次级淋巴组织因子在胃癌和转移淋巴结中的表达及其意义

目的　研究次级淋巴组织因子 (secondarylymphoidtissuechemokine ,SLC)在胃癌组织及转移淋巴结中的表达及其临床意义。方法　用逆转录聚合酶链反应方法测定 2 9例胃癌组织及其相应的正常胃粘膜组织和转移淋巴结中SLCmRNA的表达。结果　胃癌组织及转移淋巴结中SLCmRNA的表达均显著地低于正常胃粘膜组织 (P <0 0 5 ) ,胃癌组织 /正常胃粘膜组织比值为 0 43± 0 0 8,转移淋巴结 /正常组织值为 0 6 3± 0 0 7,未转移淋巴结 /正常胃粘膜组织比值为 1 19± 0 11。内对照G3PDH肿瘤组织 /正常胃粘膜组织比值为 1 16± 0 0 6 ,但SLC的表达与患者的临床病理特征并不相关。结论　在胃癌及转移淋巴结中SLC的表达明显受抑。SLC可能在胃癌的早期发生时起了重要作用 ,而不是在胃癌的进展期。     

次级淋巴组织趋化因子及其受体CCR7在肿瘤侵袭和淋巴转移中的研究进展

次级淋巴组织趋化因子（SLC）是近年发现的一种新的趋化因子,高表达于次级淋巴组织,能趋化并活化T淋巴细胞、树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞等免疫效应细胞,在机体淋巴细胞的迁移归巢、抗肿瘤、抗感染过程中具有重要作用。CCR7是SLC的高亲和力受体,近年来研究发现,CCR7和SLC的表达与肿瘤的淋巴转移密切相关。现综述SLC及其受体CCR7的生物学特性和主要功能,并重点阐述SLC和CCR7在肿瘤侵袭和淋巴转移中的研究现状。     

次级淋巴组织趋化因子在溃疡性结肠炎发病中的作用

目的 探讨次级淋巴组织趋化因子(SLC)对实验性溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠结肠病变的影响.方法 60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、UC模型组(模型组)及SLC抗体干预治疗UC模型组(干预组),观察、比较不同组别结肠黏膜炎性和淋巴细胞归巢状况以及结肠组织细胞因子(IL-2和IL-6)的变化.逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)半定量法检测结肠组织中的SLC表达.结果 3组大鼠的结肠黏膜炎性反应评分和结肠组织细胞因子含量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05和P<0.01).模型组和干预组的结肠黏膜下存在淋巴细胞异常归巢现象;模型组和干预组SLCmRNA的表达量比对照组明显升高(0.846+0.047和0.768±0.135比0.312±0.112,P<0.01),但模型组与干预组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 SLC与实验性溃疡性结肠炎大鼠的结肠黏膜炎性反应密切相关,阻断SLC是减轻结肠黏膜炎性反应的有效途径之一.     

趋化因子受体CCR7在胃癌中的表达及其与淋巴结转移的关系

目的探讨趋化因子受体CCR7的表达对预测胃癌淋巴结转移的临床价值。方法对132例行胃癌根治术和30例内镜活检的胃癌组织标本采用免疫组化法检测CCR7的表达。结果CCR7在56.8%的病例中呈阳性表达。CCR7在伴有淋巴结转移病例中的表达显著高于无淋巴结转移者(P<0.001);其与肿瘤大小(P<0.01)、浸润深度(P<0.001)、淋巴管浸润(P<0.001)和TNM分期(P<0.001)相关,并与多层螺旋CT(MSCT)和病理检查判断的淋巴结转移密切相关(P<0.05,P<0.01);但与年龄、性别、肿瘤位置、Lauren分类和血管浸润无关。在回顾性研究中,CCR7表达对胃癌淋巴结转移判断的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)和准确率分别为83.1%、73.8%、78.7%、78.9%和78.8%;在前瞻性研究中,CCR7表达对胃癌淋巴结转移判断的敏感性、特异性、PPV、NPV和准确率分别达85.0%、60.0%、80.9%、66.7%和76.7%。结论CCR7表达与胃癌淋巴结转移密切相关,对内镜活检组织检测CCR7的表达有助于预测胃癌淋巴结转移及决定淋巴结清扫的手术范围。CCR7可能成为胃癌治疗的新靶点。     

