隔山消不同极性提取物抗菌作用实验研究

目的 观察隔山消乙酸乙酯提取物和丙酮提取物的抗菌活性.方法 采用试管稀释法测定上述提取物对各实验菌株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC),采用纸片扩散法测定抑菌圈直径.结果 ①隔山消提取物对各实验菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,对葡萄球菌、痢疾志贺菌的抑制作用最强,乙酸乙酯部分MIC值均为0.39 mg/mL,丙酮部分均为0.78 mg/mL.同一种提取物对同一种菌的不同菌株表现出相近的抗菌活性.②纸片扩散法结果显示两种提取物均有明显抗菌作用,并且随着浓度降低抑菌圈直径逐渐减小,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论 隔山消提取物均具有良好的体外抗菌作用,乙酸乙酯部分抗菌作用强于丙酮部分.     

羊耳菊水提取物体外抑菌活性研究

目的 探讨羊耳菊不同器官水提取物的体外抑菌活性.方法 以金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌等10种微生物为试验菌株,采用药敏纸片扩散法、试管二倍稀释法,对羊耳菊水提取物进行抑菌试验.结果 羊耳菊全株各器官都具有较强的抑菌作用,其中根对10种供试菌种都有抑制作用,抑制范围最广;茎对9种供试菌种有抑制作用,叶对8种供试菌种有抑制作用.羊耳菊各器官对金黄色葡萄球菌与铜绿假单胞菌的抑制作用最强.羊耳菊根、茎、叶对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值分别为15.63,62.5,62.5 mg/ml,而其抑菌圈直径分别为14.3,13.8,13.5 mm;羊耳菊根,茎,叶对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC值分别为15.63,31.25,62.5 mg/ml,其抑菌圈直径分别为15.8,15.5,14.0 mm.结论 羊耳菊水提取物体外试验证实了该民间药物具有抗菌活性,也表明了羊耳菊是一种有开发潜力的新抗菌药物资源.     

柑橘皮提取物体外抑菌活性的研究

分别用石油醚、氯仿和乙酸乙酯萃取经甲醇浸泡后得到的柑橘皮粗提物,然后用打孔法和最低抑菌浓度法（MIC）,判断3种提取物对人类常见的3种致病菌的抑菌性。结果表明：石油醚层提取物没有明显的抑菌效果,氯仿层和乙酸乙酯出提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和绿脓杆菌的抑菌作用很强,其抑菌圈直径均大于15mm,属于高敏感,其MIC分别都为3.13mg/ml和6.25mg/ml;只有乙酸乙酯层提取物对大肠杆菌有抑制作用,其抑菌圈为16mm,MIC为25mg/ml。     

三丫苦对乙型溶血性链球菌的体外抗菌作用

目的:研究三丫苦对乙型溶血性链球菌的作用。方法:用95%乙醇提取三丫苦地上和地下部分,用系统溶剂法萃取分离得到10个提取物。通过测定这些提取物对乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌圈大小和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)来确定其抗菌活性。结果:三丫苦地上部分的石油醚、氯仿和乙酸乙酯提取物和地下部分的石油醚、氯仿提取物对乙型溶血性链球菌都有比较明显的效果。结论:三丫苦抗乙型溶血性链球菌的活性成分集中在极性小的部位。     

三丫苦对乙型溶血性链球菌的体外抗菌作用

目的 :研究三丫苦对乙型溶血性链球菌的作用。 方法 :用95％乙醇提取三丫苦地上和地下部分,用系统溶剂法萃取分离得到10个提取物。通过测定这些提取物对乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌圈大小和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)来确定其抗菌活性。 结果 :三丫苦地上部分的石油醚、氯仿和乙酸乙酯提取物和地下部分的石油醚、氯仿提取物对乙型溶血性链球菌都有比较明显的效果。 结论 :三丫苦抗乙型溶血性链球菌的活性成分集中在极性小的部位。     

头花蓼提取工艺的优化及其抗菌活性

目的优化头花蓼提取工艺,并评价其抗菌活性。方法在单因素试验基础上,以料液比、乙醇体积分数、提取温度、提取时间为影响因素,提取率为评价指标,采用响应面法优化提取工艺。然后,通过测定抑菌圈直径考察提取物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用。结果最佳条件为料液比25∶1,乙醇体积分数79%,提取温度80℃,提取时间1.5 h,提取率12.7%。在质量浓度为20 mg/mL时,提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径为13 mm;在50 mg/mL时,对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径为11.5 mm。结论该方法稳定可靠,可用于提取头花蓼,并且该药材有较好的抗菌活性。     

