开放性手术和PCNL在治疗鹿角形肾结石中的应用

目的探讨鹿角形肾结石的手术治疗方式，比较经皮肾穿刺碎石（Percutaneous nephrolithotomy，PCNL）与开放性手术的临床价值。方法回顾分析20例PCNL和15例肾切开取石及肾盏成形术的临床资料，比较两种术式在手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除情况、术后住院时间及并发症发生率等有无差异。结果术前两组对象在性别、年龄、结石大小、肾积水情况方面无明显差异（P〉0．05）；开放手术及PCNL组平均手术时间、平均出血量、术后住院时间分别为：（159.6±29．O）min和（321．9±112．4）min、（262．5±129．0）mL和（149．8±84．1）mL、（9．9±2．7）d和（14．1±3．8）d，差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；20例PCNL中一次取净结石5例，Ⅰ期结石取净率25％，二次取净结石11例，三次取净结石2例，四次取净结石2例。15例肾切开取石及肾盏成形术中全部一次取净结石，结石取净率100％，两组间有明显差异（P〈0．001）；术中并发症，PCNL组15％（3／20），开放手术组33．33％（5／15），无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论鹿角形肾结石的手术方式应根据患者的病情及医院的实际情况慎重选择，对复杂性巨大鹿角肾结石较适合用开放性手术治疗。     

肾鹿角形结石的3种治疗方法比较

目的：总结肾鹿角形结石的治疗经验。方法：应用体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)，开放手术，经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)，治疗鹿角形结石102例．并随访其疗效及并发症的发生率。结果：EWSL57例，3个月后结石排净率86％；开放手术36例．手术均获成功，无石率达92％；PCNL9例，3个月后结石排净率为89％。结论：PCNL加ESWL为首选方法，ESWL适用于无肾盂肾盏扩张的部分鹿角形结石．开放手术可作为适当的补充术式。     

无管化经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石

目的研究无管化经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)治疗鹿角形肾结石的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析30例无管化PCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石病例,按照年龄、性别、体重、结石面积、Guy's stone评分和麻醉ASA分级进行配对,从我院病案数据库中选取了30例标准化PCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石病例。总结分析术后住院时间、手术时间、止痛药应用、一期结石清除率、并发症等数据。结果两组的年龄、性别、体重、结石面积、Guy's stone评分和麻醉ASA分级均无统计学差异。无管化组与标准组术后平均住院时间分别为5.5(2.3)d和9.0(5.5)d(P0.05),手术时间分别为155(121)min和180(94)min(P0.05)。两组间一期结石清除率、术中血红蛋白下降值、术后输血率、发热率、肾周血肿发生率、胸水发生率和止痛药使用率差异均无统计学意义。结论对于已取得较好经验的经皮肾镜手术专家,采用不留置肾造瘘管的无管化PCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石安全、有效,能缩短术后住院时间,而术后并发症的发生率与标准化PCNL比较并无明显差异,但需掌握其适应证,对术中严重出血、手术侧肾盂穿刺液为脓性,术中出现集合系统穿孔、输尿管或肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄者等禁用。     

PCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石的临床效果分析

目的临床分析PCNL在鹿角形肾结石治疗中的应用效果。方法随机选取我院2012年1月至2013年6月间实施治疗的68例鹿角形肾结石患者,并将其平均分成两组,对照组患者实施开放手术治疗,观察组患者实施PCNL治疗,对比两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果观察组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间均明显少于对照组,差异显著(P0.05);观察组患者的结石取净率、复发率、肾功能不全发生率以及切口周围不适发生率均明显低于对照组,差异显著(P0.05);观察组患者的经济花费明显高于对照组,差异显著(P0.05)。结论 PCNL治疗鹿角形肾结石效果显著,值得推广,但其手术费用较高。     

PCNL超声气压弹道碎石系统治疗鹿角形结石的疗效评估

目的评估B超定位经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石系统(EMS系统)治疗鹿角形结石的疗效。方法鹿角形结石患者150例,采用B超定位经皮肾穿刺联合超声气压弹道碎石系统治疗结石。结果 150例患者总体手术平均时间为83min,术中平均出血量为142mL,术后平均住院时间为6.1d,结石取净率为92%;部分性鹿角形结石和完全性鹿角形结石平均手术时间分别为72、117min,平均出血量分别为128、183mL,平均住院时间5.9、6.7d,结石取净率94.7%、83.8%。所有患者均无术后严重并发症。结论 PCNL超声气压弹道碎石是一种安全有效的肾结石治疗方法,是治疗鹿角形结石的首选。     

