TFII-I gene family during tooth development: candidate genes for tooth anomalies in Williams syndrome.

Williams syndrome is a rare congenital disorder involving the cardiovascular system, mental retardation, distinctive facial features, and tooth anomalies. It is caused by the heterozygous deletion of approximately 1.6 Mb encompassing 28 genes on human chromosome 7q11.23. It has been suggested that the genes responsible for craniofacial anomalies are located in the telomeric end region, which harbors three members of the TFII-I gene family (Tassabehji et al. [2005] Science 310:1184). To recognize potential candidate genes for the tooth anomalies in Williams syndrome, we carried out comparative in situ hybridization analysis of members of TFII-I gene family during murine odontogenesis. Gtf2i showed widespread expression in the developing head but was higher in the developing teeth than surrounding tissues throughout tooth development. At the bud stage, Gtf2ird1 and Gtf2ird2 were expressed in the epithelial buds. At the early bell stage, expression of Gtf2ird1 and Gtf2ird2 was observed in preameloblasts and preodontoblasts.     

Multipotent stem and progenitor cells of the olfactory epithelium

In recent decades, a wide spectrum of fetal and embryonic stem and progenitor cells were used for cell therapy of diseases of the central nervous system, but the olfactory glial ensheathing cells exhibited certain advantages due to their biological properties and capacity to stimulate regeneratory processes in spinal injury. The therapeutic effect of a heterogeneous complex of olfactory epithelial cells is more pronounced; apart from glial ensheathing cells, this complex includes fibroblasts, Schwann cells, stem and progenitor cells of this structure. The use of minimally invasive methods for isolation of human olfactory epithelial tissue is important for clinical practice, because they provide cells for autologous transplantation and rule out graft rejection immune reaction and the risk of transmission viral infection and transfer of genetic defects, which can be associated with allotransplantation. __________ Translated from Kletochnye Tekhnologii v Biologii i Medicine, No. 4, pp. 185–193, December, 2006     

造血干/祖细胞体外扩增的最新研究进展

造血干/祖细胞体外扩增方法的快速发展为造血干/祖细胞广泛应用于临床开辟了广阔的前景,就造血干/祖细胞体外扩增的方法和培养系统的最新进展做一综述。     

造血干/祖细胞体外扩增的最新研究进展

造血干/祖细胞体外扩增方法的快速发展为造血于/祖细胞广泛应用于临床开辟了广阔的前景,就造血干/祖细胞体外扩增的方法和培养系统的最新进展做一综述.     

自身免疫调节因子在小鼠胚胎干细胞向胸腺上皮祖细胞分化中的表达

文题释义：自身免疫调节因子：基因分析显示由于单基因突变引起一种自身免疫病,此基因则被命名为自身免疫调节因子即AIRE基因。AIRE基因的突变或者缺失会造成胸腺内自身组织特异性抗原转录缺失,影响阴性选择,从而致使自身反应性T细胞逃逸外周,引起自身免疫反应。AIRE基因一直是免疫学相关研究中的热点。胸腺上皮细胞：胸腺上皮细胞分为髓质胸腺上皮细胞和皮质胸腺上皮细胞,二者均来源于胸腺上皮祖细胞,据研究报道髓质胸腺上皮细胞表达的AIRE基因调控着胸腺内的阴性选择,但是由于胸腺上皮祖细胞和胸腺上皮细胞不易分离且数量少,其应用和研究一直受限。该实验在体外将胚胎干细胞分化为胸腺上皮祖细胞,可以为相关研究提供细胞来源。  摘要背景：自身免疫性疾病主要是由于胸腺内自身组织特异性抗原持续表达缺失而引起强烈免疫应答的一类疾病,而胸腺功能减退和胸腺内组织特异性抗原的不稳定表达会限制治疗效果。胸腺组织主要由胸腺上皮细胞组成,但胸腺内成熟胸腺上皮细胞和胸腺上皮祖细胞有限的数量来源极大限制了相关研究。目的：研究小鼠胚胎干细胞向胸腺上皮祖细胞分化过程中自身免疫调节因子的表达变化。方法：采用两步分化方法定向诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为内胚层再分化为胸腺上皮祖细胞,分别收集定向诱导分化第0,3,13天细胞,采用细胞免疫荧光、流式细胞术、Western blot、Real-Time PCR 检测相关基因及蛋白的表达变化。结果与结论：①诱导分化第0天,免疫荧光检测OCT4、SSEA1表达阳性;诱导分化第3天,免疫荧光检测SOX17、FoxA2呈双阳性表达;诱导分化第13天,流式细胞术检测EpCAM1、K5、K8表达阳性;②Real-time PCR检测小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化过程中PAX1、PAX9、FOXN1、PLET1基因表达逐渐增高;③Real-time PCR检测分化第0,3,13天AIRE基因表达升高,INS2、GAD67基因表达也升高;④Western blot检测分化第0,3,13天AIRE蛋白表达降低,胰岛素蛋白、GAD67蛋白均无表达;⑤结果表明,小鼠胚胎干细胞成功分化为胸腺上皮祖细胞,且分化而来的胸腺上皮祖细胞中AIRE基因表达很高,促进了INS2、GAD67基因的表达,为细胞移植治疗自身免疫性疾病提供评价依据。ORCID: 0000-0001-5253-3085(胡蓉) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

