华北某坑道进驻人员前后空气质量调查与评价

目的了解华北某坑道内进驻人员前后的空气质量变化情况。方法选择坑道内1个房间,观察6名人员进驻后微小气候(温度、相对湿度、气压、风速)、常见无机有害气体(CO、CO2、O3、H2S、SO2、NO2、NH3)、氧气、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)浓度和细菌总数,并与进驻前及坑道外检测结果比较。结果气温、相对湿度、气压、风速的测定值和CO、CO2、O3、H2S、SO2、NO2、NH3浓度及细菌总数,人员进驻前坑道内和坑道口外比较无明显差异,符合《屯兵坑道环境卫生学要求》和《人防工程平时使用环境卫生标准》要求;人员进驻后,坑道内TSP浓度为0.55 mg.m-3,明显高于进驻前的0.11 mg.m-3,超过标准要求;其他各项指标检测结果与进驻前比较变化不明显,均符合标准要求。人员进驻后,7:00、14:00、19:00坑道内的气温、相对湿度、气压、O2浓度、细菌总数、TSP浓度变化不显著(P>0.05),H2S、SO2、NO2、NH3浓度未检出或接近0。结论人员在坑道内工作、学习和生活时,影响坑道空气质量的主要因素是TSP。     

某海岛密闭屯兵坑道卫生学调查

目的了解海岛屯兵坑道密闭时的卫生学状况及对人体生理机能的影响,为指导部队科学地利用坑道,保障官兵健康提供依据.方法按照屯兵坑道环境卫生学的要求,对部队进驻密闭坑道后不同时间的坑道环境各项卫生学指标和人体生理变化进行检测与分析.结果部队进驻密闭坑道12 h,坑道中温度保持在适宜的范围内,各时间点的相对湿度均超过90%,风速、可吸入颗粒物及空气中细菌总数的总体平均值在正常范围内,CO2体积分数平均每小时上升0.12%;人员进驻前后各项生理指标无明显变化.结论部队长时间进驻海岛密闭坑道时,应注意潮湿、空气中CO2浓度和细菌总数等卫生学问题.     

坑道空气污染评价及改善措施

目的在坑道空气质量调查基础上,对坑道空气污染状况及危害性进行评价并提出改善措施,为战时或特殊情况下人员进驻提供科学依据。方法对坑道内空气细菌总数、真菌数、真菌毒素、厌氧菌数及部分坑道的床垫、地面、墙壁等物体表面进行真菌检测。结果坑道空气真菌污染十分普遍,有的非常严重,以半密闭型坑道真菌浓度最高为(5 950±3 522)cfu/m3,房间为(9 500±4 128)cfu/m3。坑道医院内床垫表面真菌高达116 400 cfu/cm2,地面为12 300cfu/cm2,墙壁为890 cfu/cm2。结论坑道空气污染尤其是真菌污染严重,人员进驻前必须进行坑道通风,增加进入坑道特别是进入坑道房间内的新风量,必要时进行彻底的空气消毒,减少空气真菌对坑道内固定设施、战备物资及进驻人员健康的不利影响。     

地下空间空气污染状况及其消毒

[目的]调查51条地下空间空气污染状况,观察二氧化氯(ClO2)对坑道空气的消毒效果。[方法]用撞击法和沉降法监测空气中细菌总数及真菌数。将活化后的ClO2分三组10 mg/m3、5 mg/m3、1 mg/m3对坑道空气进行喷雾消毒。[结果]地下空间空气细菌总数符合军用卫生标准。真菌以半密闭型最高,通道与房间分别为5 950 cfu/m3及9 500 cfu/m3,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。用ClO2 1 000 mg/L浓度10 ml/m3消毒30 min,撞击法及沉降法检测细菌总数消亡率为94.6%、93.5%,真菌消亡率为92.1%、89.6%。[结论]地下空间飘浮的大量真菌对进驻人员有潜在危害。ClO2以1 000 mg/L浓度,10 ml/m3对坑道空气消毒,杀菌效果满意。     