食管鳞癌组织中趋化因子受体CXCR4与淋巴结转移的关系

目的 研究食管鳞癌组织中趋化因子受体(2XCR4与淋巴结转移的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学方法检测68例正常食管黏膜组织、68例食管鳞癌组织、37例食管鳞癌淋巴结转移组织CXCR4表达情况,生存率计算用寿命表法.结果 正常食管黏膜组织、食管鳞癌组织、食管鳞癌淋巴结转移组织CXCR4阳性率分别为12%(8/68)、54%(37/68)、84%(31/37);食管鳞癌组织cx(2R4阳性率与临床分期、淋巴结转移、淋巴管浸润有关(X2=5.40,8.26,6.61,P＜0.05).食管鳞癌CXCR4阳性表达者3年生存率为32%(12/37),明显低于阴性表达者58%(18/31)(X2=4.50,P＜0.05).结论 CXCR4阳性表达与食管鳞癌的淋巴结转移有关,有助于判断预后.     

淋巴结转移在胃癌预后中的评价

淋巴结转移为胃癌最常见的转移方式,是影响胃癌预后的重要原因之一,基于淋巴结转移数目和解剖位置的胃癌淋巴结转移分期(N分期)是最常见的预后评估和诊断分期方式,围绕N分期的研究至今仍在不断进行优化完善。许多特殊类型的淋巴结转移也逐渐被认识,如癌结节、淋巴结微转移、孤立肿瘤细胞及跳跃性转移。此文从淋巴结转移的机制、淋巴结转移分期演变、特殊淋巴结转移类型进行综合探讨淋巴结转移如何影响胃癌预后的评估。     

近端胃癌手术时淋巴结清扫范围、数目及转移的研究

目的研究近端胃癌手术时淋巴结切除范围、数目、转移和预后的关系。方法 行D2或D3术式的近端胃癌标本，全数摘取淋巴结，比较全胃切除和近端胃切除的淋巴结切除数目并判断预后。结果 本组31例共取淋巴结1971枚，平均63枚／例。近端胃切除57枚／例，全胃切除71枚／例，左半胰切除64枚／例，保留左半胰63枚／例。新分期N1、N2、N35年生存率分别为36％、11％、0。结论 随着癌肿侵犯范围扩大，必须扩大淋巴结切除范围；保留左半胰不影响淋巴结切除数目；新的定量N分期在评价预后方面优于旧的定性N分期。     

生长激素受体在胃癌及其转移淋巴结组织中的表达

本研究通过免疫组织化学方法,了解胃癌及其转移淋巴结组织中生长激素受体（GHR）的表达情况,初步探讨rhGH在胃癌患者术后的适用性。     

胃癌少见淋巴转移方式一例报告

病例男，62岁，因上腹部饱胀不适2月而入院。体检：锁骨上无肿大淋巴结，腹部无阳性体征。胃镜及活检病理示：贲门低分化腺癌。上消化道钡餐及胃镜见肿瘤位于胃上部小弯侧，约(3×3)cm2，但胸片提示右上纵隔增宽。进一步行CT检查示：纵隔多发淋巴结（胃癌淋巴转移），未发现肝转移及明显腹腔内淋巴结肿大，因检查结果提示胃癌（Ⅳ期），故未行手术治疗，转为FAM方案交替行股动脉置管腹腔动脉介入化疗（氟脲嘧啶1g，表阿霉素60mg，丝裂霉素10mg）与静脉化疗。讨论淋巴转移是胃癌转移的主要方式，通常经黏膜下层复杂而庞大的回流系统最终到…     

进展期胃癌的淋巴结转移特点及其临床意义

目的探讨进展期胃癌的淋巴结转移特点及临床意义。方法对2002年4月至2003年7月期间进行胃癌根治淋巴结清扫手术的91例患者的手术切除标本进行解剖，收集切除的淋巴结，逐枚进行病理组织学和免疫组织化学检查，判断淋巴结是否转移并计算淋巴结转移率。分析淋巴结转移率与肿瘤大小、TNM分期、Borrmann分型、肿瘤部位和淋巴结清扫范围等方面的关系。结果91例胃癌患者中淋巴结转移阳性63例（69．2％）。共收获3149枚淋巴结，平均每例34．6枚。肿瘤直径小于3cm者淋巴结转移率较3cm以上者低（P〈0．05）。TNM分期中Ⅲa和Ⅳ期患者淋巴结转移率均为100％，其转移度在30．3％～58．4％之间，较Ⅰ、Ⅱ期者高（P〈0．001）；Borrmann分型中Ⅲ型病例的淋巴结转移率（79．6％）较其他型患者高，而Ⅳ型患者淋巴结转移度（35．3％）最高（P〈0．05）。施行D3淋巴结清扫手术患者的淋巴结转移率和转移度（88．2％、38．0％）均高于D1、D2术患者（P〈0．05）。17例（18．7％）患者常规病理检查发现有183枚淋巴结微转移，肿瘤各部位与淋巴结微转移的关系差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。近端胃癌淋巴结转移主要在第1、2、3、5、7、8、9、12、13和16组，以8组转移度为最高（68．1％）；中部胃癌淋巴结转移主要在第1、3、7、12、13和16组，其中最高转移度为第3组（47．6％）；远侧胃癌淋巴结转移主要见于1、2．3、5、6、12、13和16组，其中第16组转移度为最高（83．3％）。结论淋巴结转移率和转移度与胃癌的恶性程度密切相关，因此D3淋巴结清扫手术对某些进展期胃癌患者值得考虑使用。     

