性传播感染的HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数和HIV病毒载量结果分析

目的探讨性传播感染的人类免疫缺陷病毒(感染者)/艾滋病(患者)(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和HIV载量变化。方法选取2012年1月—2015年1月凉山彝族自治州第一人民医院就诊的通过性传播途径感染HIV/AIDS 160例,分别使用流式细胞仪和依赖核酸序列的扩增技术(NASBA)方法检测抗病毒治疗前及6个月后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和病毒载量。结果 1治疗前患者CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为(262.7±21.8)个/μl,治疗后为(316.4±208.9)个/μl,治疗前患者病毒载量为(4.55±0.91)log/ml,治疗后病毒载量为(1.48±0.47)log/ml,治疗前后差异有统计学意义(P0.01);2不同性别、年龄分组研究对象CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和病毒载量治疗前后均有不同;3CD4+T淋巴细胞计数与病毒载量之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.486,P0.01)。结论性传播感染HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数上升,病毒载量下降,应结合指标变化制定合理方案开展抗病毒治疗。     

湖州市艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的分析湖州市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)效果。方法收集中国疾病预防控制信息系统2005—2014年湖州市(HIV/AIDS)抗病毒治疗数据,根据治疗3个月CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和6个月HIV病毒载量评价治疗效果。结果截至2014年底,湖州市先后有357例HIV/AIDS接受HAART治疗。治疗前CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均值为(214±130)个/μL,治疗3个月后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数为(307±180)个/μL(中位数由225个/μL上升到291个/μL,P0.01)。治疗6个月后,218例患者进行了HIV病毒载量检测,其中72.02%(157/218)的患者HIV病毒载量低于实验室检测下限(40 copies/m L),病毒抑制有效率为84.86%。结论湖州市HIV/AIDS接受HAART治疗效果明显,建议对符合治疗标准的HIV/AIDS尽早进行抗病毒治疗。     

淮安市HIV/AIDS首次CD4~+T淋巴细胞检测分析

目的对淮安市新发现的HIV/AIDS首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数进行分析,了解其免疫水平及疾病进展情况。方法收集淮安市2000-2014年报告的HIV/AIDS首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数资料,分析其免疫水平,预测其疾病进程。结果 422例HIV/AIDS的首次CD4+T淋巴细胞均值为(322.81±245.81)个/μl,其中≤200个/μl占34.83%。年龄越大,首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均值越低(F=17.024,P0.001),未婚、离异或丧偶者首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均值比已婚有配偶者高(F=12.091,P0.001)。其他就诊者首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数低于其他来源的HIV∕AIDS(χ2=83.076,P0.001)。结论新发现的感染者中有1/3已经进入艾滋病期,应加强宣传干预,扩大检测,早期发现感染者,加强感染者随访监测,及时提供抗病毒治疗,提高其生存质量。     

HIV/AIDS患者经HAART治疗后低病毒载量与免疫重建间的相关性研究

目的 探讨HIV/AIDS患者经抗逆转录病毒治疗（highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART）后低病毒载量与免疫重建的相关性,为HIV低病毒载量人群在临床治疗和病毒学失败方面提供科学依据。方法 以2017—2020年在云南省传染病医院抗病毒治疗12个月后且HIV病毒载量<1 000拷贝/ml的所有HIV/AIDS患者作为研究对象,收集其HIV病毒载量和CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数;对不同的CD4+T淋巴细胞数分组,用Spearman分析HIV低病毒载量与CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞的相关性,用卡方检验比较不同低病毒载量组与免疫重建之间的组间差异。结果 2017—2020年云南省传染病医院抗病毒治疗12个月后的HIV/AIDS患者共741例,按照治疗完成后CD4+T淋巴细胞数分为3组：免疫无应答（INRS）(<200个/μl)79例,免疫应答不足（IIRS）(200～500个/μl)289例和免疫应答（IRS）(>500个/μl)373例。统计分析发现,HIV低病毒载量与CD4+T淋巴细胞存在负相关性（r=-0.484,P&l...     

53例HIV/AIDS免费抗病毒治疗效果及影响因素分析

目的探讨安吉县HIV/AIDS免费抗病毒治疗效果及影响因素。方法从"中国疾病预防控制信息系统""艾滋病抗病毒治疗数据管理系统"导出安吉县高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)的HIV/AIDS 53例病例资料,比较治疗前后CD4+T淋巴细胞数,并分析影响治疗效果的因素。结果抗病毒治疗前、治疗6个月和治疗12个月后HIV/AIDS的CD4+T淋巴细胞数分别为(239.4±138.4)、(348.2±168.6)和(372.9±184.1)个/μL,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,HIV/AIDS年龄≥40岁治疗效果是40岁的4.88倍,基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数≥200个/μL组是200个/μL组的6.10倍。结论经免费抗病毒治疗后,HIV/AIDS免疫重建效果明显;抗病毒治疗时年龄≥40岁和基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数≥200个/μL者治疗效果较好。     

