扩大翼点入路及扩大硬脑膜缝合治疗额颞部重型颅脑损伤

目的 探索额颞部重型颅脑损伤的手术治疗的方法。方法 通过对我院98例额颞部重型颅脑损伤患者手术方法的回顾性总结。结果 98例采用改良翼点入路大骨瓣减压并用扩大硬膜缝合治疗的额颞部重型颅脑损伤患者，其中康复45例，中度残废10例，重度残废4例，植物生存3例，死亡31例。结论 额颞部改良翼点入路大骨瓣减压及扩大硬脑膜缝合治疗额颞部重型脑损伤，可以达到减压充分，手术效果好，并发症少。     

改良额颞顶大骨瓣开颅治疗重型对冲性脑挫裂伤并颅内血肿(附58例报告)

采用改良额颞顶大骨瓣开颅治疗重型对冲性脑挫裂伤并颅内血肿患58例。术后植物人生存4例，严重残疾6例，中度残疾13例，恢复良好21例，死亡14例(24．1％)。死亡病例中GCS3—5分死亡8例，GCS6—8分死亡6例。改良额颞顶大骨瓣在重型对冲性脑挫裂伤合并颅内血肿、脑肿胀的治疗中能充分显露大脑半球多个部位，彻底清除同侧多个部位血肿，保护血管，修补硬脑膜容易，防止脑脊液漏，减压充分，效果较为显。     

双额叶脑挫裂伤早期手术治疗体会

目的探讨双额叶脑挫裂伤早期手术的疗效。方法回顾分析双额叶脑挫裂伤50例,6～8 h内及时行冠状切口双额骨瓣或扩大翼点额颞顶开颅,清除血块及碎裂失活脑组织,去除骨瓣减压。结果治愈40例,好转5例,死亡5例。结论双额叶脑挫裂伤应早期手术,行双侧冠状开颅或双额颞大骨瓣开颅充分减压,是救治成功的关键。     

清醒的额颞部对冲伤28例临床分析

目的 总结28例枕部着力的额颞部脑对冲伤病人的治疗方法与预后的关系。方法 4年间共收治28例诊断为GCS≥9分的脑对冲伤的患者,对其采用不同的治疗方案获得不同的预后进行回顾性分析。结果 11例手术行去骨瓣减压者预后最好,全部达良好恢复,甘露醇脱水保守治疗17例,其中2例死亡,中残5例,良好恢复10例。结论 受伤后6小时内CT发现有明显占位病变者应行去骨瓣减压术,则预后较好。甘露醇脱水治疗,预后相对较差。其指征的掌握与预后直接相关。     

对冲性双额叶脑损伤致中央型脑疝的诊治体会

目的 探讨对冲性双额叶脑损伤致中央型脑疝的临床特点、手术救治时机及方法. 方法 回顾性分析本院2005年1月至2011年12月,手术救治的对冲性双额叶脑挫伤致中央型脑疝的临床资料.本组男32例,女11例；年龄19～70岁,平均41岁.入院立即手术19例,观察后急诊手术24例.所有手术均采用开颅去骨瓣减压,其中26例为双侧去骨瓣减压,17例为单侧去骨瓣减压. 结果 恢复良好32例,遗留有癫痫2例,智力障碍3例,重残4例,死亡2例. 结论 重视中央型脑疝前期或间脑期临床表现,结合影像学特征性表现,及早应用开颅去骨瓣减压,可降低双额叶脑挫伤致中央型脑疝患者的死亡率和致残率,提高双额叶脑挫伤的治愈率.     

标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤

目的评价标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术(standard large traume craniotomy)对重型颅脑损伤的治疗效果。方法对38例重型颅脑损伤患者行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术，清除血肿和去骨瓣减压。结果38例中，恢复良好21例，中残6例，重残3例，死亡8例，与同期34例行常规额颞项骨瓣开颅组比较，疗效有显著性差异。结论标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术适用于急性单侧幕上颅内血肿、脑挫裂伤以及单侧大脑半球肿胀，具有如下优点：(1)暴露广泛，术中急性脑膨出发生率低；(2)减压充分，脑疝易于复位；(3)可增加术中硬脑膜修补的机会。     