胃癌淋巴结转移的CT分组定位诊断法

目的：评价CT对胃癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值以及临床应用价值。方法：采用分组定位诊断方法，通过识别CT上作为标志的血管、脏器以确定各组淋巴结所在位置，将CT观察结果与手术所见和病理检查结果相比较，得出CT对各组淋巴结诊断的准确性、特异性、敏感性。结果：CT检查胃癌转移淋巴结准确率较高的为第3、7、9、1、16组等，敏感性较高的为第3、1、7、9、16组等，特异性较高的为第3、7、9、12、1、16组等。结论：分组定位诊断法全面评价了CT对胃癌各组淋巴结转移的诊断性能，将此方法的特点与临床病理、淋巴结转移规律相结合，对提高术前分期准确性、选择合理的治疗方法具有一定价值。     

胃周阳性淋巴结数目是胃癌的一个预后指标

目的：研究胃周阳性淋巴结数目在胃癌预后中的意义。方法：将１２４例经组织学证实为淋巴结阳性者作为研究对象,分析胃周转移淋巴结数目与临床病理特征及生存率的关系。结果：１２４例胃周淋巴结阳性胃癌患者总的５年生存率为４８．３％,胃周阳性淋巴结超过６个的患者５年生存率明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。与胃周阳性淋巴结≥７个的胃癌相比,阳性淋巴结数≤６个的胃癌常小于４ＣＣ（Ｐ＜０．００５）,多呈大体局限型（Ｐ＜０．０２５）,未侵及浆膜（Ｐ＜０．０１）,巨淋巴结转移多局限于胃周淋巴结（Ｐ＜０．００５）。结论：胃周阳性淋巴结数目与肿瘤进展和生存率相关,是淋巴结阳性胃癌的一个简便有用的预后指标。     

胃腺癌伴淋巴结转移的蛋白质组学分析

目的筛选出参与胃腺癌淋巴结转移过程的相关蛋白。方法标本来源:2例中分化腺癌,淋巴结未侵及;1例低分化腺癌,1例低分化腺癌局灶伴印戒细胞癌分化,胃小弯侧淋巴结可见癌转移。裂解液、超声破碎法提取胃腺癌组织总蛋白,经双向电泳后获得胃腺癌组织蛋白质图像,运用PDQuest软件进行图像分析,找到胃腺癌伴淋巴结转移和胃腺癌不伴淋巴结转移的差异蛋白质。应用四级杆飞行时间电喷雾串联质谱(Q-TOF)鉴定差异表达的蛋白质。最后用Mascot数据库进行检索。结果与胃腺癌不伴淋巴结转移相比,胃腺癌伴淋巴结转移中有2个蛋白质点高表达,质谱鉴定结果为胃蛋白酶A(pepsin A)、巨噬细胞加帽蛋白(macrophage-capping protein);在胃腺癌不伴淋巴结转移中有1个蛋白质点高表达,质谱鉴定结果为免疫球蛋白κ链恒定区(Igκchain C region)。结论巨噬细胞加帽蛋白在伴淋巴结转移胃腺癌组织中高表达,推测其可能在胃腺癌淋巴结转移发生中发挥着一定作用。     

E-Cadherin Expression in the Primary Tumors and Metastatic Lymph Nodes of Poorly Differentiated Types of Rectal Cancer

