市售大米中Pb和Cd污染状况及对人体健康的影响

目的:了解市售大米中铅镉污染状况,进而评价其对人体潜在的健康危害。方法:利用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价市售大米中铅镉的污染状况,采用USEPA推荐的方法对其产生的健康风险进行评价。结果:大米中铅镉含量超标率分别为8.15%和6.37%,综合污染指数值均大于1小于2,铅镉对人体健康危害的年总风险值分别为1.31×10-7a-1和4.02×10-5a-1,总和为4.03×10-5a-1。结论:市售大米均有铅镉超标,综合污染指数评价结果表明市大米属轻度污染,健康风险指数显示,市售大米中Pb和Cd对人体健康危害的个人年风险及其总和均处于安全水平,说明大米中的Pb、Cd含量对居民的健康危害极小。     

大米重金属污染的健康风险评价

目的：评价某地区大米中重金属对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法根据是否存在明确污染源,2012年在某市辖区范围内抽取A县、B县和C县产大米34份,对大米中的总砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）和铅（Pb）5种重金属进行检测,按照美国国家环境保护署（USEPA）推荐方法,建立大米中重金属污染健康风险评价模型,对重金属通过饮食途径引起的健康风险作出评价。结果34份大米总超标率为52.94％,其中As、Cd、Cr、Hg和Pb污染平均值为0.183、0.115、0.049、0.014和0.247 mg/kg。5种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险分别为：A污染区7.01×215;10-4 a-1,B污染区5.19×215;10-4 a-1,C污染区6.20×215;10-4 a-1,合计6.12×215;10-4 a-1。结论3地区大米中重金属污染物对人体健康潜在危害的个人年总风险均大于USEPA推荐最大可接受水平（1×215;10-4 a-1）。     

江苏省饮用水重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的评价饮用水重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法对江苏省饮用水中铬(Cr6+)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、锌(Zn)6种重金属进行检测,按照美国国家环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的方法,建立水环境污染健康风险评价模型,对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出评价。结果饮用水中Cr6+、As、Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn的含量(中位数)分别为2.0、0.5、0.03、0.36、0.35、5.0μg/L。饮用水中致癌金属Cr6+、As、Cd对人体健康危害的个人年风险分别为4.23×10-5/a、5.66×10-6/a、37.65×10-8/a;非致癌金属Pb、Hg、Zn所引起的健康危害的个人年风险水平是34.59×10-11/a、16.35×10-10/a和62.73×10-7/a。按健康风险大小排列为Cr6+>Zn>As>Cd>Hg>Pb。6种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险达5.47×10-5/a。结论江苏省饮用水重金属污染物对人体健康潜在危害的个人年总风险大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5),小于US EPA最大可接受风险水平(1×10-4)。     

烟台市市售谷物及其制品重金属污染状况及暴露风险评估

目的了解烟台市市售谷物及其制品中重金属含量分布特征,评价其污染程度和健康风险。方法 2013—2016年分层随机采集烟台市售谷物及其制品,按照GB检测铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、总汞(Hg)及类金属元素砷(总As)含量。采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和目标危害系数法评价其污染程度。结果谷物及其制品中Pb、Cd、总Hg和总As的检出率分别为92.78%、86.67%、12.78%和15.00%,含量均值为Pb>总As>Cd>总Hg。从重金属总量来看,玉米面>小米类>小麦粉>大米类。4种谷物及其制品中的Pb单因子污染指数最高,类金属As的最低。综合污染指数从大到小为玉米面>小米>大米>小麦粉。对同年龄、同性别人群,目标危害系数(THQ)值大小为THQ_(Pb)>THQ_(Cd)>THQ_(As)>THQ_(Hg)。结论谷物及其制品重金属的人群膳食暴露水平均处在安全状态。Pb是人群膳食暴露的主要污染物。     

