电离辐射诱导的细胞G2期阻滞

哺乳动物受X射线照射后，可以使细胞周期延迟或阻滞，包括G1期阻滞，S期延迟和G2期阻滞，G1期阻滞仅在野生型p53基因存在时出现，在清除DNA损伤的细胞中具有重要作用；而G2期阻滞更有利于损伤后DNA的修复和细胞存活，并且与p53基因存在状态无关，因此，对电离辐射诱导细胞G2期阻滞机制的探讨成为近年来国内外放射生物学领域的研究热点。     

电离辐射对胸腺细胞p16/CyclinD/CDK4基因转录和蛋白表达的影响

电离辐射可诱导细胞发生G1期阻滞，其意义在于使受损伤的DNA得以修复，维持细胞基因组稳定性。目前研究发现主要有两条负向调控通路：p53-p21／pRb通路和p16-CyclinD／CDK4-pRb通路在G1→S期转换中起重要作用。以往的实验结果证实p53-p21通路在中等剂量电离辐射诱导的G1期阻滞中起重要作用。然而，电离辐射对体内细胞     

电离辐射诱导G2期阻滞的机制

电离辐射损伤后,细胞通过若干关卡来调控细胞周期的进程,使细胞有时间进行DNA修复,确保染色体组的完整性和遗传稳定性,减少突变的发生。不同的电离辐射使不同细胞产生G1、G2和S期等不同时相的变化,但电离辐射后G2期阻滞的现象十分普遍。近年来,对G2期阻滞机制的研究多集中在Chk1、Chk2和p53上。     

低浓度乙醇诱导与紫外线照射对HepG2细胞周期及p53/p21蛋白表达的影响

目的观察低浓度乙醇诱导与紫外线照射导致HepG2肝癌细胞损伤的分子路径。方法选用HepG2肝癌细胞株，分别给予低浓度乙醇诱导与紫外线照射处理，观察两种损伤因素作用后细胞周期分布的差异，细胞中p53蛋白和p21蛋白表达的改变，分析蛋白表达与细胞周期改变的关系。结果紫外线照射后细胞中p53、p21蛋白表达均明显增强，出现G0～G1／G2～M期阻滞；低浓度乙醇诱导后主要出现G2～M期阻滞与p21蛋白表达的增强，p53蛋白表达改变不明显；两种损伤因素均能导致细胞凋亡率的增加。结论低浓度乙醇诱导与紫外线照射通过激活细胞内不同的分子事件，导致细胞周期与细胞凋亡的改变。     

电离辐射诱导G2期阻滞的机制

电离辐射损伤后，细胞通过若干关卡来调控细胞周期的进程，使细胞有时间进行DNA修复，确保染色体组的完整性和遗传稳定性，减少突变的发生。不同的电离辐射使不同细胞产生G1、G2和S期等不同时相的变化，但电离辐射后G2期阻滞的现象十分普遍。近年来，对G2期阻滞机制的研究多集中在Chk1、Chk2和p53上。     

腺病毒介导的p16和p53的联合应用对胆管癌细胞QBC939的生长抑制作用

为研究p16和p53基因的联合应用对胆管癌细胞的作用,将重组体腺病毒p16、p53、p16联合p53转移到人胆管癌细胞QBC939,对p16、p53基因的表达,细胞的生长抑制及机制进行了分析。RT－PCR显示在胆管癌QBC939细胞系中p16呈低表达,p53不表达,重组体腺病毒能介导p16和p53等外源基因在胆管癌QBC939细胞系中高效表达,两者联合应用能明显抑制QBC939细胞的生长和集落形成。流式细胞计数证实其能诱导,QBC939细胞发生明显半调并导致其发生G1期阻滞,本研究显示p16及p53基因通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡及G1期阻滞在肿瘤的基因治疗方面发挥作用,两者联合应用具有协同作用。     

