双J管在晚期盆腔癌输尿管梗阻中的应用

目的：探讨应用双J管内引流治疗晚期盆腔癌并发输尿管梗阻的临床疗效。方法：膀胱镜下或输尿管镜下置入双J管，治疗晚期盆腔癌并发输尿管梗阻18例。结果：18例患者治疗侧输尿管引流通畅，尿量明显增多，全身情况迅速改善。结论：双J管内引流操作简单，疗效明显，是解除晚期盆腔癌并发输尿管梗阻的首选方法。     

恶性输尿管梗阻的腔内微创治疗(附85例报告)

目的探讨盆腔肿瘤或盆腔转移性肿瘤及放疗等引起的恶性输尿管梗阻的腔内微创治疗方法和效果。方法2004年1月-2007年1月收治恶性输尿管梗阻病人85例,采用腔内泌尿外科微创治疗,其中72例经尿道膀胱镜下（25例）或输尿管镜下（47例）留置双J管,单侧42例,双侧30例,13例经皮肾穿刺微造瘘顺行放置2根双J管。结果所有病例均获随访,平均9（6-24）个月。术后下腹不适15例,排尿时腰部胀痛22例,肉眼血尿3例,均自行缓解。腹平片未发现双J管移位。术后3个月更换双J管时,未发现导管周围结石形成。71例患者留置双J管后引流通畅,尿量明显增加,肾功能复查,肌酐5-7 d恢复正常或接近正常,B超示置管侧肾积水减轻。14例患者术后B超示肾积水无明显改变,肾功能改善不明显,改行经皮肾穿刺微造瘘术后肾功能恢复正常。8例术后9-15月再发梗阻,经皮肾穿刺微造瘘术后肾功能恢复正常。结论恶性输尿管梗阻的腔内治疗创伤小,疗效确切,可以为患者解除痛苦,提高生活质量。     

移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的腔内手术处理

目的　探讨微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术治疗移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的可行性与疗效。方法　对移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的16例患者,采用微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术对吻合口狭窄或闭锁进行内切开与扩张,放置输尿管内支架管内引流,并观察患者肾功能的改善情况。结果　1 例患者经尿道逆行插入输尿管镜,行气囊扩张后,放置输尿管内支架管内引流;13 例患者经皮肾穿刺顺行插入输尿管镜,行梗阻段内切开与扩张,放置输尿管内支架管内引流;2例因吻合口闭锁长度超过1 cm,改开放手术。术后随访1~24 个月,13 例引流通畅,肾功能恢复正常,血肌酐为45~113μmol/L;3 例肾功能恢复较差,血肌酐为158~315μmol/L。结论　微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术处理移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻,疗效较好,操作简便、安全。     

输尿管镜技术在急性上尿路梗阻中的应用:附32例报告

目的 探讨输尿管镜下双J管置入治疗急性上尿路梗阻的意义.方法 2008年10月至2011年3月,我院共确诊急性上尿路梗阻32例,其中输尿管结石26例,应用输尿管镜气压弹道或钬激光碎石,术后放置双J管;肿瘤腔外压迫6例,均在输尿管镜下成功放置双J管,达到引流目的.结果 32例患者均引流成功,梗阻迅速解除,病情短期内得以控制.结论 输尿管镜技术在治疗急性上尿路梗阻并发感染、肾功能不全及晚期肿瘤腔外压迫输尿管引起双侧肾积水的患者具有安全、迅速、确切、损伤小等优点,还可能同时处理造成梗阻的结石,可作为此类疾病重要的治疗方法之一.     

输尿管内留置双J管治疗晚期恶性肿瘤继发的输尿管梗阻

目的 探讨输尿管内留置双J管治疗晚期恶性肿瘤继发的输尿管梗阻的疗效.方法 采用输尿管内逆行留置双J管治疗23例晚期恶性肿瘤继发的输尿管梗阻.结果 本组单侧梗阻8例,初次置管成功5例(62.5%);双侧梗阻15例,初次置管成功17侧(56.7%).置管成功后,肾积水均有不同程度缓解,术前升高的血肌酐术后复查均有不同程度好转.初次成功置管后输尿管再发梗阻2例,发生在初次置管后第1天、第3天.术后随访1～26个月,平均8个月,13例(56.5 %)死于肿瘤晚期合并多脏器功能衰竭;10例(43.5 %)现存活,其中7例输尿管内置管已达1～26个月,病情稳定.输尿管内置管失败后行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术(PCN).本组无操作相关性死亡.结论 输尿管内留置双J管可作为晚期恶性肿瘤继发的输尿管梗阻的首选治疗方案.     