川藏沿线兵站饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的初步评价川藏沿线各兵站驻地生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法在对川藏沿线的18个兵站饮用水源水中砷(As)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)4种重金属进行检测的基础上,建立水环境污染健康风险评价模型,并对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险作出初步评价。结果川藏沿线18个兵站水源水中As、Pb、Hg和Se的平均质量浓度分别为1.362×10-3mg/L、3.654×10-3mg/L、0.567×10-3mg/L和0.954×10-3mg/L。饮用水源水中致癌重金属As对人体健康危害的个人年风险为1.764×10-7/a~1.241×10-5/a;非致癌重金属Pb、Hg和Se所引起的健康危害的个人年风险水平集中在1×10-9/a~1×10-11/a,按风险大小排列为:As>Pb>Hg>Se。4种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险达2.93×10-5/a。结论川藏沿线兵站4种重金属污染物对人体健康危害的个人年风险和总风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/a,但应引起部队管理部门的重视。     

2021年句容市饮用水中重金属健康风险评价

目的 评价句容市生活饮用水中重金属对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法 于2021年丰水期和枯水期对句容市饮用水中的重金属进行检测,并对饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出初步评价。结果 句容市饮用水中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、六价铬(Cr⁶⁺)、铅(Pb)和汞(Hg)合格率均为100.0%。As、Cd、Cr⁶⁺和Pb的致癌风险分别为2.8×10^-5/a、3.6×10^-5/a、5.0×10^-5/a、5.1×10^-7/a,累积致癌风险为1.1×10^-4/a。不同人群致癌风险顺序为儿童>成人男性>成人女性;As、Cd、Cr⁶⁺、Pb、Hg的非致癌风险值分别为6.3×10^-2/a、1.2×10^-3/a、2.0×10^-2/a、4.3×10^-2/a,8.2×10^-3/a,危害指数为1.3×10^-1...     

西南某煤矿区土壤重金属污染特征及人群健康风险评价

目的探讨西南某煤矿区土壤重金属污染特征及人群健康风险。方法于2014年4—8月采集西南某煤矿区土壤,测定其重金属元素Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu的含量。采用潜在生态风险指数法、地积累指数法对土壤生态环境质量进行评价,结合美国环保署人体暴露健康风险评价法对土壤重金属健康暴露风险进行评价。结果除Pb、Hg、As外,研究区土壤中Cd、Cu的平均含量均超过贵州省土壤背景值,分别是背景值的1.02、3.33倍。研究区土壤中5种重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)平均为91.36,整体处于Ⅰ级轻微生态风险,Cd和Hg是造成土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险因子。地积累指数评价表明,研究区土壤Cu污染最严重,Pb、Hg、As尚不构成土壤污染。健康风险评价结果表明,儿童和成人日暴露剂量均值均为CuPbAsCdHg,经口摄入是儿童和成人非致癌健康风险和致癌健康风险的主要途径。Cd对儿童的致癌风险指数(CRn)为3.06×10~(-6),可能存在致癌风险;对成人的CRn为4.94×10~(-7),不存在致癌风险。As对儿童的CRn为1.24×10~(-4),存在致癌风险;对成人的CRn为1.79×10~(-5),可能存在一定的致癌风险。As对区域非致癌健康风险(HI)和致癌健康风险(CRtotal)的贡献率最高。结论本研究区土壤重金属整体处于轻微生态风险,Cu、Cd、Hg是土壤污染治理的重点,应防范As的暴露风险,加强预防重金属经口摄入暴露途径对健康的影响。     

丰水期巢湖水体砷和重金属污染调查

目的了解巢湖表层水体中砷和重金属的污染状况。方法于2017年9月,采集巢湖表层水样,检测Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的浓度,利用单因子污染评价法和美国EPA健康风险评价模型对巢湖表层水体砷和重金属污染进行评估,并进行主成分分析。结果巢湖表层水体中Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As浓度的中位数分别为1.55、1.21、0.08、0.15和3.83μg/L,Cu、Pb、Cd和As均达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的I类指标,Hg为Ⅲ~Ⅳ类。单因子污染评价结果显示主要污染因子为Hg,超标率达86.54%。致癌物质As和Cd的年健康风险分别为5.48×10~(-6)和0.28×10~(-6),非致癌物质Cu、Pb和Hg的年健康风险分别为0.73×10~(-10)、2.03×10~(-10)和2.51×10~(-10)。第一、二、三主成分中载荷值0.7的元素分别为Cu和As,Pb和Cd,Hg。结论本次调查的巢湖表层水体中As和Hg的污染应引起关注,As的健康风险最高。     

