银杏叶提取物对东莨菪碱所致大鼠空间工作记忆障碍的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物对东莨菪碱所致大鼠空间工作记忆障碍的影响。方法大鼠随机分成3组:正常组、东莨菪碱组和银杏叶治疗组。水迷宫试验,东莨菪碱组按0.4mg/kg腹腔注射,以后每天注射等体积生理盐水,连用6d。正常对照组每天注射与东莨菪碱等体积的生理盐水连用6d;银杏叶治疗组按10mg/kg腹腔注射,1次/d,连用6d。1周后进行Morris水迷宫试验,观察3组大鼠平台逃避潜伏期,并与实验后第1天比较。结果两次逃避潜伏期在正常组呈非常显著性差异(46.4±17.7,13.4±8.2,P<0.01)东莨菪碱组无统计学差异(23.6±14.3,18.1±9.8,P>0.05),银杏叶组呈显著性差异(27.9±14.3,9.0±3.8,P<0.05)。结论M-型胆碱能受体阻滞剂东莨菪碱能损害大鼠空间工作记忆,银杏叶提取物能改善这种损害,说明银杏叶提取物是通过影响胆碱能系统来发挥其促智作用的。     

G-CSF对东莨菪碱痴呆模型大鼠认知及ChAT表达的影响

目的观察粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)对东莨菪碱所致大鼠认知障碍和Ch AT表达的影响。方法24只10月龄Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为三组:空白组(N组)、东莨菪碱组(S组)和G-CSF干预组(G组),分别腹腔注射生理盐水2 ml(N组)、氢溴酸东莨菪碱1 mg/kg(S组)、腹腔注射氢溴酸东莨菪碱1 mg/kg后皮下注射GCSF 50μg/kg,连续5 d。每天给药后3 h进行水迷宫测试其空间学习记忆能力改变,末次水迷宫实验后4%高聚甲醛灌注取脑组织用免疫组化方法观察Ch AT阳性细胞表达。结果行为学变化:各组大鼠第5天潜伏期和游泳距离较第1天短(P<0.05),N组和G组大鼠第5天潜伏期和游泳距离均较S组短(P<0.05)。Ch AT表达变化:N组和G组大鼠海马Ch AT阳性细胞个数均较S组多(P<0.05)。结论 G-CSF可以有效改善东莨菪碱所引起的大鼠认知功能障碍。     

梓醇改善东莨菪碱诱导的学习记忆障碍及机制研究

目的研究梓醇对由东莨菪碱所致小鼠空间学习记忆障碍的影响和机制。方法小鼠随机分为4组:正常组、模型组(东莨菪碱,2 mg.kg-1)、奥拉西坦组(阳性药物,105mg.kg-1)和梓醇治疗组(9 mg.kg-1),采用水迷宫测试小鼠空间学习记忆功能。于实验前30 min腹腔注射东莨菪碱诱导小鼠学习记忆障碍模型,记录小鼠逃避潜伏期时间。水迷宫测试毕,处死小鼠,分离大脑皮质和海马,匀浆取上清液测大脑皮质和海马中乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,ACh)和脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)的含量。结果①各组实验前逃避潜伏期无差异;给药东莨菪碱前后差异有显著性。②组间比较,与正常组比较,东莨菪碱导致记忆障碍;与东莨菪碱组比较,阳性药物奥拉西坦和梓醇治疗组逃避潜伏期明显缩短,ACh和BDNF含量明显增加(P<0.05)。结论小鼠注射东莨菪碱成功诱导学习记忆机能障碍模型。梓醇改善东莨菪碱诱导的学习和记忆障碍,其机制可能与促进BDNF表达,增加脑ACh含量有关。     

参乌胶囊对东莨菪碱大鼠记忆行为及脑内乙酰胆碱脂酶的影响

目的：观察复方中药参乌胶囊对东莨菪碱大鼠学习记忆及脑内乙酰胆碱脂酶的影响。方法：采用Wistar大鼠随机分为：对照组（Con），模型组：东莨菪碱（Sco）腹腔注射组，阳性对照组：安理申＋东莨菪碱，中药参乌胶囊＋东莨菪碱（参乌胶囊低、中、高3个剂量）组，共6组，每组10只，实验前分别灌胃给药或蒸馏水一周，于第7天开始造模并进行Morris水迷宫测试。实验时，除Con组每天腹腔注射等体积生理盐水，     

百两茶提取物对东莨菪碱诱导小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响

目的研究百两茶提取物对东莨菪碱诱导小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响。方法雄性BALB/C小鼠60只,随机分为6组,分别为空白对照组,东莨菪碱模型组,石杉碱甲片组,百两茶提取物低、中、高(100、200、400 mg·kg-1)剂量组,各组连续给药28 d,于试验前4 d除空白对照组外其余各组小鼠腹腔注射东莨菪碱2 mg·kg-1建立小鼠记忆障碍模型,随后进行跳台试验,记录跳下平台的潜伏期,进行水迷宫测试,记录动物5 min内登台时间。测试毕,处死小鼠,分离大脑皮质和海马,匀浆取上清液测大脑皮质和海马中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)的含量。结果百两茶提取物高剂量(400 mg·kg-1)能明显增加小鼠跳台潜伏期(P<0.05),缩短水迷宫小鼠登台时间(P<0.05),升高小鼠大脑皮质和海马组织SOD含量和抑制ACh E的活性。结论百两茶提取物具有明显改善学习记忆作用。     