上尿路梗阻性急性肾功能不全内、外引流的选择

目的探讨内、外引流在上尿路梗阻急性肾功能不全时的选择和效果。方法25例各种原因引起的上尿路梗阻（15例肿瘤性梗阻,10例非肿瘤性梗阻）合并急性肾功能不全,分别或先后对12例行输尿管内置双J管（doub le J,D J）内引流15次,对19例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘（percutaneous nephrectomy,PCN）外引流23次。结果引流成功23例,PCN外引流成功率86.9%（20/23）,双J管内引流成功率60.0%（9/15）,PCN术后继发出血1例。结论对于盆腹腔进展期或广泛转移肿瘤导致的梗阻,PCN解除梗阻优于输尿管支架内引流;非肿瘤性梗阻宜先尝试D J内引流。     

盆腔器官肿瘤浸润或术后放疗致输尿管梗阻的处理

目的探讨盆腔器官肿瘤浸润或术后放疗致输尿管梗阻的诊治方法。方法回顾性分析1990年6月至2000年5月经临床处理的15例本病的临床资料,其中双J管内引流或输尿管导管引流术6例,经皮肾穿刺造瘘术4例。行开放性肾造瘘术3例,输尿管皮肤造瘘术2例。结果本组15例经尿流改道或内引流后全身状况及尿毒症症状很快好转,其中7例肾功能恢复正常,8例肾功能改善。结论B超、输尿管逆行插管和／或磁共振尿路水成像(MRU)检查是较好的诊断手段。输尿管插管引流或双J管内引流和经皮肾穿刺造瘘术。具有损伤小、对患影响轻的优点,是解除梗阻的首选方法。     

放置双J管治疗头孢曲松相关性尿路梗阻

目的 探讨放置双J管在头孢曲松相关性尿路梗阻中的应用及疗效.方法 2006年1月～2014年5月行放置输尿管双J管治疗9例保守治疗无效的头孢曲松相关性尿路梗阻的患者.入院前行头孢曲松抗炎约2 ～10d(平均4.5d)后,出现典型肾绞痛症状,术前疼痛视觉模拟评分为8.5±1.2分,经停用头孢曲松、解痉镇痛治疗无效.其中6例患者出现肾功能不全.结果 9例患者在膀胱镜下逆行置入输尿管双J管后肾绞痛症状均缓解.术后疼痛视觉模拟评分为3.5±0.6分,肾功能不全患者3～5d肾功能均达到正常水平.患者在两周左右拔出双J管,行泌尿系彩超未见明显结石及输尿管梗阻.3个月后复查泌尿系彩超未见明显结石及梗阻.结论 对保守治疗不能缓解的头孢曲松致尿路梗阻并发肾绞痛或肾功能不全的患者,置入输尿管双J管是一种简单而且有效的治疗方法.     

双J管内引流治疗梗阻性肾功能衰竭

盆腔腹腔的肿瘤及手术常并发输尿管梗阻,导致梗阻性肾功能衰竭,常需泌尿科处理,本院从1995年10月～2000年4月对23例患进行双J管内引流,现报告如下。     

输尿管镜下双 J管置入术治疗输尿管损伤的疗效分析（附36例报告）

目的：探讨输尿管镜手术治疗输尿管损伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月～2013年12月采用输尿管镜下置入双J管内引流治疗36例输尿管损伤患者的临床资料。结果33例顺利经输尿管镜置入双J管引流，术后1～3周停止漏尿，其中13例术后1～3个月拔除双J管，20例盆腔肿瘤放疗者术后5～11个月拔除或更换进口巴德（ BADE）内支架管，术后随访3个月～6年，泌尿系CT成像（ CTU）检查证实患侧输尿管通畅，6例肾积水及输尿管扩张较前明显减轻，其余正常。1例腹腔镜下全子宫切除术中发现右侧输尿管损伤，术后40天拔出双J管后输尿管阴道瘘，因局部瘢痕及漏口较大，再次置管失败，改行输尿管膀胱再植术。2例因前列腺癌或宫颈癌放疗后严重输尿管狭窄，行永久性双肾造瘘术。结论输尿管镜下置入双J管内引流术治疗输尿管损伤的疗效可靠，微创，患者易于接受。     

