A comparative effectiveness study of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Risperidone and olanzapine have each been demonstrated to be efficacious and safe in the treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenia. To evaluate their relative effectiveness, and to better understand the advantages and limitations of each neuroleptic during actual clinical use, we compared one directly against the other. METHOD: Forty-two subjects with DSM-IV schizophrenia had received open-label treatment with either risperidone or olanzapine. Symptoms, global functioning, and extrapyramidal side effects before and after acute treatment were compared within and across groups. At 6-month follow-up, the relative effectiveness of these 2 atypical neuroleptics on symptoms and quality of life were further evaluated. RESULTS: Following an average of 4 weeks of acute treatment, both risperidone and olanzapine were effective in reducing negative, psychotic, and disorganized symptoms. Although both neuroleptics were associated with low occurrence of treatment-emergent parkinsonism, risperidone was more likely to induce akathisia. The measures for parkinsonism were no different across treatment groups, even after taking into account the higher rate of anticholinergic use in the risperidone group. Following 6 months of treatment with these 2 atypical neuroleptics, there was a significantly greater reduction in psychotic symptoms among risperidone-treated subjects. Otherwise, risperidone and olanzapine appear to be equally effective in reducing disorganized and negative symptoms and in improving the quality of life. CONCLUSION: Risperidone and olanzapine were equally effective as acute treatments. Risperidone was more effective for treatment of psychotic symptoms at 6 months, but otherwise the 2 medications were equally effective in the routine clinical care of patients with schizophrenia. If low (<6 mg/day) doses of risperidone are used, the 2 medications have comparable rates of parkinsonian side effects.     

齐拉西酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症对照研究

目的：探讨齐拉西酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的临床疗效与安全性。方法：将64例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为齐拉西酮组32例与奥氮平组32例,治疗8周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,采用治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果：齐拉西酮组总有效率为84.4%,奥氮平组为87.5%,两组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。齐拉西酮组主要不良反应是失眠,奥氮平组是体质量增加和血糖升高。结论：齐拉西酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症均有良好疗效,2药不良反应均较轻。     

奥氮平对精神分裂症患者血脂影响对照研究

目的:探讨奥氮平对精神分裂症患者脂质代谢的影响。方法:采用随机对照方法,精神分裂症患者奥氮平治疗30例,氯丙嗪治疗20例,观察第0,8,52周的血脂水平、体质量和睡眠时间的变化。结果:奥氮平组治疗后血胆固醇(TC)及三酰甘油(TG)均显著增加,治疗8周时TG显著较氯丙嗪组为高,但52周时不再继续明显增加。高密度脂蛋白(HDL)两组患者均显著减少,奥氮平组体质量显著增加。两组患者治疗后睡眠时间均显著增加,尤以氯丙嗪组更为显著。结论:奥氮平治疗8周时血脂可显著增加,但52周时不再继续明显增加;可引起睡眠时间增加,但不及氯丙嗪严重。     

Effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotics on cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia: a longitudinal study

This study aimed to determine the effect of olanzapine and other antipsychotic drugs on cognitive functions after 6months of treatment. Baseline, 3month and 6month psychopathological and cognitive evaluations were made. Thirty-eight partially responsive outpatients with DSM-IV chronic schizophrenia diagnosis were included in the study. On the indication of their attending psychiatrists, 21 patients initiated treatment with olanzapine, and 17 remained on their previous treatment with other antipsychotic drugs. Cognitive assessments were blind to medication and psychopathological status.The olanzapine group presented a significantly greater improvement in negative symptomatology and verbal memory than the comparison group in repeated-measures of MANOVAs between baseline, 3month and 6month assessments. These differences remained statistically significant after covarying out gender, treatment with other atypical antipsychotics, biperidene doses and changes in positive and negative symptoms. In order to match previous differences between groups, cognitive baseline scores for each test were introduced as covariates, resulting in a significant improvement for the olanzapine group in negative symptomatology and the interference task of the Stroop test.We then re-analyzed the data, dividing the comparison group into two groups: risperidone-treated patients (n=9) and patients receiving conventional antipsychotic drugs (n=8). Post-hoc analyses between groups were carried out with baseline cognitive assessment as covariate. The olanzapine group improved significantly more than the risperidone group in negative symptomatology and in the interference task of Stroop test. The improvement in the number of categories of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was higher in risperidone patients than in those receiving olanzapine or conventional antipsychotic treatment. Conventional antipsychotic drugs did not present a significant improvement over atypical antipsychotic drugs in any cognitive function.In summary, in patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia, atypical antipsychotic agents were associated with slight differential improvements over time in attentional, verbal memory and executive functions compared with conventional neuroleptic drugs. No differential improvements were found in social functioning, verbal fluency, non-verbal domains of memory or visuo-motor abilities.     