江苏省3种市售贝类重金属污染及食用风险评估

目的了解江苏省3种市售贝类重金属污染情况及食用风险评估。方法 2015年8-11月,从江苏省连云港、盐城、南通、无锡、苏州、南京等6个地区的大型农贸市场和生鲜超市,采集杂色蛤、缢蛏、牡蛎等样品,采用Agilent 7500电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,检测总Hg、Pb、Cd含量,采用氢化物发生SK-2002原子荧光分析仪检测总As含量,并根据国标GB 2762-2012《食品中污染物限量》进行重金属含量评价,及靶器官危害系数(THQS)法评价重金属对人体健康风险。结果 4种重金属含量最高为总As,其次为Pb、Cd,最低为总Hg。3种贝类中总As、Pb含量以杂色蛤最高,最大值分别为22.97 mg/kg、40.42mg/kg,均值为2.49mg/kg、1.06mg/kg;Cd含量最大值出现在杂色蛤(8.29mg/kg),均值最高为牡蛎(0.42mg/kg);总Hg最大值出现在牡蛎中(0.080mg/kg),均值以杂色蛤最高(0.004 5mg/kg),3种贝类总Hg均值相差不大。总As含量均以南通、连云港地区较高;Pb含量以无锡、连云港地区较高。3种贝类总Hg、Pb、Cd均低于国标中的限量值,对人体有害的无机砷可能超出了食品污染限量值。成人和儿童Cd、Hg的THQs指数均远<1.00,但估算的无机砷As和Pb THQs指数均接近1.00。结论南通地区贝类中重金属污染最为严重;贝类中重金属As和Pb的含量偏高,可能对人体健康造成负面影响,需重点关注。     

广州市蔬菜重金属污染状况及健康风险评估

目的为了了解广东省广州市本地产蔬菜中重金属的污染状况,评价重金属经蔬菜途径摄入的健康风险。方法对广州市5个地区的10种蔬菜50个样品的砷、汞、铅、镉元素含量进行测定,采用国家卫生标准限值评价蔬菜重金属污染状况,并参照国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)给出的限定值为标准,对蔬菜重金属进行健康风险评价。结果 Hg、Cd和Pb为广州市本土蔬菜的主要污染元素,超标率分别为50%、50%和30%,叶菜类蔬菜重金属综合污染程度轻度污染的占20%;根茎类和瓜茄类蔬菜污染级别属安全和警戒级;广州市蔬菜中重金属污染的健康危害平均个人年风险(a-1)分别为:化学致癌物As=1.98×10-7~8.86×10-7,Cd=2.69×10-6~3.64×10-6;化学非致癌物Pb=2.38×10-7~4.44×10-7,Hg=3.06×10-6~7.01×10-6,致癌化学物质和非致癌化学物质的联合作用水平达到8.33×10-6~1.59×10-5,均低于国际放射防护委员会ICPR标准。结论广州市居民经本土蔬菜途径摄入重金属的人体健康风险较低,不会对暴露人群构成明显的危害。     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

《中国心血管病报告2018》概要

  目的  了解江苏省南京市居民自我报告高血压患病情况及其与健康素养的关系,为制定有针对性的高血压防治策略和措施提供参考依据。  方法  于2016年10 — 12月采用分层随机抽样方法结合按规模大小成比例抽样方法在南京市抽取6 962名35～69岁城乡常住居民进行问卷调查。  结果  南京市6 962名35～69岁城乡居民中,自我报告高血压患者1 435例,高血压自报患病率为20.6 %;基本知识信息素养、健康生活方式与行为素养和基本技能素养具备率分别为20.9 %、22.0 % 和24.1 %。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,在调整了性别、年龄、文化程度、职业类型、家庭人均收入和居住地等混杂因素后,具备基本知识信息素养与居民自我报告高血压患病呈负相关（OR = 0.82,95 % CI = 0.68～0.97）。  结论  南京市城乡居民的基本知识信息素养水平与高血压自报患病率密切相关。     