中药制剂预防放射性直肠炎37例临床观察

目的 研究野生型p53基因转染卵巢癌SKOV－3细胞对放疗敏感性的影响。方法 用脂质体介导的转染技术，将人野生型p53 cDNA的真核表达重组质粒分别导入受不同剂量放射照射的SKOV－3培养细胞中，观察p53不同状态下对肿瘤细胞放疗敏感性的差异。结果 SKOV－3、SKOV－3－vect及SKOV－3－p53经2Gy照射后，其集落形成数分别下降了18．6％、22．9％及44．5％；经4Gy照射后，其集落形成数分别下降了63．6％、64．9％及88．9％。转染p53基因后，肿瘤细胞S期和G2／M期的比例下降，G1／G0期的比例增加，p53基因的转染使卵巢癌细胞发生G1期阻滞。结论 外源性野生型p53基因的转染，增加了卵巢癌SKOV－3细胞对放疗的敏感性。     

p16负向调控通路与辐射诱导的G1期阻滞

辐射诱导细胞发生G1期阻滞,其分子调控机制尚不十分清楚.近期文献报道,独立于p53基因之外的p16-Cyclins-CDKs(细胞周期素依赖性激酶)细胞周期负向调控通路在紫外线和电离辐射照后发生改变,提示此通路可能在辐射诱导的G1期阻滞中发挥至关重要的作用.     

p16负向调控通路与辐射诱导的G1期阻滞

辐射诱导细胞发生G1期阻滞，其分子调控机制尚不十分清楚。近期献报道，独立于p53基因之外的p16-Cyclins-CDKs(细胞周期素依赖性激酶)细胞周期负向调控通路在紫外线和电离辐射照后发生改变，提示此通路可能在辐射诱导的G1期阻滞中发挥至关重要的作用。     

粉防己碱增加人乳腺癌细胞对X射线敏感性及其机理研究

目的 研究粉防己碱(Tet)与X射线对人乳腺癌细胞的作用和机理。方法 采用克隆形成分析法，流式细胞术，Western Blotting以及分裂指数法进行实验。结果 在p53突变型MCF-7/ADR细胞中，Tet显著增加X射线的杀伤作用，其增敏比为1．5l；在X射线照射后，细胞明显阻滞于G2期，Tet可以降低这种阻滞。而在p53野生型MCF-7细胞中，Tet增加X射线的杀伤作用不明显，增敏比为1．10；在X射线照射后，细胞阻滞于G1期，部分阻滞于G2期，加入Tet，对于这种阻滞作用降低也不明显。进一步研究显示，MCF-7/ADR细胞在受到X射线照射后，其Cyclin Bl与Cdc2蛋白表达水平明显降低；Tet可以逆转X射线对Cyclin Bl与Cdc2蛋白的表达的抑制作用。分裂指数结果显示Tet可以促使阻滞于G2期的MCF-7/ADR细胞进入M期。结论 Tet是一种G2期阻滞清除剂，能显著增加X射线对人乳腺癌细胞的杀伤作用，这种作用在p53突变型细胞中更明显。     

Molecular mechanism of cell death by radiation

p53 protein, a tumor suppressor protein, is accumulated and activated by ionizing radiation. It activates various downstream genes whose functions are involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Although it was thought generally that G1 arrest by p53 activation after ionizing radiation was a transient phenomenon to facilitate DNA repair, we found that it is irreversible and permanent in both normal human cells and tumor cells. Because cells arrested irreversibly express various phenotypes, such as cell enlargement and expression of senescence associated-beta-gal, this is related to cellular senescence, but not to apoptosis. Therefore, we termed this phenomenon senescence-like growth arrest (SLGA). These results indicate that SLGA is the main form of cell death caused by ionizing radiation. SLGA can be utilized as an index of cancer therapy, because it is induced not only by radiation but also by anticancer drugs and is easy to examine by vital staining, thereby making the induction of SA-beta-gal an index.     