原发性输尿管癌28例

目的 提高原发性输尿管瘤的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析我院1991年1月～2000年1月收治的28例原发性输尿管癌的临床资料。其中23例行根治性肾输尿管切除、膀胱袖状切除,4例行病变段输尿管切除、输尿管再吻合,1例孤立肾输尿管癌行输尿管切除肾造瘘。结果 术后病检:移行上皮癌17例,混合癌11例。所有病例随访1年,23例行根治性手术者,4例发生膀胱癌,3例死于肺转移(T_3期移行上皮癌),1例腰肋部淋巴结转移。1例孤立肾肾造瘘者,死于肾外伤。其余19例均健在。结论 原发性输尿管癌以血尿,肾区疼痛,肾积水为主要症状。对局限性输尿管癌(T_(is)-_2期)合并对侧肾脏功能异常者,可行病变段输尿管切除再吻合术后需严密随访。     

全膀胱切除术后输尿管梗阻的诊断和微创治疗

目的　总结全膀胱切除术后输尿管梗阻的诊断和微创处理方法。　方法　全膀胱切除术后输尿管梗阻患者 12例。原发病膀胱肿瘤 10例、结核性小膀胱 1例、放射性膀胱炎 1例。术后输尿管贮尿囊吻合口狭窄 9例、吻合口以上梗阻 3例。均采用MRI和肾镜下肾盂输尿管插管造影诊断。行手术治疗 11例 ,其中镍钛合金记忆金属网支架术 6例 ,输尿管支架术 4例 6侧 ,输尿管贮尿囊吻合术 1例。　结果　 12例均诊断明确。 11例术后随访 3个月～ 5年。IVU示患肾功能恢复正常、肾积水消失 9例 ,肾积水减轻 2例。肌酐及尿素氮正常。 1例膀胱癌患者术后 6个月死于肿瘤肺转移。　结论　MRI和肾镜下的肾盂输尿管插管造影是最有价值的检查手段 ;输尿管支架术、输尿管镍钛记忆合金支架术手术简单、创伤小、效果好。     

Adenocarcinoma of gallbladder presenting as ureteral obstruction

A fifty-five-year-old man presenting with unilateral renal colic and ureteral obstruction was found to have ureteral metastasis from a primary gallbladder carcinoma. This appears to be the second report of such a case in the English literature.     

A clinical study of the renal pelvis and ureteral cancer

During the 13 years from 1976 to 1988, 160 patients with renal pelvic and ureteral cancer were reviewed based on a new general rule for clinical and pathological studies on renal pelvic and ureteral cancer of Japanese Urological Association. There were 71 renal pelvic cancers, 80 ureteral cancers, and 9 cancers in both regions. Patients ranged in age from 35 to 91 years old (average: 63). The involved side was right in 63 and left in 97. The most frequent symptom was hematuria, which was seen in 81.1%. IVP revealed the findings of filling defects, hydronephrosis, and non-visualized kidney in 99.7% of the patients. Total nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection was performed in 123 cases, nephroureterectomy in 16 cases, nephrectomy in 5 cases, partial ureterectomy in 10 case, and biopsy in 6 cases. As adjuvant therapies, irradiation was performed in 32 and chemotherapy in 123. Histologically, 156 were with transitional cell carcinoma, one squamous cell carcinoma, one adenocarcinoma and 2 unclear, the over-all survival rate of this study at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years were 86.8%, 73.0%, 65.3% and 45.6%, respectively. No patient with lymph-node metastasis (N+) survived longer than 5 years. All patients with M(1) died within one year. There were no difference of prognosis between renal pelvic cancer and ureteral cancer. Regarding various prognostic factors, our series gave the same results as previous reports. However, it should be stressed that pathological grading was the most important prognostic factor.     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年至2011年华中科技大学附属协和医院6例接受经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料。所有患者先行B超引导移植肾穿刺造瘘,顺行造影确定梗阻的具体位置,顺行球囊扩张输尿管狭窄段,术后留置双J管和肾造瘘管,无效则改开放手术。结果6例患者中1例输尿管狭窄段〉1cm,球囊扩张失败,1例合并尿瘘,尿囊肿,扩张治疗无效,此2例均经开放手术治愈;其余4例一次扩张治愈,随访16～38个月,肾功能正常,无梗阻复发。结论经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张安全、损伤小,可作为治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的首选方法,对于合并有其他外科并发症或扩张治疗失败的患者,需开放手术治疗。     

Percutaneous dissolution of uric acid and cystine stones causing acute ureteral obstruction

Four cases with ureteral obstruction due to uric acid or cystine stones were treated successfully by percutaneous irrigation with sodium bicarbonate or tromethamine-E. These cases underwent percutaneous nephrostomy for the reason of prolonged complete obstruction (case 1), sustained pyelonephritis (case 2) or decreased renal function (case 3 and 4). Two catheters were placed through the nephrostomy tract before irrigation, 6 Fr. ureteral catheter just above the ureteral stone and 10 Fr. pigtail or 12 Fr. Malecot catheter in the renal pelvis. The ureteral stones were markedly reduced in size and passed spontaneously after 6-11 days' duration of irrigation in three cases. In case 2, the remaining stone was removed transurethrally after 14 days' duration of irrigation, and was found to be composed of organic matrix. Percutaneous dissolution is considered to be a safe and reliable method and may be an alternative way of treating uric acid or cystine stone causing acute ureteral obstruction.     