标准外伤大骨瓣联合亚低温治疗重型额颞部脑损伤临床研究

近年来，采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压手术（standard large trauma craniotomy，SLTC）及联合亚低温（mild hypothermia，MHT）治疗的报道增多，但对其疗效及与传统治疗方法的优劣仍存在争议^[1]。本院对2002年1月至2007年10月期间收治的53例额颞部重型颅脑损伤患者，采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压手术、常规气管切开及联合亚低温治疗．取得了比较满意疗效。现就疗效情况进行比较、分析，报告如下。     

额颞顶部开颅手术颞肌的处理

<正>自1984年Yasargil[1]提出"标准翼点入路开颅手术"以后,该方法被广泛应用于临床。随后,人们发现使用Yasargi介绍的手术方法进行开颅,术后常出现颞肌萎缩、颞窝塌陷、颞区疼痛、咀嚼功能障碍、面神经额颞支麻痹等并发症。而在额颞顶部标准去大骨瓣减压手术中,则常因为术后颞肌充血、肿胀,颞肌出     

顶枕部着力并发颅内多发血肿的手术方式

顶枕部着力的外伤患者,常以额颞部对冲伤为主,同时伴有着力点的硬膜外血肿。对伴有少量顶、枕或顶枕部硬膜外血肿且额颞部损伤较剧(头颅CT提示中线偏移1cm以上,血肿总量大于30ml,意识进行性恶化,颅内压进行性增高有形成脑疝趋势),常规行额、颞或额颞部开颅血肿清除术,去骨瓣减压或回置骨瓣,常忽视冲击点的处理,术后顶、枕或顶枕部着力点处血肿增大(幕上大于30ml,幕下大于10ml),颅内压增高,使病情恶化,需再次手术者约占30％,使病情延长,影响恢复。     

外侧裂区脑挫裂伤79例临床分析

目的总结外侧裂区脑挫裂伤的治疗经验及疗效。方法回顾性分析79例外侧裂区脑挫裂伤患者的临床资料,行双额冠状瓣开颅13例,单侧额颞大骨瓣开颅66例。24例单纯清除脑内血肿和挫伤脑组织,予硬膜修补;55例血肿清除后行硬膜成形和去骨瓣减压术,其中18例还加行额极和(/或)颞极切除内减压术。结果术后死亡15例,其中脑疝致中枢性衰竭9例,肺部感染2例,消化道出血2例,脑梗塞、脑干血管痉挛1例,晚期并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征1例。64例平均随访5个月(3个月～1年),根据GOS标准:良好44例,中残10例,重残7例,植物生存3例。结论采用标准外伤去大骨瓣减压手术治疗外侧裂区脑挫裂伤能提高手术疗效,术中应注意对外侧裂区血管的保护。     

Cerebral vein disorders and postoperative brain damage associated with the pterional approach in aneurysm surgery.

The possible causes of postoperative brain damage were examined in 100 cases of cerebral aneurysms operated on by the pterional approach. Postoperative brain damage occurred in 15% of cases, located mostly in the inferior frontal lobe. Its incidence was higher in early than in delayed operation and increased with severity of preoperative clinical conditions but not correlated with patient age and aneurysm location. The venous perfusion patterns in the inferior frontal lobe were classified into three types based on preoperative venograms: Sylvian type drained mainly into the superficial Sylvian veins (SSVs), Frontal type drained mainly into the frontal bridging veins, and Intermediate type. Postoperative brain damage was most frequent in the Sylvian type with statistical significance (p < 0.01). The brain retraction procedure impairs regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Venous congestion in the retracted inferior frontal lobe, caused by stretching and narrowing of SSVs due to both brain retraction and dissection of the Sylvian fissure, also reduces rCBF. Thus, a marked reduction in rCBF in the retracted area causes postoperative brain damage. Postoperative venograms showed the SSVs to be obscured in 24% of patients, indicating that the pterional approach possibly influences the SSV perfusion. A venous perfusion disorder during the pterional approach is the most important factor in postoperative brain damage, and careful preoperative assessment of cerebral veins is indispensable.     