电离辐射诱导小鼠胸腺细胞G1期阻滞的分子调控初探

目的研究电离辐射诱导小鼠胸腺细胞Ｇ１期阻滞的分子通路。方法ＰＩ染色,流式细胞术检测细胞周期。单克隆抗体免疫荧光标记,流式细胞术检测蛋白表达。结果０５、１．０及２．０ＧｙＸ射线全身照射后１２小时及２．０Ｇｙ照射后２４小时小鼠胸腺细胞Ｇ１期细胞数明显增高。２．０Ｇｙ照射后ｐ５３蛋白表达在照射后１～８小时明显增高;ｐ２１蛋白表达在照射后４～４８小时明显增高;ＭＤＭ２蛋白表达在照射后４小时及８小时明显增高;而ＧＡＤＤ４５蛋白表达未见明显变化。结论０５～２．０ＧｙＸ射线全身照射可诱导小鼠胸腺细胞Ｇ１期阻滞。其分子通路主要是ｐ５３－ｐ２１通路。     

Effect of p53 activation on cell growth, thymidine kinase-1 activity, and 3'-deoxy-3'fluorothymidine uptake

The use of thymidine (TdR) and thymidine analogs such as 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) as positron emission tomography (PET)-based tracers of tumor proliferation rate is based on the hypothesis that measurement of uptake of these nucleosides, a function primarily of thymidine kinase-1 (TK(1)) activity, provides an accurate measure of cell proliferation in tumors. Tumor growth is influenced by many factors including the oxygen concentration within tumors and whether tumor cells have been exposed to cytotoxic therapies. The p53 gene plays an important role in regulating growth under both of these conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of p53 activation on cell growth, TK(1) activity, and FLT uptake. To accomplish this, TK(1) activity, S phase fraction, and the uptake of FLT were determined in plateau-phase and exponentially growing cultures of an isogenic pair of human tumor cell lines in which p53 expression was normal or inactivated by human papilloma virus type 16 E6 expression. Ionizing radiation exposure was used to stimulate p53 activity and to induce alterations in cell cycle progression. We found that exposure of cells to ionizing radiation induced dose-dependent changes in cell cycle progression in both cell lines. The relationship between S phase percentage, TK(1) activity, and FLT uptake were essentially unchanged in the p53-normal cell line. In contrast, TK(1) activity and FLT uptake remained high in the p53-deficient variant even when S phase percentage was low due to a p53-dependent G2 arrest. We conclude that a functional p53 response is required to maintain the normal relationship between TK1 activity and S phase percentage following radiation exposure.     

p21在电离辐射诱导EL-4细胞G_1期阻滞中的作用

目的　探讨 p2 1在电离辐射诱导EL 4细胞G1期阻滞中的作用。方法　采用North ernblot检测 p2 1WAF1mRNA水平的变化 ;采用流式细胞术检测 p2 1蛋白表达及细胞周期的变化。结果　 4 0GyX射线照射后 12h、2 4h、48hG1期EL 4细胞百分数明显高于假照射组 ;p2 1WAF1mRNA水平从照射后 1h开始升高 ,4h达峰值 ,持续至照后 12h ;p2 1蛋白表达在照射后 2～ 48h明显增高。结论　 4 0GyX射线照射可诱导EL 4细胞G1期阻滞 ,p2 1在电离辐射诱导EL 4细胞G1期阻滞中起重要作用。     