利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的1年随访研究

目的评价利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效与不良反应。方法本研究为开放性，平行对照，药物剂量可调整的临床试验。采用自然观察研究方法，结合全病程管理模式对研究对象进行1年随访研究。分别有131例和136例首发精神分裂症患者被分入利培酮组和奥氮平组。利培酮组剂量为3—6mg，平均（3．8±1．3）mg，奥氮平组剂量为10—20mg，平均（12．9±5．6）mg。疗效主要统计指标为阳性和阴性症状评定量表（PANSS）的总分值及有效率，持续治疗时间。PANSS减分率≥50％定义为有效。次要统计指标为复发率、复发时间及药物不良反应。用副反应量表（TESS）评估药物不良反应。结果12月末时，利培酮组有85例患者（64．9％）完成随访，奥氮平组为93例（68．4％），两组差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗终点利醅酮和奥氮平组有效率分别为62．6％和69．8％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），随访中其他时点（2、3、6、8个月）两组有效率差异亦无统计学意义。12个月末利培酮组和奥氮平组的复发率（14．5％、12．5％）、持续治疗时间（9．5±3．8月、9．7±3．8月）、复发时间（4．0±2．9月、5．1±2．8月）等差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。不良反应方面，利培酮组锥体外系反应比例高于奥氮平组，奥氮平组体重增加比例高于利培酮组。结论利培酮与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症1年疗效均好，利培酮组锥体外系反应发生较多，奥氮平组体重增加较多。     

奥氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症比较研究

目的　评价奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效与安全性。方法　对 80例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组 ,分别给予奥氮平与氯丙嗪治疗 8周 ,采用PANSS评价临床疗效 ,TESS评价不良反应。结果　奥氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率为 4 2 .4 % ,有效率为 82 .5 % ;氯丙嗪组治疗前后PANSS减分率为 37.5 % ,有效率为 70 %。奥氮平组未见严重的药物不良反应 ,安全性好。结论　奥氮平治疗精神分裂症有效性好、安全性高、可行性强     

奥氮平与利培酮治疗精神分裂症首次发病患者的疗效

目的:探讨奥氮平与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效以及对生活质量的影响。方法:68例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为奥氮平组和利培酮组各34例,分别给予奥氮平和利培酮治疗8周,随访6个月。于治疗前后采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应;于治疗6个月前后,采用生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI)评定生活质量。结果:两组PANSS评分治疗后均有显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01)。奥氮平组GQOLI总分及各维度与利培酮组GQOLI总分及躯体功能、心理功能维度治疗前后差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01);两组间比较,治疗前两组GQOLI评分差异无统计学意义,6个月后随访,在躯体功能及社会功能差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论:奥氮平与利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症疗效相当,但奥氮平在提高生活质量方面略优于利培酮。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症对照研究

目的评价奥氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法将64例难治性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组和对照组,分别予以奥氮平和氯氮平治疗8周,采用PANSS量表和TESS量表评定疗效和不良反应。结果奥氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率为39.3%,有效率为72.8%;氯氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率为36.6%,有效率为59.4%。奥氮平组未见严重的不良反应。结论奥氮平与氯氮平治疗难治性精神分裂症均有良好疗效,奥氮平的副作用小,病人依从性好。     

Comparison of discharge rates and drug costs for patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone or olanzapine

This study compared the discharge rates and drug costs of 789 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who began pharmacotherapy with olanzapine or risperidone between July 1997 and June 1998. Discharge rates 30 days after the start of treatment were 45 percent for the patients treated with risperidone and 32 percent for those treated with olanzapine (p=.001). Daily drug costs during the same period were $6.42 for risperidone and $12.29 for olanzapine (p<.001). For risperidone, lower dosages were associated with higher hospital discharge rates, whereas no significant association was observed for olanzapine. These data suggest that among inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, use of risperidone results in a higher discharge rate and a lower drug cost than use of olanzapine.     