Water,sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia,Kenya, Mozambique,Rwanda, Uganda,and Zambia

Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparities. Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia. Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing. We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing. Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls. Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin). The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Schistosomiasis japonica, anemia, and iron status in children, adolescents, and young adults in Leyte, Philippines 1

BACKGROUND: Observational and interventional evidence supports a relation between human schistosomiasis and anemia; however, the exact causal mechanisms remain unclear. Eggs translocating across the intestinal or bladder wall may result in extracorporeal blood loss with subsequent iron deficiency. Alternatively, anemia may result from cytokine-mediated dyserythropoiesis, as seen in anemia of inflammation. OBJECTIVES: By evaluating the cross-sectional relation between the intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection, hemoglobin concentration, and iron status in 7-30-y-old persons from S. japonicum-endemic rice-farming villages in the province of Leyte, Philippines, we assessed the relative contribution of iron deficiency and anemia of inflammation to schistosomiasis-associated anemia. DESIGN: We enrolled 627 S. japonicum-infected and 111 S. japonicum-uninfected persons. We obtained stool samples to quantify S. japonicum infection and venous blood samples for hemograms and measures of iron status and inflammation. RESULTS: Intensity of S. japonicum infection was independently associated with hemoglobin (beta = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.31, -0.17). Persons with high-intensity infection had a greater risk of iron deficiency anemia (adjusted prevalence odds ratio: 6.6; 95% CI: 2.9, 14.7), but there was no evidence of this relation in low-intensity infections. In contrast, anemia without iron deficiency was prevalent across all intensities (adjusted prevalence odds ratio: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.5, 9.5). CONCLUSIONS: Storage iron deficiency is a major contributor to anemia in high-intensity S. japonicum infection. A high prevalence of anemia without iron deficiency, exclusion of other mechanisms of anemia, and the evidence of low bioavailable iron suggest that anemia of inflammation contributes to S. japonicum-associated anemia at all infection intensities.     

Gender,play, language,and creativity in preschoolers

This study explored the effects of a child's gender and school setting on preschoolers' language abilities (receptive vocabulary), creativity, and social play. The participants were primarily European-American children who spoke English as a primary language (nine children were bilingual), and were from middle income socioeconomic backgrounds. There were 20 girls and 33 boys. Ages ranged from 3.11 to 6.60 years with a mean age of 4.66 years. On separate occasions, children individually completed the Goodenough-Harris Draw-a-Person Test and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV. We also recorded the children's social play using Howes and Matheson's [1992. Sequences in the development of competent play with peers: Social and social pretend play. Developmental Psychology, 28, 961–974] scale. We employed a time sampling approach and also notated the area in which the child was playing. We found that gender and school setting influenced children's language abilities and social play. For example, children in the preschool that engaged in pretend play with greater frequency performed well on the receptive vocabulary test. We also found that certain classroom areas generated different types of social play. We discuss the applied value of our findings as these relate to future research.     

Psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine

This paper examines the relationship between psychological distress, gender, and health lifestyles in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. These countries have been subjected to highly stressful and extensive social change associated with the transition out of communism. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews (n = 10,406) in November 2001. Distress was measured by 12 psychological distress symptoms. Health lifestyles focused on measures of alcohol consumption, smoking and diet. We found that females carried a much heavier burden of psychological distress than males, but this distress did not translate into greater alcohol consumption and smoking for these women or for men. The greatest influence of distress on health lifestyle practices was on daily diets in that both less distressed females and males consumed a more balanced diet than more distressed persons. Our findings suggest that it is the normative demands of a particular lifestyle, rather than distress, that principally shapes the pattern of heavy male drinking. This is an important finding as some sources indicate heavy drinking is largely responsible for the health crisis in the former socialist states.