微创经皮肾镜术治疗鹿角形肾结石的临床研究

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜术治疗鹿角形肾结石的临床疗效。方法选择自2010年1月～2016年1月在重庆三峡中心医院接受治疗的鹿角形肾结石患者100例,根据手术方式的不同分为微创经皮肾镜术治疗组(研究组) 50例、开放性切开手术取石组(开放性手术组) 50例。统计两组患者手术情况、围手术期并发症发生率和预后。结果研究组患者的手术时间、术中出血量及术中输血率均低于开放性手术组患者,P 0. 05;研究组患者并发症发生率低于开放性手术组,P 0. 05;研究组患者术后住院时间比开放性手术组短、术后半年肾结石复发率亦低于开放性手术组,P 0. 05;研究组术后1个月的肾结石清除率明显高于开放性手术组,P 0. 05;研究组术后1周及术后1个月的血肌酐水平显著低于开放性手术组,P 0. 05。结论微创经皮肾镜术治疗鹿角形肾结石可有效降低患手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后肾结石复发率及围手术期的并发症发生率,提高患者肾结石清除率。     

斜侧卧位多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术在治疗鹿角形肾结石中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨斜侧卧位微创多通道经皮肾镜取石术（microchannels percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）治疗鹿角形肾结石的可行性、有效性与安全性。方法 回顾分析本院从2011年3月至2015年12月期间收治确诊为鹿角形结石并接受经皮肾镜取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL）治疗,而且通过入选标准和排除标准筛选的患者39例,其中斜侧卧位多通道MPCNL组（A组）17例,俯卧位标准通道PCNL组（B组）22例。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中体位舒适度、术前术后血红蛋白浓度差、术后肾功能、术后结石清除率、术后并发症发生率、术后住院天数、住院总费用等。结果 比较两组之间手术时间、术中体位舒适度、一期术后结石清除率,A组均高于B组,其差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。比较两组术后住院天数、住院总费用,A组均低于B组,差异亦有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。比较两组患者术前术后血红蛋白浓度差、术后第3天血肌酐、术后并发症发生率,其差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 斜侧卧位多通道MPCNL在提高一期结石清除效率、缩短住院时间、降低住院费用等方面具有优势,而且不增加手术并发症发生率,可作为一种治疗肾脏鹿角形结石的理想术式。     

经皮肾镜与输尿管软镜治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的比较

目的比较经皮肾镜（PCNL）与输尿管软镜（FURS）治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石的安全性及有效性。 方法回顾性纳入并分析我院2017年4月至2019年4月43例肾下盏小鹿角形结石,其中PCNL治疗20例（PCNL组）,FURS治疗23例（FURS组）,比较两组手术时间、结石清除率、手术并发症和术后住院天数等。 结果43例均顺利完成手术,PCNL组的手术时间、术后住院天数均显著长于FURS组（P<0.05）;术后1~4 d PCNL组结石清除率85.0%,显著高于FURS组52.2%,术后4周及术后半年两组结石清除率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但FURS组的二次干预率更高（P<0.05）;两组在术后发热、出血及石街形成等方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但PCNL组的血红蛋白丢失量及术后止痛药使用率更高（P<0.05）。 结论PCNL与FURS在治疗肾下盏小鹿角形结石均安全、有效,两者远期疗效相当,但FURS比PCNL创伤更小,术后恢复更快,值得临床推广。     

顺行输尿管软镜在经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂肾结石中的应用价值

目的:探索顺行输尿管软镜在经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗复杂肾结石中的临床疗效及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2021年10月—2022年5月天津医科大学第二医院87例因肾多发结石及鹿角形结石行PCNL患者的临床资料。其中行单纯PCNL治疗46例(对照组),行PCNL联合顺行输尿管软镜治疗41例(观察组),比较2组结石清除率、手术时间、术后并发症、通道数目、二期手术率及术后住院时间。结果:87例手术均顺利完成，观察组与对照组术后3 d结石清除率[68.3%(28/41) vs 45.7%(21/46),P<0.05]和手术时间[(76.6±10.2) min vs (83.1±18.9) min,P<0.05]比较差异有统计学意义。观察组术后发热发生率、Clavien-Dindo分级、二期手术率、术后住院时间与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。观察组多通道比例(9.8%)低于对照组(23.9%),但差异无统计学意义。观察组较对照组术后3 d结石清除率高，手术时间短。结论:PCNL联合顺行输尿管软镜治疗鹿角形结石及多发肾结石具有一期清石率高、手术时间短的特点，并且不增加手术并发症发生率；...     