142例农村艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者免费抗病毒治疗效果及生存分析

目的 了解艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)接受国家免费抗病毒治疗后的依从性、免疫学变化和生存情况.方法 选择闻喜县2004年7月1日至2006年底所有纳入免费抗病毒治疗项目,且年满18周岁的HIV/AIDS纳入研究分析,所有患者在治疗前和治疗后的第0.5、1、2、3、6、9……个月均接受相关流行病学调查和实验室检查,监测服药依从性、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数变化和生存情况等.结果 病例平均随访时间为16.5个月[四分位距(IQR):15.5～20.8个月].经抗病毒治疗前,病例CD4+T淋巴细胞计数中位数值为154个/μl[四分位距(IQR):81～212个/μl];治疗后,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均不同程度升高,治疗初3个月增长幅度最大,从基线水平的154个/μl上升到220个/μl(P<0.001),随后增长减缓,保持在相对稳定水平.相比基线CO4+T淋巴细胞计数≥100个/μl的病例,<100个/μl的病例治疗初3个月该细胞计数增长幅度更大.病例治疗后第3、12、24个月累计生存率分别为0.94、0.88和0.87,应用Cox比例风险回归模型做多因素分析发现,控制初始治疗方案(NVP组和EFV/IDV组)变量后,与基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数<50个/μl比较,≥50个/μl的病例存活时间更长,死亡危险比(HR)为0.21(95%CI:0.06～0.68).结论 抗病毒治疗对HIV/AIDS具有较好的免疫学治疗效果;患者治疗后生存时间与基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数水平密切相关.     

广东省高效抗逆转录病毒治疗艾滋病病毒感染者/患者免疫学和病毒学评价

目的评价广东省现行高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)方法对治疗艾滋病病毒感染者/患者(HIV/AIDS)的免疫疗效和病毒抑制疗效。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统中的艾滋病综合防治信息系统收集广东省HIV/AIDS病例的HAART治疗数据信息,采用免疫学指标CD4+T淋巴细胞计数和病毒学指标HIV病毒载量(VL)进行评价。结果 2004—2013年共有12 886例HIV/AIDS病例接受了HAART治疗,其中男性9 393例,女性3 493例,平均年龄(40.94±11.87)岁,平均接受抗病毒治疗时间(28.17±24.28)个月。基线时CD4+T淋巴细胞计数200个/μL的患者占61.63%(7 941/12 886),200~350个/μL的占33.08%(4 263/12 886),350个/μL的占5.29%(682/12 886)。治疗后最后1次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数200个/μL的占21.32%(2 747/12 886),200~350个/μL的占31.17%(4 017/12 886),350个/μL的占47.51%(6 122/12 886)。同基线时相比,不同治疗时间病例的CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01)。12 886例病例接受HAART后,1 833例(占14.22%)VL≥400 CP/m L,病毒抑制失败;11 053例VL400 CP/m L,病毒抑制率为85.78%。接受HAART治疗3个月、6个月、1年、2年、3年时,病毒抑制率分别为14.42%、84.25%、91.01%、90.56%、90.86%。结论广东省HIV/AIDS对HAART有较好的病毒学及免疫学应答,现行的艾滋病HAART治疗疗效较好,应进一步提高抗病毒治疗覆盖率。     

男性行为人群HIV/AIDS 64例抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的了解宁波市江东区男男性行为(MSM)人群HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果。方法收集宁波市江东区2006—2013年抗病毒治疗管理的MSM人群HIV/AIDS资料,分析其服药依从性、治疗前后病毒载量和CD4+T淋巴细胞计数变化。结果 64例HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗依从性为100.00%,不良反应发生率为26.56%,以骨髓抑制为主。CD4+T淋巴细胞计数在治疗后3个月内增长速度最快(环比=1.48)。患者在治疗后0、3、6、9和12个月时CD4+T淋巴细胞计数差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗满12个月后患者病毒载量均50拷贝/m L。结论 MSM人群HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果明显,特别是治疗后3个月。     

淮安市未接受抗病毒治疗的HIV感染者CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数自然变化及其影响因素

目的探讨淮安市未接受抗病毒治疗的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数自然变化及其影响因素。方法对2000—2014年报告的现住址为淮安市、无抗病毒治疗史或接受抗病毒治疗前至少有过2次CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数检测的感染者开展回顾性研究,描述CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数的变化情况和自然变化率,运用logistic回归分析CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数显著下降的影响因素。结果共纳入研究对象152例,CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数月均自然变化速率的中位数M=-3.1(IQR:-8.6~1.5)。68.42%(104/152)的研究对象末次CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数低于首次,34.21%(52/152)的HIV感染者CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数下降幅度超过30%,即显著下降。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,HIV感染者CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数显著下降率与职业存在统计学关联。结论淮安市HIV感染者CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数变化总体平缓,大部分HIV感染者处于疾病进展状态,应定期检测感染者CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数,适时启动抗病毒治疗。     

苏州市艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果分析

目的评价苏州市艾滋病免费抗病毒治疗(ART)的效果。方法收集苏州市2012年前纳入治疗的576例艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人(HIV/AIDS)的临床随访资料,分析评价其病毒学和免疫学应答情况。结果 576例接受ART者中,治疗后HIV完全抑制率为84.2%,随着治疗时间延长,病毒完全抑制率上升(χ2趋势=10.331,P=0.001)。治疗后CD4+T淋巴细胞计数增加中位数为220/μL(QR:213/μL),免疫学失败率为10.2%,治疗时间越长,治疗后CD4+细胞计数增加数越大(F=48.475,P0.01)。治疗6个月后,79.3%的HIV/AIDS病毒学和免疫学均应答,5.4%的均失败。结论苏州市接受ART的HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗效果较好,应重视失访和死亡者的分析和监测。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.