骨髓间充质干细胞对致敏小鼠造血干/祖细胞移植植入的影响

目的: 前期的研究已经证实致敏小鼠造血干/祖细胞移植植入失败率高。本研究拟通过骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)进行干预,观察能否提高造血干、祖细胞移植的植入率。方法: 应用贴壁培养法体外培养正常小鼠骨髓MSCs,并分为6个实验组,包括实验组1:d11 MSCs干预的致敏组;实验组2: d0 MSCs干预的致敏组;实验组3:d11和d0 2次MSCs干预的致敏组;实验组4: 无MSCs干预的致敏小鼠对照组;实验组5:无MSCs干预的正常小鼠(非致敏小鼠)移植对照组;实验组6:无MSCs干预的正常小鼠不移植对照组。观察指标包括生存分析、移植效果分析(血象改变、骨髓细胞恢复及嵌合分析等)和移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)检测,最终评估MSCs干预对各实验组异基因造血干/祖细胞移植植入率的影响效果。结果: 与对照组(实验组4、5、6)比较,MSCs干预(实验组1、2、3)在2次异基因脾细胞注射法致敏的动物模型进行异基因造血干/祖细胞移植时,未能促进骨髓造血干/祖细胞移植的植入,也未能延长致敏动物移植后的生存时间。结论: 体内应用1×10⁶ MSCs干预,未能促进2次异基因1×10⁶ C57BL/6小鼠脾细胞输注法建立的重度致敏模型异基因造血干/祖细胞移植的植入。     

人胚胎发育过程中间充质干祖细胞与造血细胞间的起源关系探讨

目的探讨人胚胎发育过程中间充质干祖细胞(MSPCs)与造血细胞间的起源关系。方法取发育不同时间药流胚胎,分离不同造血组织消化成单个细胞,于高增殖潜能集落形成细胞(HPP-CFC)培养体系培养10~14 d,倒置显微镜下挑取直径大于0.5 mm的HPP-CFC集落于液体培养体系进行二次培养,对二次培养中出现的贴壁细胞进行扩增并鉴定其细胞表面分子的表达,于不同分化体系鉴定其是否具有MSPCs的分化特性。结果本研究总结了胚胎发育不同时期主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区、卵黄囊、胎肝等不同部位包括HPP-CFC在内的各类造血前体细胞的发育动态,发现从28体节开始,一定比例的AGM区HPP-CFC除能够分化产生造血细胞外,其来源的贴壁细胞具有MSPCs的分化功能,贴壁细胞在淋巴母细胞转化实验中可抑制T细胞的增殖。结论人胚胎AGM区内,部分MSPCs和造血细胞起源于共同前体。     

Current knowledge of tooth development: patterning and mineralization of the murine dentition