Purpose. Dysfunction of E-cadherin, a cell–cell adhesion molecule, correlates with the grade of dedifferentiation and/or invasiveness of rectal cancer. However, the relationship between E-cadherin expression in the primary tumor and the potential for metastasis has never been reported. Methods. E-cadherin expression in 43 primary rectal cancer, including 10 poorly differentiated type, and their associated metastatic lymph nodes (LN mets.) were immunohisto-chemically evaluated. Results. Heterogeneous immunostaining, suggestive of damage to the E-cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion system, was seen in 13 of the 28 LN mets positive primary lesions, but in 0 of the 15 LN mets negative primaries. Furthermore, the incidence of heterogeneous immunostaining differed significantly between poorly differentiated and differentiated cancers, being seen in 8 of 10 cases and 5 of 33 cases, respectively (P = 0.0003 by Fisher's exact test). Interestingly, most of the LN mets. foci (25 of 28 cases) showed homogeneous staining regardless of the E-cadherin staining pattern of the primary lesion. Conclusion. Heterogeneous immunostaining of E-cadherin in poorly differentiated rectal cancer was associated with lymph node metastasis. Its staining pattern in metastatic lymph nodes were, however, generally homogenous. Received: April 2, 2001 / Accepted: September 11, 2001     

Prognostic Significance of Level and Number of Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND: To present data that provide some insight into the appropriateness of a nodal grouping category and its relation to survival in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: We reviewed data of 777 patients with advanced gastric cancer who had undergone curative gastrectomy to investigate the prognostic significance of level and number of lymph node metastases. RESULTS: The prognosis of patients with gastric cancer was well correlated with the level and number of lymph node metastases. Multivariate analysis indicated that the level and number of lymph node metastases were independent prognostic indicators. Moreover, the number of lymph node metastases was an independent prognostic factor in N1, N2, and N3 patients. The most statistically significant difference in disease-specific survival was observed at a threshold of 11 lymph node metastases, yielding a chi2 value of 42.88, a hazard ratio of 2.523, at a 95% confidence interval of 1.913, 3.329 (P < .0001) by Cox proportional hazard model. On the basis of this result, patients were divided into two groups as follows: marked lymph node metastasis group (number of positive nodes > or =11) and slight lymph node metastasis group (number of positive nodes < or =10). The prognosis of patients with marked lymph node metastasis was statistically significantly worse than that with slight lymph node metastasis in N1, N2, and N3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Both level and number were indispensable for evaluating lymph node metastasis. Therefore, addition of the number of positive nodes to the N category defined by the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma may be a useful strategy in the N staging classification in gastric cancer.     

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目的 探讨早期胃癌的淋巴结转移规律及其对预后的影响。方法 对161例有癌病人术后进行长期随访，对24例伴有淋巴结转移的早期胃癌与137例无淋巴结转移的早期胃癌的临床病理特征及3、5年生存率进行比较。结果 早期胃癌的淋巴结转移与肿瘤大小、浸润深度及淋巴、静脉侵犯有关，伴有淋巴结转移的早期胃癌3、5年生存率分别为82.8%和80.5%，明显低于无淋巴结转移者，后者分别为96.1%和92.4%。结论 术前或术中正确评估早期胃癌的淋巴结转移状态是选择合理的治疗方案和改善预后的重要条件。     

Lymph Node Size and Metastatic Infiltration in Colon Cancer

Background: Detection of metastatic lymph nodes in colon cancer is essential for determining stage and adjuvant treatment modalities. Lymph node size has been used as one possible criterion for nodal metastasis. Although enlarged regional lymph nodes are generally interpreted as metastases, few data are available that correlate lymph node size with metastatic infiltration in colon cancer.Methods: In a prospective morphometric study, the regional lymph nodes from 30 colon specimens from consecutive patients with primary colon cancer were analyzed. The lymph nodes were counted and the largest diameter of each lymph node was measured and analyzed for metastatic involvement by histological examination.Results: A total of 698 lymph nodes were present in the 30 specimens examined for this study. A mean number of 23 (range, 19–39) lymph nodes was found in each specimen. Of these nodes, 566 (81%) were tumor-free and 132 (19%) contained metastases. The mean diameter of the lymph nodes free of metastases was 3.9 mm, whereas those infiltrated by metastases averaged 5.9 mm in diameter (P< 0.0001). Of the tumor-free lymph nodes, 528 (93%) measured < 5 mm in diameter, whereas 70 (53%) lymph nodes containing metastases measured < 5 mm in diameter.Conclusions: Lymph node size is not a reliable indicator for lymph node metastasis in colon cancer. A careful histological search for small lymph node metastasis in the specimen should be undertaken to avoid false-negative node staging.     