Effects of olanzapine on slow wave sleep, sleep spindles and sleep-related memory consolidation in schizophrenia

INTRODUCTION: Memory deficits and sleep disturbances are common clinical features of schizophrenia. Sleep is supposed to promote memory consolidation and the antipsychotic olanzapine is suggested to improve both sleep and memory functions. Therefore we performed a study to analyse the acute effects of olanzapine on distinct sleep parameters and sleep-related memory consolidation in parallel. METHODS: We studied 26 patients with schizophrenia on stable antipsychotic medication with amisulpride (age range 19-44 years). Immediately before polysomnography and the morning after we performed neuropsychological tasks. Before the third night in the sleep laboratory, patients received either olanzapine or a placebo. RESULTS: We found a significant positive association for slow wave sleep and declarative memory performance in schizophrenia at baseline. Additionally, Stage 2 sleep spindle density was positively related to overnight memory consolidation. Olanzapine caused a significant increase in the amount of slow wave sleep in accordance with recent studies, but led also to a significant decrease in sleep spindle density, which had not been described before. Memory performance the next morning was not different between the two groups. DISCUSSION: Since not only slow wave sleep but also sleep spindles are supposed to promote sleep-related memory consolidation, we suggest that a putative positive effect on memory performance by slow wave sleep augmentation is neutralised by the decrease in sleep spindles due to olanzapine.     

T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia in acute psychotic episode and the course of the treatment

Schizophrenia is associated with alterations of the immune system. There are, however, only limited data dealing with immune parameters in unmedicated schizophrenic patients and the course of these parameters during treatment. In this study, we monitored CD19+ (B)- and CD3+ (T)-lymphocytes in the course of antipsychotic treatment. Forty patients diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia were tested before and after 3 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months of treatment with antipsychotics. The percentages of CD19+- and CD3+ -lymphocytes were analysed by flow cytometry using fluorescence conjugated anti-CD19 and anti-CD3 antibodies. Twenty healthy volunteers served as controls. In the acute state of psychosis, a significant reduction of the CD3+ -lymphocyte subpopulation was observed, while the percentage of CD19(+)-lymphocytes was increased. Both subpopulations levelled to those of the control group in the course of treatment. As expected, the levels of the immune parameters did not change in the healthy controls during the course of the study. The observed alterations of the CD19+ - and CD3+ -lymphocytes in the acute state of psychosis especially in patients with the paranoid subtype of schizophrenia, and the "normalization" during the observation period are discussed under the aspect of the immune hypothesis of schizophrenia, in particular of the type-1/type-2 imbalance hypothesis.     

氨磺必利与奥氮平治疗精神分裂症首次发病患者的对照研究

目的:比较氨磺必利和奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效和安全性。方法:将62例精神分裂症首次发病患者随机分为氨磺必利组和奥氮平组治疗8周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)于治疗前后评定疗效,并观察不良反应。结果:治疗8周两组PANSS总分减分及一般病理学减分比较差异无统计学意义;氨磺必利组PANSS阴性症状减分明显高于奥氮平组,奥氮平组PANSS阳性症状减分显著高于氨磺必利组(P均0.05)。氨磺必利组和奥氮平组总有效率分别为93.5%和96.8%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。奥氮平组体质量增加、镇静嗜睡和血糖升高发生率明显高于氨磺必利组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:氨磺必利治疗精神分裂症的疗效与奥氮平相当,但不良反应相对较少。     

Effects of olanzapine on auditory P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia spectrum disorders

We investigated effects of olanzapine (5-10 mg/day) on passive and active attention in 11 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 15 healthy controls by using auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) mismatch negativity (MMN) and P300. AEPs were elicited during active and passive auditory "oddball" paradigms before, after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of olanzapine treatment. Baseline P300 amplitudes, but not MMN, were significantly reduced in patients compared with controls. Although clinical signs improved significantly measured by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), olanzapine had no significant effects on latencies and amplitudes of MMN and P300. Thus, olanzapine does not have effects on active and passive attention in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Four weeks olanzapine treatment may be insufficient for the improvement of cognitive dysfunction in terms of inability to focus on relevant stimuli in these patients.     