多次氯胺酮麻醉对大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的观察多次使用氯胺酮对学习记忆的影响及剂量效应关系。方法30只SD大鼠随机分为高剂量组、低剂量组和对照组,高、低剂量组大鼠分别予以氯胺酮50 mg/kg和10 mg/kg腹腔注射麻醉,每日1次,连续7日。对照组予以等容生理盐水。用Morris水迷宫测试各组大鼠寻找隐匿台的逃避潜伏期和空间搜索能力,用电镜观察海马神经元超微结构。结果高剂量组逃避潜伏期显著延长(P<0.01),并且空间搜索能力明显降低(P<0.01),对照组与低剂量组之间有关指标无显著性差异。电镜观察显示高剂量组海马神经元有明显变性。结论高剂量氯胺酮多次麻醉对学习记忆有损害作用。     

银杏叶提取物对糖尿病大鼠行为学及大脑皮质和海马钠-钾ATP酶活性的影响

目的:研究大鼠长期糖尿病后行为学与大脑皮质和海马Na -K ATP酶活性的变化以及银杏叶提取物(Egb)的影响.方法:大鼠腹腔注射佐链霉素55 mg·kg-1建立糖尿病模型,以旷场分析法和Morris水迷宫法考察学习记忆能力,检测大脑皮质和海马的Na -K ATP酶活性.结果:Egb可明显升高Na -K ATP酶活性,缩短中央格停留时间、水迷宫实验逃避潜伏期时间,提高探洞次数和搜寻平台策略成绩.结论:Egb可提高糖尿病大鼠大脑皮质和海马的Na -K ATP酶活性,改善学习记忆能力.     

非靶向血液代谢组学研究糖尿病大鼠发生发展及银杏叶提取物干预的作用机制

基于LC-MS代谢组学的方法,研究糖尿病大鼠发生发展及银杏叶提取物干预的作用机制.采用腹腔注射链脲霉素诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,分正常对照组(NC)、正常银杏叶提取物处理组(N-GBE)、糖尿病模型组(DM)、糖尿病模型银杏叶提取物处理组(D-GBE).各组大鼠持续干预9周,收集第6～9周各组大鼠血浆进行LC-MS检测,动物...     

银杏叶提取物对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后血管新生的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物是否可以促进大鼠局灶性脑缺血后梗死周围区的血管新生,寻求促使脑缺血后血管新生、开发脑储备能力的有潜力的中医药疗法。方法采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）模型,术后24h采用银杏叶注射液以10mg／（kg体重·d）的剂量连续腹腔注射治疗6d,于缺血后第7d、14天分别观察银杏叶组和对照组大鼠脑梗死体积、脑梗死灶周围血管密度（层粘连蛋白,Laminin的表达）和神经功能缺失评分的变化。结果与对照组比较,大鼠局灶性脑缺血后第7天和14天银杏叶组的梗死体积明显减小,梗死周围血管密度较对照组明显增加,并显示出更好的神经功能评分（P〈0．05）。结论银杏叶提取物可促进局灶性脑缺血后大鼠脑梗死周围区的血管新生,从而开发脑储备能力,这可能是银杏叶提取物改善脑缺血后神经功能恢复的机制之一。     

奖励性操作条件反射在东莨菪碱致学习记忆障碍中的应用

目的为学习记忆行为研究和益智药物筛选提供新的实验方法。方法采用不同剂量东莨菪碱腹腔注射制作学习记忆障碍模型,分别对各组动物进行奖励性条件反射训练、奖励性操作式条件反射测试和Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力。结果在奖励性条件反射训练中,东莨菪碱模型组与对照组比较鼻触次数、踏板次数、鼻触正确率显著降低(P<0.01),东莨菪碱两剂量组间比较各指标无差异。在奖励性操作条件反射测试中,腹腔注射东莨菪碱1.5 mg·kg-1与对照组比较无差异,腹腔注射东莨菪碱3.0 ml.kg-1模型组与对照组比较,踏板次数(LP)、奖赏获得次数(R)、踏板正确率(P)显著降低(P<0.01),鼻触次数无明显差异。在Morris水迷宫试验中,腹腔注射东莨菪碱1.5和3.0 ml.kg-1东莨菪碱模型组与对照组比较,逃避潜伏期和游程路程明显延长(P<0.01)。结论 LP,R,P指标表明东莨菪碱1.5 mg·kg-1对动物操作条件反射记忆获得有影响,对已形成的操作条件反射记忆巩固无显著影响,腹腔注射东莨菪碱3.0 mg·kg-1对大鼠学习记忆获得和巩固有显著影响;奖励性操作式条件反射方法是一种较好的评价学习记忆的方法。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.