对掌叶大黄水根提取物体外抗菌活性的初步研究

目的:考察甘肃礼县掌叶大黄水根提取物的抗菌活性。方法:采用标准琼脂扩散法,测定抑菌圈直径。结果:掌叶大黄水根乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌及铜绿假单胞菌具有不同程度的抑菌活性,对大肠埃希菌抑制作用最强[抑菌圈直径为(15.5±0.4)mm],对金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌抑制作用相当[抑菌圈直径分别为(14.8±0.8)mm和(14.5±0.4)mm)],对铜绿假单胞菌抑制作用略弱[抑菌圈直径为(11.8±0.2)mm]。结论:掌叶大黄水根乙醇提取物对细菌有一定的抗菌活性,对临床分离的真菌(白色念珠菌)则无明显抑菌活性。     

独脚乌桕的抑菌作用研究

目的:探讨独脚乌桕的抑菌活性.方法:采用纸片法和试管法,以溶珊瑚弧菌(Vibrio coralliilyticus)、塔氏弧菌(Vibrio tubiashii)、Myrodies sp.、Vibrio sp.、鲨鱼弧菌(Vibrio.carchariae)为供试菌种,测定独脚乌桕不同极性萃取部分的抑菌圈和最小抑菌浓度.结果:独脚乌桕乙酸乙酯萃取部分对Vibrio sp.和Vibrio tubiashii有很强的抑菌作用,其抑菌圈直径分别为13.6和13.7 mm,MIC分别为6.25和25 mg/ml;石油醚萃取部分对Vibrio coralliilytic-us 有抑菌作用;水溶性部分对Myrodies sp.产生抑菌圈.结论:独脚乌桕提取物的不同萃取部分可对不同的菌株产生抑制作用,其抑菌作用的活性成分有待于进一步分离.     

丹参生品及不同炮制品的体外抗菌活性研究

目的研究丹参不同炮制品(清炒、炒炭、米炒、酒炙和醋制丹参)的体外抗菌活性。方法采用纸片扩散法研究丹参不同炮制品对金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)、耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和β-内酰胺酶阳性金黄色葡萄球菌(ESBLs)的抑制活性。结果丹参生品及不同炮制品对SA和MRSA的抑制作用略强于ESBLs,对SA的抗菌效果最强;其中炒丹参的甲醇总提取物质量浓度在50 mg/mL对SA、MRSA、ESBLs的抑菌圈直径最大且相同;对相应样品的MIC值进行比较,显示各样品体外抗菌活性大小依次为:丹参生品及炮制品的甲醇提取物>石油醚和乙酸乙酯提取物>正丁醇提取物。结论本实验证明炒丹参和酒丹参的抗菌活性明显增强,而丹参炭的抗菌活性明显减弱,但仍具有一定的抗菌活性。     

芫荽抑菌成分提取工艺优化研究

目的:研究芫荽茎、叶中抑菌成分的提取方法及其成分的抑菌效果。方法:通过单因素实验确定提取时间、提取温度和提取溶剂料液比,并作为观察芫荽茎、叶抑菌成分提取的影响因素,建立正交试验确定茎、叶各自的最佳提取条件。结果:芫荽茎部分抑菌成分提取的最佳条件为:提取温度25℃、提取时间120min、提取溶剂料液比12∶1,在该条件下,金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为36mm,大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径为37mm,黑曲霉抑菌圈直径为30mm,酿酒酵母抑菌圈直径为23mm;芫荽叶部分抑菌成分提取的最佳条件为:提取温度25℃、提取时间150min、提取溶剂料液比12∶1,在该条件下,金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径为32mm,大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径为32mm,黑曲霉抑菌圈直径为25mm,酿酒酵母抑菌圈直径为20mm。结论:芫荽茎提取液抑菌效果较叶提取液抑菌效果明显。     

居室药用植物种类选择初探△

目的：对几种草本类药用植物挥发油体外抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的活性进行研究,初步筛选出可应用于居室园艺的药用植物种类。方法：以薄荷、紫苏、黄花蒿、芫荽4种药用植物鲜株中挥发油为试材,采用牛津杯法考察其挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性,在此基础上进一步考察了最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度,并自制模拟装置初步探讨薄荷鲜株植物对空气净化效果及抑制金黄色葡萄球菌情况。结果：薄荷挥发油和紫苏挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性较强,芫荽挥发油、黄花蒿挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制活性较弱。结论：薄荷鲜株植物对金黄色葡萄球菌和空气中的微生物均具有一定抑制效果,可应用于居室园艺。     

Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Satureja hortensis L

The present study was designated to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of methonol and hexane extracts of Satureja hortensis L. which is an annual herb used as traditional folk medicine in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey for the treatment of different infectious diseases and disorders. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts against 147 laboratory strains belong to 55 bacterial species, and 31 isolates of 1 yeast and 4 fungi species were tested by using disc diffusion assay. The results showed that hexane extract of Satureja hortensis had no antifungal, but antibacterial activity against four strains of three Bacillus species whereas methanol extract of Satureja hortensis had both anticandidal and antibacterial effects. It inhibited the growth of 23 strains of 11 bacterial species and 6 isolates of Candida albicans, at the concentration of 300microg/ml. Satureja hortensis did not show antimicrobial activity against the remaining microorganisms (83%) tested including most and all of the clinic and plant pathogenic microorganisms, respectively. Methanol extract showed stronger and broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity as compared to hexane extract.     