迟发性外伤性颅内血肿再次手术临床分析

目的　探讨治疗迟发性外伤性颅内血肿的方法、适应证及疗效。方法　采用扩大的翼点入路行第一次额颞部硬膜外、下血肿清除术 ,二次手术沿原手术入路。结果　 42例再次手术患者 ,12例完全康复出院 ,2 1例遗留不同程度的后遗症 ,9例死亡 ,死亡率 2 2 %。结论　迟发性外伤性颅内血肿 ,虽病情危重 ,但只要及时发现 ,积极治疗 ,仍可获得满意的疗效。     

Three cases of acute interhemispheric subdural hematoma

Traumatic acute subdural hematomas over the convexity of the cerebral hemispheres are often encountered, but acute interhemispheric subdural hematomas are rare. Fourty-eight cases of acute subdural hematomas was admitted to our hospital between 1977 and 1986, and three cases of them (6%) were located in the interhemispheric subdural space. In this paper, these three cases are reported with 20 documented cases. Case 1: an 81-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of headache, nausea and vomiting. She hit her occiput a week ago. CT scan demonstrated contusion in the right frontal lobe and a high density in the interhemispheric space of the right frontal region. Her complaints disappeared gradually by conservative therapy and she returned to her social life. Case 2: a 50-year-old male fell downstairs and hit his vertex. As he lost consciousness, he was admitted to our hospital. He was stuporous and had left-hemiparesis. Skull X-ray film showed fracture line extending from the right temporal bone to the left parietal bone across the midline. CT scan revealed intracerebral hematoma in both frontal lobe and right parietal lobe and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the basal cistern and Sylvian fissure of the right side. And interhemispheric subdural hematoma in the right parietal region was visualized. Angiography demonstrated a lateral displacement of the right callosomarginal artery and an avascular area between the falx and the callosomarginal artery. After admission his consciousness recovered and convulsion was controlled by drug. Left-hemiparesis was improved by conservative therapy and he was discharged on foot.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

可吸收固定系统在开颅骨瓣复位固定手术中的初步应用

目的观察可吸收固定系统对开颅游离骨瓣复位的固定效果及不良反应。方法 2010年7月-2011年12月,对67例开颅游离骨瓣成型切除颅内病变后患者,采用可吸收固定系统进行骨瓣复位固定。其中男38例,女29例;年龄5个月～73岁,中位年龄32岁。病程3个月～6年,中位病程25个月。幕上病变41例,幕下病变26例;其中位于额颞部13例,额顶部12例,颞顶部8例,颞枕部5例,顶枕部4例,后颅窝25例。诊断为胶质瘤15例,脑血管性疾病(动脉瘤、动静脉畸形及海绵状血管瘤)8例,脑膜瘤和蛛网膜囊肿各7例,听神经瘤和原发三叉神经痛各5例,胆脂瘤和脑脓肿各3例,垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤、转移瘤及放射性脑病各2例,髓母细胞瘤、室管膜瘤、生殖细胞瘤、非典型畸胎瘤/横纹肌样瘤、面肌痉挛及硬膜下血肿各1例。颅内病变范围3 cm×2 cm～7 cm×5 cm。观察术后局部切口及全身情况变化。结果术后有2例幕上和3例幕下病变患者少许皮下积液,均经穿刺抽吸2周后消失;术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无红肿、发热等表现;术后2周内复查CT或MRI示骨瓣复位良好,内、外颅骨面均平整,无任何影像伪影。67例均获随访,随访时间3～20个月,平均10.3个月。切口无不适,头颅外观正常,无局部凹陷、积液等。CT或MRI复查未见骨瓣移位凹陷及伪影。结论应用可吸收固定系统进行骨瓣复位固定简便、安全、可靠,且能消除术后CT或MRI复查时金属固定材料导致的伪影,近期疗效较好。     

额颞除皱术辅以隆额隆颞术

对既有面部老化，又有因局部发育不良，面骨体积缩小，畸形等伴有“额小颞窄”和“两侧不对称”等症状的患者，采用额颞除皱术辅以隆额隆颞手术的方法，既可使额颞部皱纹消除，又可达到整形的目的。本组共４８例，其中应用硅橡胶隆颞２８例，额肌瓣隆额１０例，额肌瓣隆额加颞筋膜瓣隆颞６例，额肌瓣隆额加硅橡胶隆颞４例。随访最长５个月，疗效满意。因此，对伴有额颞部外形不满意及面部老化的患者，应以此术为首选方法。     