首发精神分裂症患者代谢异常分析及奥氮平对其影响

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症患者代谢异常的情况及非典型抗精神病药物奥氮平对此可能的影响.方法 选取中山大学附属第三医院心理科自2010年2月至2011年2月收治的30例首发精神分裂症患者(病例组,予以奥氮平单药治疗4周)及40例健康者(对照组),分别在治疗前(基线)、后测定身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、载脂蛋白AI(aPOAI)、载脂蛋白B100(aPOB100)、脂蛋白a(LPa)、空腹血糖(FBS)、空腹胰岛素(INS)及C肽,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(Ⅱ)、腰臀比(WHR)和体重指数(BMI),并将病例组与对照组、病例组治疗前后各项代谢指标进行比较分析.结果 病例组HDL、aPOAI明显低于对照组,腰臀比、IR、INS、C肽明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).病例组治疗后BMI、腰围、腰臀比、胰岛素、IR、TC、TG、LDL、aPOB 100较治疗前均有明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 精神分裂症患者本身可能存在某些代谢异常的易感素质,其高代谢异常发生率可能是其易感素质与抗精神病药物共同作用的结果.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的开放性临床研究

目的评价国产奥氮平开放性治疗精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法开放、前瞻性研究设计。研究对象为符合DSM—IV精神分裂症诊断标准的门诊和住院患者。采用可变剂量国产奥氮平治疗8周，定期进行疗效和安全性评估，疗效指标为PANSS总分及分量表分和CGI，描述性记录不良事件和用锥体外系（EPS）不良反应量表评估EPS。结果共纳入83例患者，从治疗2周末起，PANSS总分及分量表分就有显着改善，治疗8周的PANSS总分减分率为57．3%，治疗有效率为66．3%。药物的平均起效时间为2．3周。治疗中主要发生的不良反应为嗜睡、体重增加和心悸，8周末1例患者空腹血糖升高。结论国产奥氮平治疗精神分裂症具有较好的疗效和安全性。     

帕利哌酮缓释片与奥氮平治疗首发精神分裂症患者的对照研究

目的：探讨帕利哌酮缓释片治疗首发精神分裂症患者的疗效和安全性。方法：对78例首发精神分裂症患者按入院顺序,以奇偶数法分成帕利哌酮缓释片组和奥氮平组,用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）和治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）于治疗前、治疗1周、2周、4周、6周和8周分别进行评定。结果：帕利哌酮缓释片组有效率65.8%,奥氮平组有效率67.5%,两组疗效差异无统计学意义,帕利哌酮缓释片组起效快,不良反应低于奥氮平组,且不良反应轻微。结论：帕利哌酮缓释片与奥氮平对精神分裂症的疗效相当,但起效快且不良反应轻微,依从性更好。     

奥氮平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

目的 评价奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 将39例精神分裂症患者随机分成2组，分别给予奥氮平与氯氮平治疗8周，采用PANSS．CGI评价临床疗效，TESS评价不良反应。结果 奥氮平组与氯氮平组之间疗效无显著性差异，奥氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率45．7％，有效率78．90％；氯氮平组治疗前后PANSS减分率44．9％，有效率75．0%；氯氮平组副反应明显高于奥氮平组。结论 奥氯平是一种安全有效的新型抗精神病药。     

Cocaine abuse in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine versus haloperidol

Comorbid cocaine abuse adversely affects clinical outcomes in schizophrenia. Using a prospective, randomized, parallel group design (N = 24), we tested the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine have reduced cocaine craving and abuse compared with those treated with haloperidol. In addition, we examined whether this differential effect correlated with reductions in extrapyramidal symptoms, positive and negative symptoms, and/or depression. There were no significant differences overall in proportions of positive drug screens between treatment groups; no differences in positive, negative, or depressive symptoms; and few differences between treatment conditions in extrapyramidal symptoms. However, craving for cocaine was rated significantly lower by patients treated with haloperidol compared with patients treated with olanzapine. Important study limitations include a small sample size and high attrition rates. Larger controlled studies are necessary to determine optimal antipsychotic therapy for patients with schizophrenia and comorbid cocaine abuse.     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症临床观察

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效与安全性。方法：对123例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,奥氮平组61例,氯氮平组62例,于治疗前和治疗1、2、4、6、8周末进行阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）及副反应量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：奥氮平与氯氮平总的疗效差异无显著性;在认知因子和阴性症状方面,以奥氮平显著较好。奥氮平主要不良反应明显低于氯氮平。结论：奥氮平是一种安全、有效的非典型抗精神病药。