Traditional medicine in north Côte-d'Ivoire: screening of 50 medicinal plants for antibacterial activity

Sixty-seven crude ethanol extracts from 50 plants (31 families), which are used in North C?te-d'Ivoire as traditional remedies for bacterial diseases, were screened for in vitro activity against Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus subtilis) bacteria. Thirty-one extracts showed antibacterial activity only on Gram positive bacteria. Of these, 10 extracts from 10 plant species had a promising level of activity against bacteria including strains resistant to antibiotics such as aminosides, penicillin M, macrolides, lincosamide and streptrogramin B. The most active was Erythrina senegalensis DC (Fabaceae) followed by Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J.H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema (Caesalpinaceae), Waltheria lanceolata R. Br. ex Mast. (Sterculiaceae), Uapaca togoensis Pax. (Euphorbiaceae), Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae), Khaya senegalensis (Ders.) A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Lannea acida A. Rich. (Anacardiaceae), Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr. (Vitaceae), Keetia hispida (Benth.) Bridson (Rubiaceae) and Ficus thonningii (Miq.) A. Rich. (Moraceae). This is the first report of the antibacterial potency of these 10 plant species on a range of bacteria. The results provided evidence that some of the studied plants might indeed be potential sources of new antibacterial agents, also against some antibiotic-resistant strains.     

Antibacterial activities of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in Limpopo Province, South Africa

The ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed that 21 plant species belonging to 14 families are used in traditional medical practice in Limpopo Province, South Africa, for the treatment of diarrhoea. Methanol, ethanol, acetone and hot water extract from different plant parts (leaves, roots, bark and stem rhizome), of several of these plants (Indigofera daleoides, Punica granatum, Syzygium cordatum, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Ozoroa insignis, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Elephantorrhiza burkei, Ximenia caffra, Schotia brachypetala and Spirostachys africana), were screened for antibacterial activity against Vibro cholera, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Salmonella typhi. The antibacterial activity was determined by agar-well diffusion method and expressed as the average diameter of the zone of inhibition of bacterial growth around the wells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of active extracts was determined by using the micro-plate dilution assay. Most of the extracts showed relatively high antibacterial activity against most of the tested microorganisms with the diameter of inhibition zones ranging between 10 and 31 mm. Of the plants studied, the most active extracts were those obtained from Punica granatum and Indigofera daleoides. All extracts from two plants, namely, Punica granatum and Ozoroa insignis, were active against all bacterial strains while only organic extracts of Indigofera daleoides inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms. Water extract of Punica granatum were equally active as organic extracts against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. All extracts of Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Elephantorrhiza burkei and Ximenia caffra and Schotia brachypetala were not active against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The MIC values for active extracts ranged between 0.039 and 0.6 mg/ml. The results obtained appeared to confirm the antibacterial potential of the plants investigated, and their usefulness in the treatment of diarrhoea.     

Ethnobotany and antibacterial activity of some plants used in traditional medicine of Zapotitlán de las Salinas,Puebla (México)

The village of Zapotitlán de las Salinas is situated in the Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Puebla, Mexico. Plant species used by the local inhabitants to treat gastrointestinal diseases were identified using ethnobotanical, ethnographic and taxonomic methods. Out of 119 interviews, 44 plant species were registered, of which the following are the most frequently used (listed in descending order): Lippia graveolens H.B. et K. (Verbenaceae), Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. (Verbenaceae), Turnera diffusa (Willd.) ex Schult. (Turneraceae), Lippia oaxacana Rob. et Greenm. (Verbenaceae), Gymnolaena oaxacana (Greenm.) Rydb. (Asteraceae), Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. (Boraginaceae), Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Acalypha hederacea Torrey (Euphorbiaceae). From these plants, hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts were prepared in order to assess their antibacterial activity against 14 bacterial strains causing the most common gastrointestinal diseases in Mexican population. All hexane extracts showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. There is a correlation between the frequency of mention (of plant use) and the antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the knowledge of plants most frequently used for gastrointestinal infections in Zapotitlán de las Salinas is supported by scientific rationale.     