Endourological management of ureteral strictures

Endourological management was employed in five cases with ureteral strictures. The cause of stricture included ureteroileal anastomoses in two cases, open pyeloplasty in one, radical hysterectomy in one and retroperitoneal fibrosis in one. In four cases, strictures were dilated using a balloon dilation catheter (diameter 4 to 8 mm), followed by placement of ureteral stent (6 to 8.3 Fr), for from 8 days to 43 days. In one case, graduated flexible dilator was passed until a 10 Fr opening was obtained. A 6 Fr ureteral stent was placed for 42 days. Of the 5 strictures 3 were dilated successfully as judged by excretory urogram. Followup ranged from 7 months to 19 months. Unsuccessful dilation occurred in 2 cases. In one case, subsequent exploratory operation revealed retroperitoneal fibrosis. In another case, subsequent CT scan disclosed the metastasis of rectal cancer obstructing the site of ureteroileal anastomosis. Endourological procedure is valuable in the treatment of benign post-operative ureteral stricture.     

Angiotensin receptor blockade decreases fibrosis and fibroblast expression in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction

PURPOSE: Unilateral ureteral obstruction is characterized by histopathological changes including interstitial fibrosis, fibroblast specific protein expression, tubular atrophy and apoptosis, and macrophage infiltration. Angiotensin II has been implicated in some of these changes. We examined the effect of angiotensin blockade on markers of renal injury, including fibroblast specific protein expression, fibrosis, apoptosis and macrophage infiltration. We used losartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, in a unilateral ureteral obstruction model and studied animals 3 weeks after unilateral ureteral obstruction, a time at which renal damage is well established. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction and were given either drinking water or losartan for 21 days. Kidneys were harvested and examined for fibrosis (trichrome and the Sircol assay for collagen), apoptosis (TUNEL), and fibroblast specific protein expression and macrophage infiltration (immunohistochemistry). RESULTS: Unilateral ureteral obstruction was found to induce fibrosis, apoptosis, fibroblast expression and macrophage in the obstructed kidney. Losartan significantly decreased apoptosis and macrophage infiltration in the obstructed kidney. It also decreased fibrosis, as measured by either trichrome staining assessed by a pathologist, the Sircol assay for collagen or fibroblast specific protein expression. However, approximately 50% of the changes were not affected by the current treatment, suggesting that other factors contribute to renal damage in unilateral ureteral obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: We observed the direct contribution of angiotensin II to both apoptotic and cellular transition processes (epithelial mesenchymal transition) and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Because these processes are active not only in unilateral ureteral obstruction, but also in other renal diseases, the value of angiotensin II blockade as an important part of the antifibrotic armamentarium has been confirmed.     

输尿管镜在输尿管梗阻中的诊治价值

目的探讨输尿管镜在输尿管梗阻诊治中的价值.方法应用输尿管镜对52例非结石性输尿管梗阻进行诊治.结果输尿管狭窄35例(行输尿管镜硬性扩张19例,气囊扩张13例,腹腔镜下输尿管成形术3例),输尿管息肉13例行钬激光切除,输尿管癌3例改行开放手术,腔静脉后输尿管1例改行输尿管成形术.手术并发黏膜明显裂伤或黏膜下假道2例,输尿管穿孔1例,其它并发症.结论输尿管镜术能明确输尿管梗阻的病因,并能采取相应治疗.     

Bilateral complete ureteral obstruction and renal insufficiency secondary to granulomatous disease

Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare disorder of neutrophil function that impairs the ability of phagocytes to react to infection and produces inflammatory lesions that may involve many organ systems. A young man recently presented with bilateral mid ureteral obstruction and renal insufficiency secondary to inflammation due to chronic granulomatous disease. To our knowledge, we believe this to be the only case of complete bilateral ureteral obstruction due to chronic granulomatous disease reported to date. A review of the disease, its pathogenesis and potential involvement of the urinary tract is presented.