肠道菌群与溃疡性结肠炎

溃疡性结肠炎（Ulcerative Colitis,UC）的病因和发病机制目前尚不十分清楚,近来愈来愈多的研究认为免疫调节紊乱是关键的直接发病机制,肠道菌群是这种免疫损伤过程的重要激发因素。本文重点介绍肠道菌群在UC的变化以及益生菌在UC中的应用。     

174例溃疡性结肠炎患者临床特征分析

溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)是一种病因尚不明确的慢性非特异性肠道炎症疾病,具有反复发作,迁延不愈等特点.UC在西方国家常见,但近年来,我国 UC的发病率呈逐年升高趋势[1 ].其发病受遗传、环境、肠道菌群及免疫系统等多种因素影响.本文回顾性分析了内蒙古自治区人民医院174例UC患者临床资料...     

肠道菌群与支气管哮喘发病相关机制研究进展

支气管哮喘是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病.自"卫生假说"提出并随着哮喘发病机制研究的不断深入,肠道菌群与哮喘的相关性以及肠道菌群影响哮喘发病的相关机制成为研究热点.肠道菌群影响哮喘发病的机制复杂,尚未完全阐明,目前研究主要包括:肠道菌群通过影响机体免疫耐受、免疫细胞的分化成熟和组织特异性归巢,通过其代谢...     

溃疡性结肠炎患者及其配偶的肠道菌群构成与多样性分析

目的比较同一生活环境下溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者与其配偶(UF),及健康人群的肠道菌群差异,探讨生活环境对UC患者肠道菌群的影响。方法招募UC患者8例、同一生活坏境下患者配偶8例及普通健康人群8例,分为UC组、UC配偶组(UF组)、健康人群组(ZC组)。分别收集三组人群的粪便样本,通过16SrRNA基因测序技术进行菌群分析,比较三组样本间肠道菌群的差异性。结果肠道菌群多样性分析表明三组间菌群丰富度及群落多样性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肠道菌群构成分析表明在属分类水平上,ZC组及UF组中考拉杆菌属的相对丰度比UC组增高(P<0.05);ZC组及UC组中锥形杆菌属的相对丰度比UF组降低(P<0.05);UC组及UF组中奥尔森菌属、霍尔德曼菌属、克雷伯菌属的相对丰度比ZC组增高(P<0.05)。结论考拉杆菌属、奥尔森菌属及克雷伯菌属可能是预测UC肠道菌群失调及疾病预后的生物学标志物。生活环境会影响UC患者肠道菌群变化,但并不是UC发病的决定性因素。     

肠道菌群与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病(IBD)是发生于胃肠道的慢性复发性疾病,克罗恩病(CD)和溃疡性结肠炎(UC)为其两种主要表现形式,其致病因素及发病机制至今尚未完全阐明,但目前普遍认为IBD是由遗传因素、免疫功能紊乱、肠道屏障功能障碍和肠道菌群改变等多因素所致。随着16S rRNA基因检测技术的应用及肠道微生物宏基因组学计划的开展,人们对肠道微生物——"被遗忘的器官"有了更深刻的认识,其在IBD中的重要作用也逐渐被重视。研究认为IBD患者中宿主与肠道微生物之间精确的平衡关系被打破,从而触发了基因易感个体的免疫炎症反应。因此,调节肠道菌群紊乱,恢复宿主与肠道微生物之间的稳态成为治疗IBD的一个新方向。本文就IBD患者中存在的肠道菌群紊乱现象、其与IBD发病的关系以及微生态制剂在IBD治疗中的应用做一简要综述。     

肠道菌群与炎症性肠病的相关性探讨

正炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)是一类发生于肠道的非特异性炎症性疾病,主要包括溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease,CD),以腹痛、腹泻和体重下降为主要表现。普遍研究认为炎症性肠病(IBD)发病主要由环境因素、遗传易感因素、肠道屏障功能障碍、免疫功能异常及肠道菌群失调等多种因素相互作用所致。本文就肠道菌群与炎症性肠病的相关性     

柳氮磺胺吡啶联合锡类散灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎临床观察

溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的病因和发病机制仍未明确,其发病机制主要集中在遗传易感性、自身免疫异常、肠道菌群改变。当前治疗仍以糖皮质激素类、氨基水杨酸和免疫抑制剂等药物为主。笔者在常规治疗的基础上采用柳氮磺胺吡啶加锡类散灌肠治疗溃疡性结肠炎,取得满意疗效,现报道如下。     

IL-33在溃疡性结肠炎中作用的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病,近年亚洲UC的发病率显著升高,虽然其发病机制尚未明确,但现有的研究表明该疾病的发生受到遗传、环境和免疫等多因素共同影响。近年发现白细胞介素-33(interleukin 33,IL-33)在UC患者肠黏膜和血清中有异常表达,表明IL-33可能与UC的发生发展有密切的关系。现就IL-33在UC中所起的作用作一综述。     

肠道菌群与IL-6/gp130信号通路在急性胰腺炎发病机制中的研究进展

急性胰腺炎是临床常见急腹症之一,以胰腺局部炎症反应为主要特征,伴或不伴有其他器官功能改变.肠道菌群失衡与炎症反应的激活是急性胰腺炎发病的两大危险因素.文章对近年来肠道菌群与白细胞介素6(IL-6)/糖蛋白130(gp130)炎症信号通路在急性胰腺炎发病机制中的研究进展进行综述.     

肠道菌群与系统性红斑狼疮

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)是一种以慢性炎症和多器官损害为特征的自身免疫性疾病, 主要累及育龄期女性, 目前尚无法根治。SLE病因不明, 发病风险与遗传及环境因素相关。近年来研究表明, SLE患者存在肠道菌群组成和功能紊乱, 继而可引起肠道屏障功能破坏、慢性炎症和自身免疫激活, 这可能是SLE发生发展的重要机制。本文对这一领域的相关研究进展予以概述, 探讨菌群干预作为SLE防治新策略的潜在应用价值, 并对未来SLE相关肠道菌群研究的发展方向进行展望。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.