照射后不同p53基因状态胃癌细胞的G1期阻滞和凋亡

目的　评价抑癌基因ｐ５３（ 野生型ｐ５３） 对照射后人胃癌细胞系（ＢＧＣ８２３） 的Ｇ１ 期阻滞和凋亡的控制作用。方法　３ 种具有不同ｐ５３ 状态的人胃癌细胞系,即转染人野生型ｐ５３ 基因的ＢＧＣ８２３ｗｔｐ５３ 细胞、转染人突变型ｐ５３ 基因的ＢＧＣ８２３ｍｕｔｐ５３ 细胞和转染无ｐ５３ 基因的空载质粒的ＢＧＣ８２３ｖｅｃｔ 细胞,用流式细胞计分析细胞,４Ｇｙ 照射后０、８ 和２４ 小时后各细胞时相分布和凋亡的反应。结果　照射４Ｇｙ 后８ 小时和２４ 小时后的ＢＧＣ８２３ｗｔｐ５３ 细胞出现强烈的Ｇ１ 期阻滞（分别占原细胞总数的６７－９％ 和６１－１ ％） ,而ＢＧＣ８２３ｍｕｔｐ５３ 、ＢＧＣ８２３ｖｅｃｔ 细胞几乎没有Ｇ１ 期阻滞;照射４Ｇｙ 后８ 小时和２４ 小时后的ＢＧＣ８２３ｗｔｐ５３ 细胞出现明显的预示凋亡的亚Ｇ１ 峰,凋亡细胞比例分别达１３－０ ％ 和１５－３ ％ ;而ＢＧＣ８２３ｍｕｔｐ５３ 和ＢＧＣ８２３ｖｅｃｔ 细胞几乎没有出现亚Ｇ１ 峰和凋亡细胞比例都为零。结论　野生型ｐ５３ 基因具有促进照射后肿瘤细胞的Ｇ１ 期阻滞和凋亡作用,而ｐ５３ 变异和缺失则减低了肿瘤细胞对放射线的反应。     

低剂量电离辐射对7721细胞细胞周期及p53、Ku70和Ku80表达的影响

目的　观察电离辐射对 772 1细胞 (人肝癌细胞 )细胞周期和p53、Ku70和Ku80基因表达的影响。方法　以人肝癌细胞株 772 1为研究对象 ,通过克隆形成实验拟合出 772 1细胞的剂量存活曲线 ;用流式细胞技术检测 75mGyX射线照射后 772 1细胞周期变化 ;用原位杂交方法检测 772 1细胞p53、Ku70和Ku80基因在 75mGyX射线照射前、后的表达情况。结果　与对照组相比 ,75mGyX射线照射后 0 5～ 6h ,772 1细胞S期延长 (P <0 0 5)。p53、Ku70和Ku80基因的表达照射前与照射后比较差异无显著性。结论　 772 1细胞在 75mGyX射线照射后 ,未出现G1期阻滞 ,p53、Ku70和Ku80基因在照射前、后表达无明显变化 ,是由于这些基因自身存在缺陷或激活机制存在缺陷所致     

Preferential radiosensitization in p53-mutated human tumour cell lines by pentoxifylline-mediated disruption of the G2/M checkpoint control

Purpose : There is evidence that the duration of the G2/M delay following irradiation is correlated with cell survival. We studied the radiosensitizing potential of pentoxifylline (PTX) and the PTX-mediated modulation of cell-cycle progression dependent on the p53 status of various human tumour cell lines. Materials and methods : The cellular radiosensitivity of human MCF-7 (wild-type p53) and HT-29 (p53-defective) tumour cells, which were exposed to PTX (2 mM) immediately after γ-irradiation was determined by colony forming assay. The influence on cell cycle progression after irradiation (6 Gy) was assessed by flow cytometric analysis using p53 wild-type MCF-7 and HPR600 cells, and p53-defective HT-29 and WiDr cells. Results : Clonogenic survival assays up to 8 Gy demonstrated that p53-defective HT-29 cells (sensitizer enhancement ratio [SER]=1.54) were sensitized by PTX (2 mM) to a significantly higher degree than p53 wild-type MCF-7 (SER=1.14) cells. Exposure of irradiated (6 Gy) cells to PTX (2 mM) resulted in abrogation of the radiation-induced G2/M arrest in the p53-defective HT-29 and WiDr cells, whereas the p53 wild-type-expressing MCF-7 and HPR600 cells showed less significant impairment of the G2/M checkpoint. In HT-29 cells, the rate of transition into mitosis was even higher than in the sham-treated control cells. G2/M abrogation was accompanied by an increase of apoptosis only in HPR600 cells. Conclusions : Since PTX was less effective in cells expressing intact p53, the application of PTX suggests a promising strategy of pharmacological disruption of the G2/M checkpoint control by which preferentially radiation-resistant tumours with defective p53 function might be rendered more sensitive to ionizing radiation.     