不同浓度二氧化氯对坑道空气真菌消毒的研究

目的观察不同浓度二氧化氯(ClO2)对坑道空气的消毒效果,为进驻人员健康及储存物资安全提供保障依据。方法分别进行10、5和1 mg/m3不同浓度ClO2坑道房间空气消毒试验、无人坑道房间空气消毒试验、有人坑道房间空气消毒试验和ClO2消毒现场应用;采用电动气溶胶喷雾器对坑道空气进行ClO2喷雾消毒;用撞击法和沉降法同时检测消毒前后细菌总数及真菌数。结果①不同浓度ClO2坑道房间空气消毒,以10 mg/m3浓度ClO2细菌总数和真菌数消亡率最高。②10 mg/m3ClO2对无人坑道房间空气消毒,撞击法和沉降法检测,细菌总数消亡率平均为93.95%,真菌数消亡率平均为91.62%。③10 mg/m3ClO2对有人坑道房间空气消毒,撞击法和沉降法检测,细菌总数消亡率平均为94.08%,真菌数消亡率平均为92.25%。结论以10 mg/m3ClO2对坑道房间空气消毒,杀菌效果满意,人员进入消毒后现场,无不良反应及刺激性症状。     

卫生坑道环境对伤病员救治的不利影响及对策

目的了解卫生坑道内环境状况,掌握其内部环境对伤病员的不利影响,提出积极的应对措施,为战时或特殊情况下人员进驻提供科学依据。方法检测卫生坑道内气温、气湿、风速、O2、CO2、CO、NO、NO2、SO2、细菌总数及真菌数。126人进驻坑道内进行伤病员救治演练。结果进驻前卫生坑道内气温9.5℃,气湿33.9%,风速为0m/s,气体成分检测结果均属正常。细菌总数为(3700±1016.3)cfu/m3,真菌数(4400±1060.6)cfu/m3。细菌总数和真菌数与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。进驻后平均气温10.6℃,气湿76.5%。结论卫生坑道收治的主要是伤病员,低温、高湿及空气污染是伤病员救治的主要不利因素,应做好升温保暖去湿防潮及严格的空气消毒措施,以预防和控制因环境因素对医疗救治的不利影响。     

不同类型坑道空气真菌厌氧菌污染调查

目的通过51条不同类型坑道空气微生物监测，为坑道安全保障提供依据。方法用撞击法和沉降法监测空气细菌总数、真菌数、链球菌及厌氧菌数。结果1．空气细菌总数及链球菌数基本正常。2．半密闭型坑道空气真菌数最高，通道及房间中位数分别为5950cfu／m^3及9500cfu／m^3。3．密闭型坑道通道空气厌氧菌数分别是半密闭型及通风型通道的4．2倍及3．8倍。结论坑道空气中含有大量真菌及厌氧菌，对进驻人员健康有一定威胁。     

某部演习中坑道空气微生物调查

目的了解军事演习中人员进驻坑道时空气微生物情况。方法采用自然沉降法采样,检测坑道细菌总数、溶血性链球菌和霉菌。结果在人员进驻前和进驻的第1、2、3、4天,所有采样点细菌总数平均值分别为2659、1805、2480、2554、2850cfu·m3,溶血性链球菌数平均值分别为0、2.5、3.3、9.3、11.8cfu·m3,霉菌日平均值分别为6.8、3.4、2.3、1.2、0.3cfu·m3。结论应注意坑道空气消毒问题,并在人员活动频繁的地区添加空气消毒设施。     

某地下人防工程夏季环境卫生情况调查与评价

目的调查长期密闭人防工程在人员进驻后微小气候、空气中总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)浓度与细菌总数的变化 ,为改善工程内环境质量提供科学依据。方法测定某地下人防工程在人员进驻前后 2个房间内的气温、相对湿度、气压、空气中TSP浓度及细菌总数。结果无人进驻时 ,工程内的气温为 2 2 .3℃ ,相对湿度为 72 .5 % ,风速为 0m·s- 1,空气中TSP浓度 1号房间为 1.4 9mg·m- 3,2号房间为 0 .31mg·m- 3,细菌总数为 90 0cfu·m- 3。人员进驻一定时间后 ,气温 1号房间由 (2 2 .3± 0 .9)℃升为 (2 3.4± 0 .4 )℃ ,2号房间由 (2 2 .8± 0 .6 )℃升为 (2 3.9± 0 .3)℃ ;相对湿度 1号房间由通风换气后的 (6 6 .6± 2 .2 ) %升为 (74 .3± 2 .6 ) % ,2号房间由 (6 6 .3± 2 .7) %升为 (75 .5± 4 .9) % ;风速 1号房间为 (0 .12± 0 .0 4 )m·s- 1,2号房间为 (0 .11± 0 .0 5 )m·s- 1;空气中TSP浓度 1号房间为 (0 .34± 0 .19)mg·m- 3,2号房间为 (0 .6 3± 0 .2 0 )mg·m- 3;空气中的细菌总数 1号房间为 (1114± 6 2 9)cfu·m- 3,2号房间为 (14 0 3± 76 8)cfu·m- 3。结论某地下人防工程内无人进驻时的气温较低 ,人员进驻以后气温有所升高 ,相对湿度较高 ,风速接近于零 ,未达标准 ,空气中TSP浓度严重超标 ,细菌总数较     