The integument forms a number of different types of mineralized element, including dermal denticles, scutes, ganoid scales, elasmoid scales, fin rays and osteoderms found in certain fish, reptiles, amphibians and xenarthran mammals. To this list can be added teeth, which are far more widely represented and studied than any of the other mineralized elements mentioned above, and as such can be thought of as a model mineralized system. In recent years the focus for studies on tooth development has been the mouse, with a wealth of genetic information accrued and the availability of cutting edge techniques. It is the mouse dentition that this review will concentrate on. The development of the tooth will be followed, looking at what controls the shape of the tooth and how signals from the mesenchyme and epithelium interact to lead to formation of a molar or incisor. The number of teeth generated will then be investigated, looking at how tooth germ number can be reduced or increased by apoptosis, fusion of tooth germs, creation of new tooth germs, and the generation of additional teeth from existing tooth germs. The development of mineralized tissue will then be detailed, looking at how the asymmetrical deposition of enamel is controlled in the mouse incisor. The continued importance of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions at these later stages of tooth development will also be discussed. Tooth anomalies and human disorders have been well covered by recent reviews, therefore in this paper we wish to present a classical review of current knowledge of tooth development, fitting together data from a large number of recent research papers to draw general conclusions about tooth development.     

来源于人胚室下区神经干/祖细胞的贴壁法培养和鉴定

目的建立有效的人胚胎神经干/祖细胞分离及纯化方法以达到临床需要。方法无菌取胎脑室管膜下区组织,经反复机械吹打制备细胞混悬液,采用贴壁法进行体外培养、传代。传代后用Nestin进行细胞鉴定。结果应用贴壁法进行胎脑室管膜下区神经干/祖细胞的培养能够稳定传代20代以上;共聚焦显微镜下可见Nestin阳性细胞表达呈递增趋势,传至P3(passage3)阳性率为35%,P7为79%,P12为90%,P15为99%。传到前七代时分别做细胞存活率鉴定,可达(82.57±1.38)%。结论成功建立了来源于人胚室下区的神经干/祖细胞的贴壁法培养,为该细胞移植治疗神经系统疾病提供了技术方法支持。     

Xenotransplantation of stem/progenitor cells from human fetal brain to adult rats with spinal trauma

In vitro grown neural stem cells from human fetal brain were transplanted to adult rats with spinal trauma. The spinal cord was examined morphologically using histological and immunohistochemical methods on days 5, 15, 30, and 110. Human neural stem/progenitor cells were viable, migrated, and differentiated into neurons and glia in the traumatized spinal cord in adult rats.     

脐血造血干/祖细胞移植SCID小鼠的实验研究

目的 :检测扩增后脐血造血干 祖细胞的体内移植能力和造血活性 ,建立脐血细胞体外扩增优化方案和体内移植的SCID小鼠模型。方法 :采用无基质接触的液体悬浮培养方法扩增脐血CD34 细胞 ,将扩增前后的细胞移植给预先经过亚致死量辐照的SCID小鼠 ,4w后通过免疫荧光标记、PCR等检测存活小鼠体内的人源细胞。结果 :连续培养一定时间后 ,FL TPO SCF IL 6组脐血细胞得到持续扩增 ,并能维持一定比例的CD34 细胞 ;SCF IL 3 IL 6 GM CSF EPO组在第 2周时集落形成数已降低 ,第 4周时集落形成的细胞、CD34 细胞已基本检测不到。移植至少 4w后 ,在存活小鼠体内检测到人CD4 5 细胞和Alu基因。结论 :因子组合FL TPO CSF IL 6可以有效扩增脐血CD34 细胞 ,而且扩增后的细胞具有较高的移植效率和造血活性     

Chemokine receptor CCR5 expression in in vitro differentiating human fetal neural stem/progenitor and glioblastoma cells

