跟骨截骨加植骨结合距下关节融合术在陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合中的应用

[摘要]目的：观察通过跟骨多方位截骨加植骨与距下关节融合术联合治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效,探讨其手术适应症及优、缺点。方法：2009年4月～2011年8月,对13例跟骨陈旧性骨折患者行跟骨多方位截骨加植骨与距下关节融合术治疗,采取跟骨外侧入路,取自体髂骨植骨距下关节外融合及内固定。其中男10例,女3例,术后随访3～21个月,平均13．3个月。     

跟骨丘部植骨重建距下关节融合治疗跟骨关节内陈旧骨折

目的探讨跟骨丘部自体骨植骨重建距下关节融合术治疗陈旧性跟骨关节内骨折的手术方法及适应证. 方法 2000年7月～2003年10月,对11例跟骨陈旧性骨折患者行自体髂骨植骨丘部重建距下关节融合的方法进行治疗.其中男9例,女2例,年龄21～48岁;均为单侧足.跟骨外侧改良L形切口,全部取髂骨植骨重建跟骨丘部高度,髂骨块平均为3.0 cm×2.5 cm×1.8 cm,跟骨外膨的外侧壁均切除. 结果 11例获随访3～18个月,平均11.5个月.重建丘部骨10～12周愈合,术后8周部分负重,平均13.2周完全负重行走.根据张铁良跟骨关节内骨折评分标准:优4例,良5例,可2例.X线片示Bhler角、跟骨宽度以及跟骨丘部高度基本恢复正常. 结论自体髂骨植骨、跟骨丘部高度重建及距下关节融合术是治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折的一种有效方法,可矫正跟骨畸形,并恢复外形及功能.     

四种手术方式行距下关节融合术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折的疗效观察

目的 :观察采用4种手术方式行距下关节融合内固定术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法 :自2014年3月至2017年11月,采用4种手术方式行距下关节融合术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折25例(26足),年龄23～70(36.7±5.8)岁,病程3～35(9.5±5.1)个月,距下关节原位融合术2例(2足),距下关节撑开植骨融合术6例(7足),跟骨"V"形截骨距下关节融合术6例(6足),跟骨体斜行截骨联合距下关节植骨融合术11例(11足)。观察患者手术并发症情况;比较术前及术后12个月距骨倾斜角、跟骨B觟hler角、Gissane角、跟距高度,术后12个月时采用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)及美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝与后足评分评估手术疗效。结果:21例(21足)患者获得随访,时间13～34 (20.1±3.7)个月,4例(5足)失访。术后2例手术切口裂开,1例骨折不愈合,其余病例未发生骨折不愈合及内固定松动或断裂等并发症。术前与术后12个月距骨倾斜角[(5.3±2.4)°vs (11.2±4.6)°,t=7.24,P0.05],跟骨B觟hler角[(5.4±2.7)°vs (25.5±5.3)°,t=11.2,P0.05],Gissane角[(89.4±9.6)°vs (122.0±5.2)°,t=8.13,P0.05],跟距高度[(28.5±5.1) mm vs (47.1±3.7) mm,t=6.45,P0.05]比较差异有统计学意义。术后12个月VAS评分1.6±0.7,较术前5.2±1.0明显改善(t=5.12,P0.05);术后12个月AOFAS评分86.2±5.2,较术前52.4±6.4明显提高(t=6.41,P0.05);其中优14足,良4足,可2足,差1足。结论:距下关节原位融合术、距下关节撑开植骨融合术、跟骨"V"形截骨距下关节融合术、跟骨体斜行截骨联合距下关节植骨融合术均为治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折的有效手术方式,具有缓解疼痛、纠正跟骨畸形、改善足部功能等优点,严格掌握各种手术方式的适应证是保证手术疗效的关键。     

距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折随访结果分析

对波及后距下关节面的粉碎性骨折采用距下关节融合术。本组报告２６例,随访７个月～８年。采用Ｋｅｒ氏法进行效果分析表明,总平均分数９５９％,距跟关节全部融合,功能恢复满意。本文还结合距下关节的解剖学和生物力学特点,讨论了距下关节融合术对足部功能所产生的影响,提出了对波及距下关节的跟骨粉碎性骨折采取距下关节融合术是可行的治疗方案。文中还对手术可能产生的并发症、预防措施及适应证、手术时机进行了讨论。     