Morphological Distribution of Metastatic Foci in Sentinel Lymph Nodes with Gastric Cancer

Background The TNM classification defines micrometastasis (MM) and isolated tumor cells (ITC) in lymph nodes (LN). Sentinel node (SN) navigation surgery has been introduced in gastrointestinal cancer. Few reports have examined the morphological distribution of MM and ITC of SN in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of the morphological distribution of cancer cells in SNs according to metastasis (MA), MM, and ITC. Methods All dissected LNs obtained from 160 consecutive patients with mapped SNs arising from cT1–2 N0 tumors were examined. Metastasis in these LNs was examined by histology and cytokeratin staining. The distribution of MA, MM, and ITC was classified as marginal sinus (MS), intermediate sinus (IS), parenchymal (PA), and diffuse types (DF). Results Nodal metastases were detected in 65 SNs from 30 patients and MA, MM, and ITC accounted for 53.9%, 21.5%, and 24.6%, respectively. MS, IS, PA, and DF accounted for 57%, 6%, 17%, and 20.0%, respectively. Patients with metastasis of non-MS had more nodal metastasis in non-SNs (P = .025) and had nodal metastasis in second tier (P = .009), compared with the patients with metastasis of MS. The incidence of metastasis in non-MS was higher in tumors larger than 40 mm than those smaller than 40 mm (P = .011). Conclusion When performing SN navigation surgery in gastric cancer, we should keep in mind that the patients with tumor larger than 40 mm in size and nodal metastasis of non-MS may have non-SN metastasis and nodal metastasis in second tier.     

The Prognosis of Patients Operated on for Gastric Cancer in Relation to the Percentage of Lymph Nodes Invaded by Tumour

Introduction : In evaluating the type of gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer, adequate prognosis has been dependant on the retrieval of at least 15 lymph nodes. We propose an alternative method in which the prognostic value is evaluated, according to whether or not more than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes are invaded by tumour.

Materials & Methods : Sixty-five patients (36 men, 29 women) with a median age of 69 years (mean age 68.9 ± 12.1 years) were evaluated, who were operated upon between 1985 and 1999 for gastric cancer by gastrectomy with either D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy.

Results : The average number of retrieved lymph nodes was 10.4 ± 8.6. In 51 patients (78.5%) less than 15 and in 14 patients (21.5%) 15 or more lymph nodes were retrieved, according to the TNM guidelines. In our study, there is a statistically significant difference in prognosis between patients with less than 20% and those with more than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes invaded by tumour, irrespective of the total number of lymph nodes resected. Conclusion : Gastric cancer patients in whom less than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes are invaded, have a significantly better prognosis compared with patients in whom 20% or more of the lymph nodes retrieved are invaded by tumour, irrespective of the total number of retrieved lymph nodes.     

Detection and Prediction of Micrometastasis in the Lymph Nodes of Patients With pN0 Gastric Cancer

Background:The clinicopathologic significance of micrometastasis (MM) and tumor cell microinvolvement (TCM) in regional lymph nodes as identified by immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin expression was evaluated in patients with node-negative gastric cancer.Methods:MM was defined as tumor cells with stromal reaction, and TCM was defined as individual tumor cells without stromal reaction. We investigated 1761 lymph nodes obtained from 67 gastric cancer patients whose diagnosis showed no lymph node metastasis by routine histological examination. The depth of tumor invasion was T1 (submucosa) in 33 patients and T2 (muscularis propria and subserosa) in 34 patients. The lymph nodes were examined immunohistochemically for the presence of tumor cells using anti-cytokeratin AE1/AE3 monoclonal antibody. Both the biopsy tumor specimens obtained prior to surgery and the resected primary tumors were immunostained with E-cadherin (E-cad) monoclonal antibody.Results:Thirty (1.5%) of the 1761 lymph nodes showed MM and/or TCM. MM with or without TCM was found in 10 patients, and TCM alone was found in 4 patients; 6 (18.2%) of the 33 patients with T1 tumor and 8 (23.5%) of the 34 patients with T2 tumor had occult lymph node metastasis. The 5-year survival rate was worse among those with MM with or without TCM, than among those without MM. Nearly all of the patients with MM and/or TCM had reduced or negative E-cad expression in the primary tumor.Conclusions:We demonstrated that the incidence of MM and/or TCM in the lymph nodes of patients with gastric cancer is quite high, and that such metastasis is associated with the prognosis of patients with pN0. Examination of E-cad expression in biopsy tumor specimens may be useful for predicting MM and/or TCM.