18F通道经皮肾镜碎石取石术联合尿石通治疗肾结石

目的观察18 F通道经皮肾镜钬激光碎石联合尿石通治疗肾结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析采用18 F通道PCNL钬激光碎石治疗196例肾结石患者临床资料,根据术后是否辅以尿石通治疗分为两组,观察两组的手术时间、手术碎石率、结石排净率及并发症发生率等。结果手术均取得成功,平均手术时间(76±20)min。一次手术结石取净结石159例(81.12%)。两组在年龄、性别、手术时间、手术清石率、并发症发生率等方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05);加用尿石通组最终排石率明显高于未加尿石通组(99.1%vs 93.1%,P0.05)。196例患者均有效解除梗阻,无一例出现大出血、全身性感染及中转开放手术。结论 18 F通道PCNL钬激光碎石治疗肾结石具有手术创伤小、严重不良并发症少、手术时间短、术后恢复较快等优点,术后加用尿石通辅助排石治疗,利于碎石排出,提高最终排石率,临床疗效满意。     

A comparison among four tract dilation methods of percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Amplatz dilation (AD), metal telescopic dilation (MTD), balloon dilation (BD), and one-shot dilation (OSD) methods for tract dilation during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Relevant eligible studies were identified using three electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL). Database acquisition and quality evaluation were independently performed by two reviewers. Efficacy (stone-free rate, surgical duration, and tract dilatation fluoroscopy time) and safety (transfusion rate and hemoglobin decrease) were evaluated using Review Manager 5.2. Four randomized controlled trials and eight clinical controlled trials involving 6,820 patients met the inclusion criteria. The pooled result from a meta-analysis showed statistically significant differences in tract dilatation fluoroscopy time and hemoglobin decrease between the OSD and MTD groups, which showed comparable stone-free and transfusion rates. Significant differences in transfusion rate were found between the BD and MTD groups. Among patients without previous open renal surgery, those who underwent BD exhibited a lower blood transfusion rate and a shorter surgical duration compared with those who underwent AD. The OSD technique is safer and more efficient than the MTD technique for tract dilation during PCNL, particularly in patients with previous open renal surgery, resulting in a shorter tract dilatation fluoroscopy time and a lesser decrease in hemoglobin. The efficacy and safety of BD are better than AD in patients without previous open renal surgery. The OSD technique should be considered for most patients who undergo PCNL therapy.     

Tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with previous ipsilateral open renal surgery: a feasibility study with review of literature

PURPOSE: To present our initial experience of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in patients with previous ipsilateral open renal surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with previous ipsilateral open renal surgery underwent tubeless PCNL at our institute. Patients with large renal and/or upper ureteral calculi, irrespective of the number and size of the stones, amount of hydronephrosis, or the renal parameters, were selected for the procedure. Exclusion criteria were patients needing more than two percutaneous tracts, significant bleeding, and a significant residual stone burden that would necessitate a staged PCNL. The perioperative outcome of these patients (study group) was retrospectively compared with an historic cohort of the same number of patients with a history of open surgery for renal calculi who underwent ipsilateral PCNL with routine placement of a nephrostomy tube (control group). RESULTS: The two groups had comparable demographic data. Patients in the study group needed less postoperative analgesia (P = 0.000). They were discharged a mean of 10 hours earlier (P = 0.000). Two patients in both groups required blood transfusion. No urinoma or urinary leak from the nephrostomy site occurred in the study group. The incidence of other postoperative complications was comparable in both groups. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 88% of patients in the study group and 84% patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: The tubeless approach in patients with a history of open renal surgery is associated with decreased analgesia requirement and hospital stay without compromising stone-free rates or increasing the complications.     