跟骨多方位截骨加植骨与距下关节融合术治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的：观察通过跟骨多方位截骨加植骨与距下关节融合术联合治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效,探讨其手术适应证及优、缺点。．方法：2009年4月至2011年8月,27例跟骨陈旧性骨折患者行跟骨多方位截骨加植骨与距下关节融合术治疗。男21例,女6例,年龄22-47岁,均为单足损伤。采取跟骨外侧入路,取自体髂骨植骨,距下关节外融合及内固定。根据美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）足与踝关节评分进行功能评价。结果：所有患者术后随访13～21个月,平均18．4个月。患者8周部分负重,14周完全负重。AOFAS评分自术前（35．6±7．9）分升至术后（83．8±7．1）分,手术前、后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。X线片显示Bohler角、跟骨丘部高度及跟骨宽度基本恢复正常。结论：跟骨多方位截骨加植骨与距下关节融合术的联合治疗是治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合的一种有效方法,可明显降低行走疼痛的发生率,恢复后足的外形与功能。     

跟骨陈旧性关节内骨折的二期手术治疗

目的评价跟骨钢板内固定二期治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法33例陈旧性跟骨关节内骨折按Sanders分型:Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型11例。SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折采用保留距下关节跟骨截骨矫形,SandersⅣ型骨折采用距下关节撑开植骨的距下关节融合术。选择改良L形切口,劈除外膨的跟骨外侧壁,松解腓骨肌腱。跟骨内骨缺损采用自体骨植骨。结果所有患者平均随访19.8个月(6～48个月),按Maryland足部评分标准评价术后功能,总体优良率81.8%。结论跟骨关节内骨折如一期皮肤等条件不允许情况下,二期SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折采用保留距下关节跟骨截骨矫形,SandersⅣ型距下关节撑开植骨的距下关节融合治疗不失是一种可靠的办法。     

跟骨丘部重建距下关节融合治疗跟骨骨折严重畸形愈合

目的介绍自体植骨丘部重建距下关节融台术治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈台的方法，探讨手术适应证及优、缺点。方法1998年11月～2002年8月．对17例21足跟骨骨折严重畸形愈台患者采用自体植骨丘部重建距下关节融台的方法进行治疗．男13例17足．女4例4足；年龄25～45岁，平均35.4岁；单侧跟骨骨折13侧13足，双侧4例8足．选择跟骨外侧改良“L”形切口行自体植骨丘部重建距下关节融合术，其中15例17足取髂骨植骨，1例2足分别取髂骨植骨和跟骨外膨的外侧壁植骨．1例2足取跟骨外膨的外侧壁植骨。所有跟骨外嘭的外删壁均做切除．结果15例18足获得随访。随访时间9～22个月，平均14．5个月。按Maryland方法评价术后功能：优7足，良9足，可2足；优良率为88．9%，X线片示Bohler角、Gissane角、距骨倾斜角、跟骨宽度及丘部高度基本恢复正常，结论自体植骨丘部重建距下关节融台术是治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合的一种有技方法。可明显矫正跟骨畸形．恢复后足外形及功能。     

后侧距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折后遗症

目的：介绍自体植骨后侧距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折后遗症的方法及临床效果。方法：2001年1月-2004年1月,对33例37足跟骨骨折严重后遗症患者采用自体植骨后侧距下关节融合术的方法进行治疗,男30例34足,女3例3足;年龄22-47岁,平均32．7岁;单侧跟骨骨折29例29足,双侧跟骨骨折4例8足。选择跟骨外后上侧改良“L”形切口行自体植骨后侧距下关节融合术,其中29例33足取全板髂骨块和外膨的跟骨外侧壁植骨,2例2足取全板髂骨块植骨,2例2足取外膨的跟骨外侧壁植骨。全部切除外膨的跟骨外侧壁。结果：全部病例均获得随访,随访时间10-20个月,平均14个月。随访中采用keer跟骨骨折百分评分系统：平均92．1分,较术前平均升高54．7分。X线片示Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨轴长、跟骨宽度、距骨倾斜角基本恢复正常。结论：自体植骨后侧距下关节融合术是治疗跟骨骨折后遗症的一种有效方法,可矫正跟骨骨折后遗症,恢复后足外形及功能。     

改良小L形入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折距下关节炎

目的：观察改良跟腱旁后外侧小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折距下关节炎的疗效。方法：2009年3月至2012年9月,应用改良小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合术治疗22例跟骨骨折伴距下关节炎患者,男13例,女9例;年龄22～49岁,平均35．3岁。病程11～32个月,平均21个月。根据Stephens-Sanders分型,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型6例。通过改良AOFAS踝与后足评分标准对手术前后患足功能进行评估,比较改善程度。结果：1例出现皮缘坏死,无感染、螺钉断裂、植骨吸收及距骨坏死等情况发生。术后21例获随访,时间18～46个月,平均29个月。术后4个月融合处均获骨性愈合。末次随访时改良AOFAS评分由术前32-65分（平均50．8分）提高至末次随访66～92分（平均82．6分）,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：改良小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合术是治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折并发距下关节炎的一种有效方法,临床操作简单,并发症少,可矫正跟骨骨折畸形愈合的主要病理改变,恢复足部外形并改善后足功能。     