We have studied the expression of CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) at the protein level in human fetal neural stem/progenitor and glioblastoma cells in differentiation, using immunocytochemistry, routine fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser microscopy analysis. Neural stem/progenitor cells were isolated from the brain of 18-21 weeks old fetuses aborted due to medical indications, and propagated in vitro as neurospheres. Glioblastoma cells were isolated from tumour biopsies and propagated in vitro as spheres according to the same methods as fetal neural cells. Two stem/progenitor cell neurosphere and two glioblastoma spheroid cultures were initiated to differentiate using RA and cAMP. The cells were fixed and analyzed immunocytochemically on the 1st, 3rd, and 8th days of the differentiation. The expression of CCR5 was localized mainly in the cell nuclei, and was usually much weaker, if at all, in cytoplasm. Confocal laser microscopy analysis confirmed the same location. The expression of CCR5 was the highest one on the 3rd day of differentiation in all cultures, but showed also distinct differences between cultures, and in normal fetal differentiated stem/progenitor cells the expression of CCR5 was much weaker than in differentiated glioblastoma spheric cells.     

Analysis of differentiation of stem/progenitor cells in tissue culture of neocortical primordium of mouse brain

Differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells from neocortical primordium of the brain from 14-day mouse embryos was studied by immunohistochemical methods during their culturing. Non-differentiated cells expressing nestin and vimentin persisted in freely floating neurospheres throughout the experiment. Glioblasts, neuroblasts, and differentiated neurons were found in neurospheres cultured in differentiating medium. However, neurons disappeared with increasing the number of passages, the formation of neuroblasts was terminated, and only astrocytes and nestin-positive cells were seen in the culture. It was found that cells of mouse embryonic neocortex lose the capacity for spontaneous multipotent differentiation during culturing. __________ Translated from Kletochnye Tehnologii v Biologii i Medicine, No. 4, pp. 189–195, October, 2007     

微重力影响造血干/祖细胞生物学特性及其机制研究进展

造血干/祖细胞具有自我更新、增殖及多向分化的功能,从而使机体维持正常的造血.机体在微重力环境下会出现外周血细胞数量和功能的改变,其中有多方面的原因,而在微重力环境下造血干/祖细胞生物学特性的改变是这一改变的主要因素.对微重力如何影响造血干/祖细胞的迁移、增殖及分化等生物学特性进行了综合评述.     

Detection of a TLR2 agonist by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells impacts the function of the macrophages they produce

Several groups have shown that detection of microbial components by TLRs on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) instructs myeloid cell generation, raising interest in the possibility of targeting TLRs on HSPCs to boost myelopoiesis. However, although “TLR‐derived” cells exhibit myeloid cell characteristics (phagocytosis, cytokine production, antigen presentation), it is not clear whether they are functionally equivalent to macrophages derived in the absence of TLR activation. Our in vitro and in vivo studies show that macrophages derived from mouse and human HSPC subsets (including stem cells) exposed to a TLR2 agonist prior to or during macrophage differentiation produce lower levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1β) and reactive oxygen species. This is in contrast to prior exposure of differentiated macrophages to the TLR2 agonist (“tolerance”), which suppresses inflammatory cytokine production, but elevates reactive oxygen species. Soluble factors produced following exposure of HSPCs to a TLR2 agonist can also act in a paracrine manner to influence the function of macrophages derived from unexposed HSPCs. Our data demonstrate that macrophage function can be influenced by TLR signaling in the HSPCs from which they are derived, and that this may impact the clinical utility of targeting TLRs on HSPCs to boost myelopoiesis.     

小鼠脐血造血干/祖细胞含量与特性初步观察

目的: 探讨小鼠脐血(umbilicalcordblood, UCB)造血干/祖细胞含量与特性。方法: 采用体外集落培养和流式细胞术检测C57BL/6(H-2^b)小鼠脐血与骨髓(bonemarrow, BM)造血干/祖细胞。结果: 小鼠脐血培养7d粒单系祖细胞(CFU-GM)及早期红系祖细胞(BFU-E)集落产率与骨髓相近, 但14dCFU-GM、多向祖细胞(CFU-GEMM)明显高于后者(P<0.05), 且见含细胞多体积巨大的致密型集落。脐血CD₃₄⁺Sca-1⁺细胞亚群也明显高于骨髓(P<0.05)。结论: 小鼠F脐血富含造血干/祖细胞, 具有高增殖潜能。     

