退变性腰椎管狭窄症的诊断与手术治疗

目的　探讨退变性腰椎管狭窄症的诊断与手术治疗方式。方法　 1995～ 2 0 0 2年对 6 2例诊断为退变性腰椎管狭窄症的患者 ,仔细分型 ,采用 3种方法 ,a)开窗潜行扩大椎板减压术 ;b)扩大的半椎板切除减压术 ;c)全椎板切除加椎间融合术。结果　随访 1～ 6a ,按Nakal分级评定优 4 3例 ,良 16例 ,可 3例 ,优良率 96 .5 %。结论　退变性腰椎管狭窄症的手术治疗主要以充分彻底的减压、解除神经根的致压因素为主 ,但要兼顾减压的彻底性与腰椎的稳定性。单节段病变选择开窗潜行减压术或扩大半椎板切除减压术 ,多节段病变选择全椎板减压术同时行椎间融合术以保证腰椎稳定。     

多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的：探讨多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法：采用潜式扩大中央椎管和神经根管或摘除椎间盘术式治疗腰椎管狭窄狭窄症共86例，其中2节段减压57例，3节段减压19例，4节段减压10例，术后进行Oswerstry疗效评与影像学观察。结果：术后CT显示椎管直径明显增加，椎管造影显示神经根据管明显扩大。术后1年随访79例，疗效优良率90．1％，术后3随访76例，优良率86．3％，结论：多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术操作简单，手术并发症少，中央椎管和神经根管减压充分，对腰椎后柱张力带结构破坏小，治疗腰椎管狭窄症疗效满意。     

多节段开窗减压桥式成形术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效评价

目的探讨多节段开窗减压桥式成形术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法采用经椎板间隙开窗减压桥式成形术扩大中央椎管和神经根管,并摘除突出之椎间盘治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症共42例,其中单节段减压5例,双节段减压21例,3节段减压13例,4节段减压3例。结果42例随访6-79个月,根据JOA标准评定疗效：优12例,良24例,中4例,差2例（为发病前已有脊柱＂S＂形侧弯者）;优良率85.7%。发生硬膜撕裂1例,脑脊液漏2例。除1例椎间盘突出复发再行手术治疗外,无腰椎滑脱发生。结论多节段开窗减压桥式成形术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症不仅对各病变节段减压彻底,而且有效保护了腰椎生物力学结构,术式合理,疗效满意。     

临床论著多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的:探讨多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法:采用潜式扩大中央椎管和神经根管或摘除椎间盘术式治疗腰椎管狭窄症共86例。其中2节段减压57例,3节段减压19例,4节段减压10例。术后进行Oswestry疗效评分与影像学观察。结果:术后CT显示椎管直径明显增加,椎管造影显示神经根管明显扩大。术后1年随访79例,疗效优良率90.1%;术后3年随访76例,优良率86.3%。结论:多节段经椎板间隙椎管扩大术操作简单,手术并发症少,中央椎管和神经根管减压充分,对腰椎后柱张力带结构破坏小,治疗腰椎管狭窄症疗效满意。     

棘突截骨扩大开窗在老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄症手术中的应用

目的探讨用棘突截骨扩大开窗减压治疗老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄症,使术后脊柱稳定性更好,减压彻底,并进行临床评估。方法采用患段后正中切口,剥离一侧骶棘肌,显露该侧椎板在棘突基底部截骨,将棘突韧带连同对侧骶棘肌牵开并剥离对侧椎板,切除患段黄韧带及椎板上、下缘,潜行扩大中央椎管及神经椎管,内聚的关节突,有椎间盘突出的摘除椎间盘,应用此法治疗老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄证,共16例,评价术后中远期疗效。结果术后半年～4年,16例均得到随访,优10例,良3例,可3例,无差病例,优良率81.2%。结论脊柱后骨韧带结构为坚韧有弹性的骨性结构,在维持脊柱稳定性的过程中作用重大。棘突截骨扩大开窗减压术对腰椎后骨韧带结构破坏小,减压充分,且操作较容易,是治疗老年性多节段腰椎管狭窄症疗效较满意的一种术式。     

后路椎间盘镜显微治疗腰椎椎管狭窄症

目的 报道显微后路椎间盘镜治疗退行性腰椎椎管狭窄症的临床效果。方法 选取退行性腰椎管狭窄症病例，椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下行椎管减压，单侧单节段开窗减压23例，双侧单节段开窗减压12例，单侧双节段开窗减压9例，单侧双节段半椎板切除减压4例。结果 除1例术中硬膜破裂改常规手术外，其余病例均在手术显微镜下完成腰椎管减压术。所有病例获得5～18个月随访，平均8．3个月，优良率92％。结论 显微后路椎间盘镜治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症具有手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底、术后恢复快的特点；单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是其适应证。     

多节段穹顶形开窗减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的探讨多节段穹顶形开窗减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法采用多节段穹顶形开窗减压术式治疗腰椎管狭窄症患者共63例,其中2节段45例,3节段14例,4节段4例。平均随访1年5个月,用改良的日本骨科学会下腰痛评分法(MJOA)进行疗效评分,并进行影像学观察。结果术前及随访MJOA评分,平均下降18.08分,优良率达92.1%,术后CT显示椎管直径明显增加(P<0.01)。结论多节段穹顶形开窗减压术治疗腰椎管狭窄症疗效满意,椎管减压充分,对腰椎后柱结构破坏小。     

双侧椎板间开窗治疗稳定型腰椎管狭窄症

目的探讨双侧椎板间开窗治疗稳定型腰椎管狭窄症的方法、适应证和疗效。方法83例稳定型腰椎管狭窄症患者,均行双侧椎板间开窗治疗。结果76例平均随访1．5（0．5—6）年。疗效采用Nakai评分标准：优59例,良11例,可5例,差1例;优良率92．1％。1例因多节段双侧椎板间开窗导致医源性腰椎失稳行二次手术。结论双侧椎板间开窗法是治疗稳定型腰椎管狭窄症较理想的治疗方法。     

椎管减压植骨内固定治疗腰椎管狭窄并腰椎不稳症

目的 探讨椎管减压植骨内固定治疗腰椎管狭窄并腰椎不稳症的疗效。方法采用保留棘突韧带复合结构的全椎板切除减压、国产通用型脊柱内固定系统固定、椎体间植骨融合加入路侧横突间植骨融合术治疗腰椎管狭窄并腰椎不稳症103例。结果经临床、MRI、X线片检查诊断单节段腰椎管狭窄15例,双节段狭窄53例,三节段29例,四节段6例。术后随访86例,随访时间平均3年3个月,优良率89．5％。结论采用椎管减压、椎弓根系统内固定、植骨融合。可有效维持和重建脊柱的稳定,解除患者症状,是目前治疗腰椎管狭窄并腰椎不稳症的较好治疗方法。     

卷帘式椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症

目的 探讨"卷帘式"后路椎管扩大减压术治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症的疗效.方法 采用"卷帘式"后路椎管扩大减压手术治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症患者35例,其中两节段狭窄28例,三节段狭窄7例.影像学显示退变性狭窄33例,发育性狭窄2例,35例患者均无腰椎不稳及滑脱.结果 35例患者均获回访,回访时间5月-6年,平均2年8个月.本组优18例,良11例,中4例,差2例,优良率为82.8%,椎板愈合率97.2%.1例因术后椎板陷入椎管进行了二次手术.结论 该手术方法椎管扩大减压彻底,恢复和保持了椎管结构特点及腰椎三柱的稳定性,疗效满意,是一种治疗多节段椎管狭窄的有效方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.