切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折切开复位、解剖钢板内固定的方法、效果及跟骨骨折手术的并发症及对策。方法对46例52足跟骨粉碎性骨折,波及跟距关节,出现跟-结节角变小、关节面移位、跟骨变宽,行外侧入路切开复位加跟骨解剖型钢板内固定,植骨或不植骨。按Sanders分类,型32足,型20足。结果骨折复位满意,切口皮肤坏死裂开1例,窦道形成5例;30例34足得到随访,随访时间18～32个月,平均20.1个月,按Kerr足部评分标准,优16足,良14足,中4足。结论切开复位加解剖型钢板内固定治疗移位的跟骨关节内骨折疗效可靠。     

Primary subtalar arthrodesis for the treatment of comminuted intra-articular calcaneal fractures

We report the short- and mid-term results in six patients (seven feet) affected by markedly comminuted intra-articular calcaneal fractures (Sanders type IV), treated by primary subtalar arthrodesis. The average age at surgery was 40 years. In all patients, arthrodesis of the subtalar joint was performed using a limited lateral approach to the calcaneus; it was stabilised with two or three cannulated screws. No patient had a preliminary reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. The time from injury to surgery averaged 20 days because all of the patients had associated visceral and/or other skeletal injuries. All of the patients were followed up clinically and radiographically 2 times, at an average of 12 months and 53 months after surgery. At the short-term follow-up, the mean AOFAS score was 70 points; the X-rays showed a complete fusion of the subtalar joint in all seven feet, without any sign of osteoarthritis of the calcaneo-cuboid and the talo-navicular joints. In all cases, an altered shape of the calcaneus was present. At the mid-term follow-up, the mean AOFAS score increased to 85 points; in one patient, radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the calcaneo-cuboid and the talo-navicular joints were present and, in another patient, only talo-navicular joint was present, although both patients were free from pain. The difference between the two AOFAS scores was statistically significant. We believe that primary subtalar arthrodesis performed for markedly comminuted Sanders type IV calcaneal fractures yielded good mid-term results, and it is especially indicated when surgical treatment is delayed for whatever reason. A preliminary open reduction and internal fixation to restore the normal height of the calcaneus before performing the subtalar arthrodesis, as suggested by several authors, does not seem indispensable to obtain good clinical results.     

跟骨丘部重建加距下关节融合术治疗Sanders Ⅲ型跟骨关节内陈旧性骨折

目的：观察跟骨丘部重建与距下关节融合术联合治疗严重的跟骨关节内陈旧性骨折的临床疗效,总结其手术适应证及注意要点。方法：2006年3月至2011年7月,采用跟骨丘部重建与距下关节融合术联合治疗SandersⅢ型跟骨关节内陈旧性骨折患者26例,男15例,女11例;年龄27—45岁,平均34岁;病程7～24个月,平均18个月。术前X线片及CT示Gissane角增大,Bohler角减小,跟骨增宽向两侧膨出。术后复查时行影像学检查并对跟骨宽度、丘部高度、Bohler角及Gissane角进行测量,并与术前比较。根据AOFAS踝后足评分标准对手术前后患足功能进行评分,比较改善程度。结果：24例患者获完整随访,随访时间5-26个月,平均19个月。X线片证实所有患者融合成功,未发生严重感染,其中1例患者术后出现皮缘坏死,行带腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转位修复术后皮瓣存活,伤口愈合良好。患者AOFAS踝后足评分由术前的（41．00±8．22）分提高到术后的（79．04±7．46）分;结果优3例,良15例,中6例。术后跟骨宽度、丘部高度、Btihler角及Gissane角较术前有明显改善（P〈0．01）。结论：重建跟骨丘部的距下关节融合术是治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折的一种有效方法,可矫正跟骨畸形、恢复足部外形并改善后足功能。     

Displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture treated surgically with limited posterior incision

The incidence of calcaneal fracture has been slowly increasing; however, the ideal treatment for displaced intra-articular fracture is not available yet, even though the fracture brings frequent complication and disability. Between April 1991 and March 1998, we treated 103 displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures of 92 patients surgically with limited posterior incision, modified Gallie approach. There were thirty-seven tongue-type fractures, fifteen tongue-type fractures with moderate comminution, nineteen joint-depression fractures, twenty-nine joint-depression fractures with moderate comminution, and three extensively comminuted fractures. The fracture fragments were fixed mainly with partly threaded small cancellous screws or Steinmann pins without any bone graft. Ankle and subtalar motion was permitted immediately if fixation were stable enough. Otherwise, a short period of cast immobilization was utilized. With a mean follow-up of 28 months (range, 12 to 66 months), eighty six percent of feet had no pain or only occasional pain not requiring medication. Using American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot score system for assessment, ninety percent of feet rated as good to excellent. We used "Circle draw test" for evaluation of subtalar motion during follow-up visitation and found eight-seven percent of feet showed good to excellent correlation with the functional recovery. We recommend a limited posterior incision for reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures. For displaced intra-articular fractures with three or four large fragments without further comminution and without a displaced fracture of the calcaneal cuboid joint, this method is particularly useful. We also recommend a Circle draw test for evaluation of subtalar joint motion as well as an indicator of functional recovery after displaced calcaneal fractures.     