某封闭式坑道内微生物对人员健康及贮存物资危害的研究

目的 :通过对坑道微生物污染情况的调查 ,了解其对人员健康及贮存物资的影响 ,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法 :采用 6种培养基对坑道内各方位微生物进行捕捉式调查 ,掌握菌属总数、种类及致病菌的比例 ,进行环境质量评价。结果 :( 1)坑道内空气中细菌、真菌污染都较严重。共捕捉到 60余种菌落 ,其中致病菌 2 0余种 ,各方位平均细菌总数为 32 65个·m 3,溶血性链球菌数为 185个·m3,分别超出居室内标准的 2 .2倍和 11.6倍。 ( 2 )贮存物资表面真菌污染严重 ,大部分为致病性真菌。 ( 3)坑道自备水源中细菌总数、大肠菌群数均有不同程度的超标 ,细菌总数为 4 70个·m 1,大肠菌群数为 30个·L 1,分别超出国标的 4 .7倍和 10 .11倍。真菌污染也较严重。结论 :该坑道内空气中、贮存物资表面和水源中细菌污染较严重 ,致病菌占一定比例 ,特别是致病性真菌污染较严重。对人员健康及贮存物资有一定的危害 ,应加强通风 ,积极采取消毒措施 ,严防霉变形成。     

企业职工高尿酸血症与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性研究

目的探讨企业职工高尿酸血症（HUA）与血压、血脂、血糖的相关性,为企业进行健康管理提供依据。方法以中国石油长庆油田公司各下属企业为抽样单位,整群随机抽取2个单位,每个单位中所有的HUA者作为HUA组,共720人;同时在尿酸水平正常者中随机选取620人为正常组。通过Logistic回归分析HUA与年龄、性别、血压、血脂、血糖的关系。结果HUA合并高血压、高血脂、空腹m糖受损任意一项、两项、三项的比例均远高于正常组（OR值分别为：4．036,2．562,4．174）。多因素Logistic回归发现：男性、收缩压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是HUA的危险因素（OR值分别为7．736,2．309,1．721,2．761,1．411）;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇为HUA的保护因素（OR值为0．211）。结论HUA存在性别差异,且与血压、血脂密切相关。企业对职工的健康管理应充分考虑多危险因素的综合作用,全面的进行健康教育及干预。     

癌缺氧病因及预防和治疗

目的 探讨癌及安阳林州市食管癌高发原因及癌病因预防和治疗措施.方法 对林州市食管癌等疾病现场进行调查,在进行10余年统计分析基础上,综合分析了全国156篇文献成果.结果 提出癌缺氧病因学说,使用制氧机、按摩器、饮用纯净水治疗恶性肿瘤,取得良好效果,改水能够大幅降低林州市居民食管癌发病率、死亡率.结论 癌可能是由于机体长...     

Recruitment and retention challenges and successes

Objective: Addressing health disparities requires well designed, culturally adapted research. However, recruiting/retaining minority participants has often been challenging. We present strategies used to successfully recruit and retain rural Hispanic women during a breastfeeding education intervention.

Design: This study involved a two-group repeated measures quasi-experimental design with assessments at seven intervals between enrollment and 6 months postpartum. Participants (Hispanic women?≥?15 years old) were recruited through a regional hospital.

Results: We successfully met our recruitment goals, most women contacted were enrolled (46 of 58), and 100% completed the study.

Discussion: Research staff with ties within the community helped establish trust. Using bilingual study materials, simple language, and an interpreter addressed language/literacy concerns. Phone assessments facilitated participation as transportation was an issue. Accommodating requests to deliver or mail study materials and providing incentives were important. Extra effort was needed to maintain contact when phone service was disrupted or participants moved. Keys to success were persistence, flexibility, and alleviating barriers to participation.     