Does previous open nephrolithotomy affect the outcome of percutaneous nephrolithotomy?

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of previous open nephrolithotomy on the results and morbidity of subsequent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March 2005 and January 2006, 89 patients underwent PCNL at our institution. We compared the patients who had had previous open surgery on the same kidney (group 1; n = 27) with those who had had no previous surgery (group 2; n = 62). The two groups did not differ significantly in age (45.4 v 44 years), stone burden (361.3 mm(2) v 482.4 mm(2) ), stone number, or laterality. Operative time, hospital stay, success rate, visual analog pain scores 8 hours after surgery, analgesic doses (diclofenac sodium), and intraoperative and postoperative complications were compared. RESULTS: There were no differences in operating time, postoperative analgesic doses, pain scores, intraoperative and postoperative complications, the number of accesses, or the stone-free rate. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidity and efficacy of PCNL are similar in patients who have had previous open nephrolithotomy and those having no previous surgery. Previous open surgery does not affect the success of PCNL.     

标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路开放手术后肾结石

目的 评价24 F标准通道经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路开放手术后肾结石的有效性和安全性.方法 有上尿路开放手术史肾结石患者11例,平均年龄44岁.其中曾行肾实质或肾盂切开取石术5例、肾盂输尿管连接部成形术3例、上段输尿管切开取石术2例、肾部分切除术1例.左侧5例、右侧6例.结石单发2例、多发5例、鹿角状4例.结石体积1.7～47.1 crns.采用B超引导下穿刺,两步法建立24 F标准通道,超声碎石、清石系统粉碎并清除结石.结果 11例均成功建立通道并一期手术,其中单通道清除结石9例、双通道2例;经中组肾盏建立通道10例、经上盏2例、经下盏1例.平均手术时间(86.2±34.2)min,建立通道时间(14.1±11.O)min.一期手术结石清除率为91%(10/11).11例围手术期均未发生严重并发症.结论 B超引导下穿刺的24 F标准通道PCNL治疗上尿路开放手术后肾结石安全有效.     

Open stone surgery: Is it still a preferable procedure in the management of staghorn calculi?

We reviewed 43 patients with staghorn calculi to determine the effectiveness of various treatment modalities such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy, ESWL and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) combined therapy, and open stone surgery. While ESWL monotherapy and ESWL+PCNL were performed in 25 and 8 patients, respectively, 10 patients underwent open stone surgery. Of the 25 patients treated with ESWL, 8 were stone-free, whereas 4 out of 8 patients treated with ESWL+PCNL and 8 out of 10 patients treated with open surgery were stone-free. The complications of ESWL monotherapy consisted of pyelonephritis in one patient, and stone street formations in three. In the group of ESWL+PCNL, one patient developed pyonephrosis, and another perinephritic abscess. No serious complication was noted in patients who underwent open surgery, but an average of 525 ml of blood transfusion was required. We conclude that open stone surgery, although invasive, is still beneficial in the treatment of staghorn calculi. Presented at the 10th Congress of the European Association of Urology, July 1992, Genoa.     

The management of paediatric urolithiasis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the management of paediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endoscopic ureterolithotomy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open nephrolithotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a 3-year period (1997-1999), 59 children were treated for urolithiasis and underwent a total of 79 procedures. Thirty-two ESWL sessions were performed in 23 children (mean age 7.4 years, median 6.0). PCNL was undertaken in 30 renal units in 25 children (mean age 6.4 years, median 4.0). Eight patients (mean age 7.8 years, median 5) underwent 17 ureteroscopic procedures, six of which involved the use of a holmium laser. Three children with staghorn calculi underwent open nephrolithotomy under conditions of renal ischaemia and hypothermia. RESULTS: Of the 23 children treated using ESWL, 21 (91%) became stone-free; 17 underwent one ESWL session (74%), three had two sessions and three (13%) had three sessions. All eight patients who underwent ureteroscopy became stone-free. Four patients in whom the stone could not be reached by ureteroscopy initially had a JJ stent inserted, and the stone and stent subsequently removed. Stones were cleared using PCNL in 27 of 30 renal units (90%); three patients who had residual stone fragments were rendered stone-free by ESWL. Two of three children undergoing open nephrolithotomy were stone-free after surgery and the remaining one rendered stone-free with ESWL. Metabolic evaluation showed that 25 of 45 children (55%) had a urinary infection, eight (18%) had hyperoxaluria, three (7%) had hypercalciuria, two (4%) had cystinuria, and no identifiable cause was found in seven (16%). Treatment by a single modality rendered 52 of the 59 children (88%) stone-free; when the different modalities were combined, 57 of 59 patients (97%) were cleared of their stones. CONCLUSIONS: Technological advances in ESWL, ureteroscopy and PCNL have had a significant effect on the management of urolithiasis in children, allowing a safe and successful outcome. The comprehensive care of children with urolithiasis should include a full metabolic evaluation. Anatomical anomalies contribute to the complexity of many cases, necessitating a close liaison between adult and paediatric urologists, nephrologists and radiologists to optimize stone management in children.     