Antibacterial potential of Antarctic lichens against human pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria

Extracts from five Antarctic lichens (L3, Stereocaulon alpinum; L5, Ramalina terebrata; L6, Caloplaca sp.; L8, Lecanora sp.; and L17, Caloplaca regalis) were tested for antimicrobial activities against several clinically important microbes by disk diffusion. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each extract was determined by a broth dilution method. Extracts from L3, L5, L6 and L8 were active against two Gram(+) strains. B. subtilis was more sensitive to lichen extracts (except L5) than S. aureus. The MIC of lichen extracts against B. subtilis and S. aureus was observed from 36.7 +/- 0.3 to 953.8 +/- 85.8 microg/mL and 68.5 +/- 0.6 to >1000 microg/mL, respectively. Comparisons of MIC values of Antarctic lichen crude extracts to previously published MIC values of some reported lichen metabolites against Gram(+) bacteria indicated that Antarctic lichens might be an enriched source of effective antibacterial agents against clinically relevant Gram(+) species.     

Antibacterial properties of Chinese herbal medicines against nosocomial antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Taiwan

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is well-recognized as a nosocomial pathogen, which exhibits inherent drug resistance. In this study, the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of 58 Chinese herbal medicines used in Taiwan were tested against 89 nosocomial antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results gathered by the disc diffusion method showed that 26 out of the 58 herbal extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. Among the 26 herbal extracts, 10 extracts showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activities and were selected for further antibacterial property assay. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the active partition fractions ranged from 0.25 to 11.0 mg/L. The presence of flavonoid compounds in the active fractions of test herbal extracts was observed by the TLC-bioautography. The results from the time-kill assay revealed that most of the herbal extracts completely killed the test organisms within 4 hours. Exposure of the test strains to a sub-MIC level of the herbal extracts for 10 consecutive subcultures did not induce resistance to the active components. A combination of the active herbal fractions with antibiotics showed that one of the herbal medicines, the hexane fraction of Ramulus Cinnamomi, possessed a synergistic effect with tetracycline, gentamycin, and streptomycin. In conclusion, the tested Chinese medical herbs have the potential to be developed into natural antibiotics. This is the first evaluation for screening large amounts of medical plants against nosocomial antibiotic resistant bacteria in Taiwan.     

Antibacterial activity of Quercus ilex bark's extracts

The antibacterial activity of different extracts of Quercus ilex bark (Fagaceae) was studied in vitro against seven reference strains of bacteria by using a disc-diffusion method and agar-dilution method. The ethyl acetate extract (QE), n-butanol extract (QB) and final aqueous layer (QA) were effective against all bacterial strains tested at MICs ranging from 128 to 512 microg/ml. The n-hexane extract (QH) and dichloromethane extract (QD) showed no activity.     

Evaluation of the flora of northern Mexico for in vitro antimicrobial and antituberculosis activity

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity of 14 plants used in northeast México for the treatment of respiratory diseases, against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Forty-eight organic and aqueous extracts were tested against these bacterial strains using a broth microdilution test. No aqueous extracts showed antimicrobial activity, whereas most of the organic extracts presented antimicrobial activity against at least one of the drug-resistant microorganisms tested. Methanol-based extracts from the roots and leaves of Leucophyllum frutescens and ethyl ether extract from the roots of Chrysanctinia mexicana showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against the drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 62.5, 125 and 62.5 microg/mL, respectively; methanol-based extract from the leaves of Cordia boissieri showed the best antimicrobial activity against the drug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 250 microg/mL); the hexane-based extract from the fruits of Schinus molle showed considerable antimicrobial activity against the drug-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC 62.5 microg/mL). This study supports that selecting plants by ethnobotanical criteria enhances the possibility of finding species with activity against resistant microorganisms.     

Biologically active traditional medicinal herbs from Balochistan, Pakistan

The biological activities of the following four important medicinal plants of Balochistan, Pakistan were checked; Grewia erythraea Schwein f. (Tiliaceae), Hymenocrater sessilifolius Fisch. and C.A. Mey (Lamiaceae), Vincetoxicum stocksii Ali and Khatoon (Asclepiadaceae) and Zygophyllum fabago L. (Zygophyllaceae). The methanolic extracts were fractionated into hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol and water. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of these plants were determined against 12 fungal and 12 bacterial strains by agar well diffusion and disk diffusion assays. The extract of Zygophyllum fabago was found to be highly effective against Candida albicans and Escherichia coli. The extract of Vincetoxicum stocksii was also found to be significantly active against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. Extracts of Hymenocrater sessilifolius and Grewia erythraea showed good activity only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.