Primate-specific alterations in neural stem/progenitor cells in the aged hippocampus

In the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, new neurons are generated from neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) throughout life. As aging progresses, the rate of neurogenesis decreases exponentially, which might be responsible, in part, for age-dependent cognitive decline in animals and humans. However, few studies have analyzed the alterations in NPCs during aging, especially in primates. Here, we labeled NPCs by triple immunostaining for FABP7, Sox2, and GFAP and found that their numbers decreased in aged macaque monkeys (>20 years old), but not in aged mice. Importantly, we observed marked morphological alterations of the NPCs in only the aged monkeys. In the aged monkey hippocampus, the processes of the NPCs were short and ran horizontally rather than vertically. Despite these alterations, the proliferation rate of the NPCs in aged monkeys was similar to that in young monkeys. Thus, morphological alterations do not affect the proliferation rate of NPCs, but may be involved in the maintenance of NPCs in aged primates, including elderly humans.     

细胞因子短期扩增对造血干/祖细胞黏附和迁移能力的影响

目的：探讨干细胞因子（SCF）+白细胞介素-6（IL-6）短期扩增对CD34+造血干/祖细胞黏附和迁移能力的影响。方法:用密度剃度离心的方法分离脐血CD34+细胞，经SCF和IL-6孵育48 h，用CCK-8方法检测CD34+细胞增殖能力；用流式细胞仪检测处理前后的CD49d（VLA-4）、CD11a（LFA-1）、CD62L（L-selectin）及CD184（CXCR4）的表达。用纤连蛋白（FN）包被96孔板，检测经或未经因子扩增的CD34+细胞的黏附能力。扩增的CD34+细胞悬浮于transwell培养板的上层，下层添加基质细胞衍生因子（SDF-1），流式细胞仪检测迁移细胞数，计算迁移率。结果:经SCF+IL-6处理48h后CD34+细胞扩增近3倍；表达CD49d、CD11a、CD62L及CD184的CD34+细胞的百分数分别由原来的26.34%±5.37%、17.63%±4.57%、46.38%±6.61%和9.58%±1.56%增加到65.67%±8.72%、56.67%±6.34%、84.76%±9.57%和19.32%±3.64%（P<0.01）。扩增后的CD34+细胞对FN的黏附能力及在SDF-1诱导下的迁移作用都显著增强（P<0.01）。结论:SCF+IL-6短期扩增CD34+ 造血干/祖细胞显著增加细胞的黏附能力，增加SDF-1诱导的迁移作用，可能是SCF+IL-6促进归巢的主要机制之一。     

骨髓造血干/祖细胞自身抗体与免疫相关性全血细胞减少

背景：免疫相关性全血细胞减少涉及多个临床学科,近年来受到高度重视。骨髓造血早期细胞自身抗体及免疫调节功能可能是其症结所在。 目的：分析骨髓造血早期(干/祖)细胞自身抗体在免疫相关性全血细胞减少症发病机制中的作用及其进展。 方法：由作者电子检索1992年3月至2012年3月PubMed、万方医学网以及CHKD数据库中关于骨髓造血细胞相关抗体的文章,中文检索词为“免疫相关性全血细胞减少症、骨髓造血细胞、自身抗体、辅助性T细胞17”,英文检索词为“Immunorelated pancytopenia,Bone marrow hematopoietic cells,Autoantibody,Th17 cells”。排除重复性研究共保留30篇进行总结分析。 结果与结论：骨髓造血细胞自身抗体是由于T淋巴细胞调控失衡,导致B淋巴细胞及其亚群数量和功能异常而产生的一类抗体。它破坏或抑制骨髓早期造血细胞成熟分化,最终引起外周血细胞减少而致病。T辅助细胞17细胞数量增多、功能亢进可能与免疫相关性全血细胞减少症患者自身抗体产生呈一定相关性,是免疫相关性全血细胞减少症发病的重要因素。