二氢青蒿素对人宫颈癌细胞株照射后周期的影响及相关机制

目的 观察二氢青蒿素及X射线对肿瘤细胞周期的影响,并研究其具体作用机制。方法 选用已知p53突变的人宫颈癌HeLa细胞,并以p53功能正常的人宫颈癌SiHa细胞作为对照。采用流式细胞术分析X射线(6 Gy)、二氢青蒿素(20及100 μmol/L)对两种细胞的细胞周期的影响;应用蛋白印迹法(Western blot)检测细胞周期相关蛋白表达量的变化。结果 X射线照射明显导致HeLa细胞G₂期阻滞,照射后G₂期细胞比例由14.45%上升至73.58%,在二氢青蒿素联合照射作用后,HeLa细胞G₂期细胞比例由单纯照射组的73.58%降至48.31%;而对照组SiHa细胞G₂期变化不明显。在单纯照射组,随着细胞G₂期阻滞的增加,HeLa细胞中Wee1蛋白表达量增加,Cyclin B1蛋白表达量降低,而在二氢青蒿素联合照射作用后,细胞内Wee1蛋白表达量较单纯照射组减少,Cyclin B1蛋白表达量较单纯照射组增高,与该药能去除电离辐射导致细胞G₂期阻滞过程相一致。结论 对于p53突变的人宫颈癌HeLa细胞,二氢青蒿素能抑制辐射所引起的细胞G₂期阻滞,其机理可能与细胞周期调控蛋白Wee1、Cyclin B1表达变化有关;对p53功能正常的SiHa细胞,辐射主要引起细胞G₁期阻滞,故二氢青蒿素对其周期的影响作用不明显。     

Preferential radiosensitization in p53-mutated human tumour cell lines by pentoxifylline-mediated disruption of the G2/M checkpoint control

PURPOSE: There is evidence that the duration of the G2/M delay following irradiation is correlated with cell survival. We studied the radiosensitizing potential of pentoxifylline (PTX) and the PTX-mediated modulation of cell-cycle progression dependent on the p53 status of various human tumour cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cellular radiosensitivity of human MCF-7 (wild-type p53) and HT-29 (p53-defective) tumour cells, which were exposed to PTX (2 mM) immediately after gamma-irradiation was determined by colony forming assay. The influence on cell cycle progression after irradiation (6 Gy) was assessed by flow cytometric analysis using p53 wild-type MCF-7 and HPR600 cells, and p53-defective HT-29 and WiDr cells. RESULTS: Clonogenic survival assays up to 8 Gy demonstrated that p53-defective HT-29 cells (sensitizer enhancement ratio [SER]=1.54) were sensitized by PTX (2 mM) to a significantly higher degree than p53 wild-type MCF-7 (SER=1.14) cells. Exposure of irradiated (6 Gy) cells to PTX (2 mM) resulted in abrogation of the radiation-induced G2/M arrest in the p53-defective HT-29 and WiDr cells, whereas the p53 wild-type-expressing MCF-7 and HPR600 cells showed less significant impairment of the G2/M checkpoint. In HT-29 cells, the rate of transition into mitosis was even higher than in the sham-treated control cells. G2/M abrogation was accompanied by an increase of apoptosis only in HPR600 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Since PTX was less effective in cells expressing intact p53, the application of PTX suggests a promising strategy of pharmacological disruption of the G2/M checkpoint control by which preferentially radiation-resistant tumours with defective p53 function might be rendered more sensitive to ionizing radiation.