut in half when compared with the simple shape stator. This study concluded that the newly developed maglev centrifugal pump displayed excellent levitation performance and sufficient pump performance as a ventricular assist device.     

A new design for a compact centrifugal blood pump with a magnetically levitated rotor

A compact centrifugal blood pump has been developed using a radial magnetic bearing with a two-degree of freedom active control. The proposed magnetic bearing exhibits high stiffness, even in passively controlled directions, and low power consumption because a permanent magnet, incorporated with the rotor, suspends its weight. The rotor is driven by a Lorentz force type of built-in motor, avoiding mechanical friction and material wear. The built-in motor is designed to generate only rotational torque, without radial and axial attractive forces on the rotor, leading to low power consumption by the magnetic bearing. The fabricated centrifugal pump measured 65 mm in diameter and 45 mm in height and weighed 0.36 kg. In the closed loop circuit filled with water, the pump provided a flow rate of 4.5 L/min at 2,400 rpm against a pressure head of 100 mm Hg. Total power consumption at that point was 18 W, including 2 W required for magnetic levitation, with a total efficiency of 5.7%. The experimental results showed that the design of the compact magnetic bearing was feasible and effective for use in a centrifugal blood pump.     

Magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump with a radial magnetic driver

A new magnetic bearing has been designed to achieve a low electronic power requirement and high stiffness. The magnetic bearing consists of 1) radial passive forces between the permanent magnet ring mounted inside the impeller rotor and the electromagnet core materials in the pump casing and 2) radial active forces generated by the electromagnets using the two gap sensor signals. The magnetic bearing was assembled into a centrifugal rotary blood pump (CRBP) driven with a radial, magnetic coupled driver. The impeller vane shape was designed based upon the computational fluid dynamic simulation. The diameter and height of the CRBP were 75 mm and 50 mm, respectively. The magnetic bearing system required the power of 1.0-1.4 W. The radial impeller movement was controlled to within +/- 10 microm. High stiffness in the noncontrolled axes, Z, phi, and theta, was obtained by the passive magnetic forces. The pump flow of 5 L/min against 100 mm Hg head pressure was obtained at 1,800 rpm with the electrical to hydraulic efficiency being greater than 15%. The Normalized Index of Hemolysis (NIH) of the magnetic bearing CRBP was one fifth of the BioPump BP-80 and one half of the NIKKISO HPM-15 after 4 hours. The newly designed magnetic bearing with two degrees of freedom control in combination with optimized impeller vane was successful in achieving an excellent hemolytic performance in comparison with the clinical centrifugal blood pumps.     

The effects of impact on the CorAide ventricular assist device

To assess the effects of impact on the performance and durability of the CorAide ventricular assist device, three different simulations were performed. The first involved dropping a nonoperating pump onto a hardwood surface from 3.25 ft, the second and third tests by dropping from 4 and 13 ft, while the CorAide pump operated in a mock circulatory loop. The boxed pump and mock circulatory loop were dropped onto padding in three different orientations, causing loading in the following directions: radial direction, axial direction toward the secondary impeller, and axial direction toward the primary impeller. The padding thickness was adjusted and the drop height was selected so that the measured parameters were comparable with chest accelerations from published automotive test data for survivable crashes. In vitro performance testing of the pump, visual inspection, and magnetic strength of the rotating assembly were done before and after each test. No changes in pump performance or magnet strength resulted, and no pump component damage resulted from the testing.     

A novel permanent maglev impeller TAH: most requirements on blood pumps have been satisfied

Based on the development of an impeller total artificial heart (TAH) (1987) and a permanent maglev (magnetic levitation) impeller pump (2002), as well as a patented magnetic bearing and magnetic spring (1996), a novel permanent maglev impeller TAH has been developed. The device consists of a rotor and a stator. The rotor is driven radially. Two impellers with different dimensions are fixed at both the ends of the rotor. The levitation of the rotor is achieved by using two permanent magnetic bearings, which have double function: radial bearing and axial spring. As the rotor rotates at a periodic changing speed, two pumps deliver the pulsatile flow synchronously. The volume balance between the two pumps is realized due to self-modulation property of the impeller pumps, without need for detection and control. Because the hemo-dynamic force acting on the left impeller is larger than that on the right impeller, and this force during systole is larger than that during diastole, the rotor reciprocates axially once a cycle. This is beneficial to prevent the thrombosis in the pump. Furthermore, a small flow via the gap between stator and rotor from left pump into right pump comes to a full washout in the motor and the pumps. Therefore, it seems neither mechanical wear nor thrombosis could occur. The previously developed prototype impeller TAH had demonstrated that it could operate in animal experiments indefinitely, if the bearing would not fail to work. Expectantly, this novel permanent magnetic levitation impeller TAH with simplicity, implantability, pulsatility, compatibility and durability has satisfied the most requirements on blood pumps and will have more extensive applications in experiments and clinics.     

Estimation of changes in dynamic hydraulic force in a magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump with transient computational fluid dynamics analysis

The effect of the hydraulic force on magnetically levitated (maglev) pumps should be studied carefully to improve the suspension performance and the reliability of the pumps. A maglev centrifugal pump, developed at Ibaraki University, was modeled with 926 376 hexahedral elements for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses. The pump has a fully open six-vane impeller with a diameter of 72.5 mm. A self-bearing motor suspends the impeller in the radial direction. The maximum pressure head and flow rate were 250 mmHg and 14 l/min, respectively. First, a steady-state analysis was performed using commercial code STAR-CD to confirm the model’s suitability by comparing the results with the real pump performance. Second, transient analysis was performed to estimate the hydraulic force on the levitated impeller. The impeller was rotated in steps of 1° using a sliding mesh. The force around the impeller was integrated at every step. The transient analysis revealed that the direction of the radial force changed dynamically as the vane’s position changed relative to the outlet port during one circulation, and the magnitude of this force was about 1 N. The current maglev pump has sufficient performance to counteract this hydraulic force. Transient CFD analysis is not only useful for observing dynamic flow conditions in a centrifugal pump but is also effective for obtaining information about the levitation dynamics of a maglev pump.     

Recent progress in developing durable and permanent impeller pump

Since 1980s, the author's impeller pump has successively achieved the device implantability, blood compatibility and flow pulsatility. In order to realize a performance durability, the author has concentrated in past years on solving the bearing problems of the impeller pump. Recent progress has been obtained in developing durable and permanent impeller blood pumps. At first, a durable impeller pump with rolling bearing and purge system has been developed, in which the wear-less rollers made of super-high-molecular weight polythene make the pump to work for years without mechanical wear; and the purge system enables the bearing to work in saline and heparin, and no thrombus therefore could be formed. Secondly, a durable centrifugal pump with rolling bearing and axially reciprocating impeller has been developed, the axial reciprocation of rotating impeller makes the fresh blood in and out of the bearing and to wash the rollers once a circle; in such way, no thrombus could be formed and no fluid infusion is necessary, which may bring inconvenience and discomfort to the receptors. Finally, a permanent maglev impeller pump has been developed, its rotor is suspended and floating in the blood under the action of permanent magnetic force and nonmagnetic forces, without need for position measurement and feed-back control. In conclusion, an implantable, pulsatile, and blood compatible impeller pump with durability may have more extensive applications than ever before and could replace the donor heart for transplantation in the future.