早期微创穿刺与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效分析

【摘要】〓目的〓比较早期微创穿刺引流术与小骨窗血肿清除术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法〓回顾性分析98例高血压性基底节区脑出血患者临床资料,根据资料,按不同的手术方法分为微创穿刺引流术(微创组,n=63例)和小骨窗开颅血肿清除术(小骨窗组,n=35例),评价两组患者手术和住院时间、意识障碍恢复时间、治疗1个月时神经功能缺损程度(NID)和3个月时日常生活活动能力(ADL)。结果〓微创组手术时间和住院天数显著短于小骨窗组,意识恢复时间无显著性差异;而1个月后微创组患者的NID明显低于小骨窗组(P<0.05);治疗3个月后随访,患者ADL达自理水平的较好状态者(Barthel指数≥80),两组有显著性差异(P<0.05),微创组优于小骨窗组。结论〓与小骨窗组相比,微创穿刺术可明显缩短高血压基底节区脑出血患者的手术时间和住院时间,,改善神经功能缺失程度。     

Stab injury of the brain by kitchen knife

A 32-year-old male attempted suicide by stabbing his forehead with a kitchen knife, and was sent to our hospital. On admission, he was confused (20-30/JCS), but was able to move his both extremities. Skull X-p, CT scan indicated that the kitchen knife penetrated the frontal bone, reached the cerebrum by way of the frontal sinus. Cerebral angiography was performed, and showed no vascular lesions. Emergent craniotomy was performed and the kitchen knife was removed with minimum movement. Traumatic intracerebral hematoma was removed, and injured frontal sinus, dura mater and frontal bone were repaired. Postoperative course was excellent and he was discharged with the wounds well healded, no neurological deficits on the 17th day after the operation. There are several reported cases of such stab injury. Stab injury of the brain was discussed in the literature.     

超早期小骨窗外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压性基底节脑出血

目的总结超早期小骨窗外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压性基底节脑出血经验。方法2001年3月～2005年2月，我科对33例高血压性基底节脑出血6h内超早期手术，采用小骨窗开颅，经外侧裂、岛叶入路，显微镜下清除血肿，去骨瓣减压，不放引流，术后严格控制高血压。结果术后CT复查血肿清除彻底。术后肺炎2例。按格拉斯哥预后评分标准随访3个月，良好23例，中残10例。结论超早期小骨窗外侧裂入路显微手术治疗高血压性基底节脑出血，具有创伤小，清除血肿彻底，并发症和致残率低，恢复功能快等优点。     

Application of inferior major bone flap craniotomy decompression in brain injury

ｆｔｅｒｂｒａｉｎｉｎｊｕｒｙ ,ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅｓｕｒｇｅｒｙｉｓａｃｏｍｍｏｎａｎｄｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｗａｙｔｏｒｅｌｉｅｖｅｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｐａｉｎｓ .Ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｌｙ ,ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅｍｏｄｅａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｔｈｅｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｂｏｎｅｆｌａｐａｒｅｃｒｕｃｉａｌｆｏｒｏｂｔａｉｎｉｎｇａｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｒｅｓｕｌｔ .Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙ ,ｗｅｈａｖｅｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄｔｈｅｇｏｏｄｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｆｅｒｉｏｒｍａｊｏｒｂｏｎ…     

Cosmetic and functional reconstruction achieved using a split myofascial bone flap for pterional craniotomy. Technical note

Cosmetic deformities that appear following pterional craniotomy are usually caused by temporal muscle atrophy, injury to the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve, or bone pits in the craniotomy line. To resolve these problems during pterional craniotomy, an alternative method was developed in which a split myofascial bone flap and a free bone flap are used. The authors have used this method in the treatment of 40 patients over the last 3 years. Excellent cosmetic and functional results have been obtained. This method can provide wide exposure similar to that achieved using Ya?argil's interfascial pterional craniotomy, without limiting the operative field with a bulky temporal muscle flap.