小儿肾结石的ESWL和PCNL治疗

目的　总结小儿肾结石ESWL和经皮微造瘘输尿管镜取石术 (mini PCNL)治疗经验。　方法　回顾性分析 10 5例小儿肾结石诊治资料 ,男 72例、女 3 3例 ,平均年龄 8.7岁。其中伴尿路畸形 2 1例 (2 0 .0 % )。ESWL治疗 68例 ;mini PCNL治疗 3 3例 ,4例联合ESWL ;改行开放手术 4例。　结果　 68例ESWL治疗 92次 ,结石完全排空 57例 (83 .8% ) ,1次ESWL治疗成功 47例 (69.1% ) ,2次治疗 18例 (2 6.5% ) ,3次治疗 2例 (4.4% ) ;2例石街经输尿管镜治疗成功。 3 3例mini PCNL治疗者 ,一期PCNL成功 2 4例 (72 .7% ) ,二期PCNL治疗 9例 (2 7.3 % ) ;3例伴肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻者同时行顺行肾盂输尿管内切开术 ,一期结石清除率 2 4例 (72 .7% ) ,二期结石清除率 2 9例(87.9% ) ,联合ESWL 4例 ,总结石清除率为 97.0 %。 4例开放手术中 2例同时行肾盂输尿管成形术 ,1例多发结石术后有残余结石。　结论　ESWL是治疗小儿肾结石安全、有效的首选方法 ;选择PCNL治疗应根据结石和设备技术情况 ,联合ESWL成功率更高     

经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗复杂肾结石的临床分析

目的总结经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)的学习曲线、手术体会及并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析2005年3月至2009年10月的83例复杂肾结石行PCNL治疗的患者,早期30例及结石直径小于2cm行微通道PCNL的病例,其余病例均行标准通道PCNL。结果83例患者中前30例患者手术时间平均160min,中转开放手术取石5例,结石取尽率72.6%;后53例平均手术时间为100min,结石取尽率85.6%,无严重并发症发生,平均住院时间为12.5d。结论随着临床经验的积累和手术设备的更新,经皮肾镜碎石术对于复杂肾结石治疗的微创、高效的优势将更加明显,手术的安全性也将进一步提高。     

斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的 探讨斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的手术方法与安全性评价.方法 2007年3月至2011年12月为686例复杂性肾结石施行斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术.男474例,女212例,年龄47.7±12.9岁.术中在斜仰卧-截石位下先行患侧输尿管逆行插管,然后超声定位下建立16-22 F的经皮肾工作通道.从经皮肾通道置入8/9.8 F输尿管镜,采用气压弹道碎石器在灌注泵配合下边冲洗边碎石.记录手术时间、出血量、结石取尽率、并发症等资料,与同期施行的340例俯卧经皮肾镜取石术的临床资料相比较.结果 斜仰卧-截石位经皮肾镜取石术均顺利实施,手术时间72.9±28.7 min,比俯卧位经皮肾镜取石术时间缩短;术中估计出血104.3±76.6 ml,输血率1.31％,结石取尽率80.6％,总体并发症发生率2.62％,与俯卧位组无统计学差异.97.7％的患者诉体位舒适,优于俯卧位组(64.1％).结论 斜仰卧-截石位施行经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石患者体位舒适,安全可行,并发症少;利于术中麻醉监护,提高了手术的安全性;便于术中碎石冲洗出体外,手术效果良好.