Continuity and change in neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent depression and anxiety

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which includes a sample of adolescents of age 15 at the most recent wave (between 2014 and 2017) from mainly low-income urban families in the United States, to examine the association between neighborhood poverty entries and exits and adolescent depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined whether these associations differed by gender. Adolescents who consistently lived in disadvantaged neighborhoods had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Those who entered poor neighborhoods were more depressed than those who never lived in poor neighborhoods. Those who exited poor neighborhoods showed no significant difference in depression and anxiety compared to those never lived in poor neighborhoods. Furthermore, these associations applied to adolescent girls only and were not statistically significant for boys. The results suggest that neighborhood poverty has cumulative negative impacts on adolescent mental health and disproportionally affects adolescent girls. Reducing neighborhood poverty would substantially improve the health of adolescents, especially girls, which would reduce health disparities.     

Enabling positive change: Progress and setbacks in HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights

At a point in history when the future of sexual and reproductive health including HIV looks particularly uncertain, it is helpful to recognise that many of the challenges currently faced are neither new nor insurmountable. Reflecting on past achievements and lessons learned helps us to have confidence that positive change is feasible. This paper reflects on some of the changes observed in countries like India and Mozambique and identifies a range of factors which need to coalesce to enable these developments, along with specific contextual factors. It is the combination of these influences rather than any one of them alone that brought about the change in the three instances described – fostering a positive political response to HIV in its early years in India; bringing about policy reform on abortion in Mozambique; and increasing contraceptive prevalence and age at marriage in some districts in Bihar, India. Change is always fragile and susceptible to setbacks, but change-seekers can learn in the process and gain renewed hope that progress can and often does take place if they persevere.     

儿童青少年超重肥胖评价方法及SPSS和SAS实现

超重肥胖已成为世界各国儿童青少年面临的重大公共卫生问题之一。现行的儿童青少年超重肥胖筛查标准不统一,逐条评价或自行编写程序容易出错且效率较低。本研究以中国学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查标准为例,详细介绍了国际和中国共四种评价儿童青少年超重肥胖的方法和步骤,结合具体案例详细介绍其应用方法,同时编制SPSS和SAS程序包和解...     

初产妇与经产妇焦虑抑郁状态分析及干预

目的：分析初产妇、经产妇心理状态特点,以便采取更有效的干预措施。方法筛选2014年6月至2015年1月在咸阳市旬邑县妇幼保健院产科门诊产前检查的健康初产和经产妇各60名,孕周为28~40周。入组时用焦虑自评量表( SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组孕妇进行心理评定,并给1次支持性心理干预(40~60分钟),1周后再次用SAS、SDS对两组孕妇进行评定分析。结果经产妇干预前SAS(50.73±3.45)、SDS(49.13±3.86)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(42.45±2.08)、SDS(41.77±2.21),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-15.921、-12.817,均P<0.01);干预后两组SAS、SDS评分均比干预前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为14.999、15.413;15.724、15.832,均P<0.01);干预后经产妇 SAS(38.61±5.02)、SDS(39.10±3.03)评分明显高于初产妇SAS(34.88±3.31)、SDS(32.01±4.27),差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-4.805、-10.489,均P<0.01)。结论初产妇和经产妇均伴有焦虑、抑郁情绪,干预前后经产妇抑郁、焦虑情绪均较初产妇明显,支持性心理干预能有效改善孕妇的不良情绪。     

Car ownership and the association between fruit and vegetable availability and diet

Objective

Nearly all research on the food environment and diet has not accounted for car ownership — a potential key modifying factor. This study examined the modifying effect of car ownership on the relationship between neighborhood fruit and vegetable availability and intake.

Methods

Data on respondents' (n = 760) fruit and vegetable intake, car ownership, and demographics came from the 2008 New Orleans Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Shelf space data on fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables were collected in 2008 from a random sample of New Orleans stores (n = 114). Availability measures were constructed by summing the amount of fruit and vegetable shelf space in all stores within defined distances from respondent households. Regression analyses controlled for demographics and were run separately for respondents with and without a car.

Results

Fruit and vegetable availability was positively associated with intake among non-car owners. An additional 100 m of shelf space within 2 km of a residence was predictive of a half-serving/day increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Availability was not associated with intake among car owners.

Conclusions

Future research and interventions to increase neighborhood healthy food options should consider car ownership rates in their target areas as an important modifying factor.     

医用电子仪器中干扰与噪声的防止与抑制(上)

介绍了医用电子仪器中的干扰与噪声的产生、危害、抑制及其应用，其中有的干扰与噪声是首次提出的。