跟骨钢板及骨移植在跟骨塌陷骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨应用跟骨重建钢板及自体骨移植，在重建跟骨塌陷骨折距下关节面完整和稳定性中的作用。方法应用跟骨重建钢板及自体骨移植治疗跟骨塌陷性骨折25例，临床随访6个月～2a，平均1年2个月。结果25例跟骨塌陷骨折全部骨性愈合。按Kerr百分评分系统进行疗效评定，优10例，良12例，一般2例，差1例，优良率88％。结论应用跟骨重建钢板及自体骨移植重建跟骨塌陷骨折距下关节面完整和稳定性，固定坚强可靠，可早期功能锻炼，重建跟骨体高度及Boehler角，防止并发症发生。     

钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折

目的探讨应用跟骨解剖钢板内固定治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折的疗效。方法对98例跟骨关节内移位骨折患者(102足)采用切开复位跟骨解剖钢板内固定,粉碎严重伴骨缺损及跟距关节面塌陷者,取自体髂骨植骨,恢复后关节面复位,跟骨外侧放置解剖钢板固定。结果患者均获随访,时间8～29个月,骨折均愈合。有2例拔出橡皮片引流后皮下渗液,经换药3周后愈合;1例伤口皮缘浅层坏死,换药4周后愈合。Bhler角和Gissane角术前分别为-5°～25°和151°～182°,术后分别为25°～41°和97°～138°。根据Mary-land et al评分系统评定:优56足,良34足,可12足,优良率为88.24%。结论采用切开复位跟骨解剖钢板内固定必要时植骨治疗跟骨关节内移位骨折,疗效满意。     

距下关节融合与跟骨丘部矫形术治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的观察距下关节融合与跟骨丘部矫形术联合治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效,探讨其手术适应证及优、缺点。方法1994年12月~2006年1月,对84例(96足)跟骨骨折畸形愈合的患者行距下关节融合与跟骨丘部矫形术,采取跟骨外侧手术入路,取自体松质骨植骨距下关节融合及内固定。其中男51例62足,女33例34足;年龄21~58岁,平均38.5岁。单侧72例,双侧12例。损伤原因:高处坠落伤57例,交通事故伤22例,其他5例。损伤至手术时间6~31个月,平均9.5个月。结果术后患者均获随访1~132个月。根据美国足踝外科协会足与踝关节评分标准,优31足,良53足,差12足,优良率87.5%。术后X线片示Bo。hler角、Gissane角、跟骨丘部高度及跟骨宽度与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论自体松质骨植骨距下关节融合与跟骨丘部矫形术是治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的一种有效方法,能恢复后足外形及功能,明显降低跟骨骨折步行疼痛后遗症的发生率。     

Intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions

BACKGROUND: Nonoperative management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures may result in malunion affecting the function of both the ankle and the subtalar joint. The purpose of this study was to report the intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions. METHODS: Seventy feet (sixty-four patients) with a malunion after nonoperative management of a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture were evaluated. On the basis of the classification system of Stephens and Sanders, type-I malunions were treated with a lateral wall exostectomy and peroneal tenolysis; type-II malunions, with a lateral wall exostectomy, peroneal tenolysis, and subtalar bone-block arthrodesis; and type-III malunions, with a lateral wall exostectomy, peroneal tenolysis, subtalar bone-block arthrodesis, and a calcaneal osteotomy. The patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a minimum of twenty-four months following surgery. RESULTS: Forty-five feet in forty patients were available for follow-up evaluation at a minimum of two years, with an average duration of follow-up of 5.3 years. Thirty-seven (93%) of the forty feet that had an arthrodesis achieved union. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference among the types of malunion with respect to the Maryland foot score, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score, or the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey subscales, which was likely due to sample size discrepancies. Forty-two (93%) of the forty-five feet were aligned in neutral or slight valgus hindfoot alignment, and all forty-five were plantigrade. Twenty-nine (64%) of the forty-five feet had mild residual pain, and nineteen of them had pain in the lateral aspect of the ankle. Radiographically, talocalcaneal height was significantly greater for the type-III malunion group relative to the type-I and type-II malunion groups (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: This treatment protocol proved to be effective in relieving pain, reestablishing a plantigrade foot, and improving patient function. Because of the difficulty we encountered in restoring the calcaneal height and the talocalcaneal relationship in this group of patients with a symptomatic calcaneal fracture malunion, we believe that patients with a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture may benefit from acute operative treatment.