某天然气井站地面集输工程职业病危害预评价

目的分析、识别拟建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素及防护措施,提出合理可行的职业病防护补充措施及建议。方法选择与该项目类似的工程进行类比调查,采取检查表法、类比法、定量分析法进行定性和定量评价。结果类比检测结果显示:噪声共检测3个点,均低于85.0 dB(A);化学毒物主要检测项目为硫化氢,共检测2个点,均符合要求。结论拟建项目存在的主要职业病危害因素为甲烷、硫化氢等,属于职业病危害较重建设项目,企业应按照补充措施及建议进行完善。     

某电子细纱建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的对某电子细纱拟建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素进行分析、识别,提出合理可行的职业病防护对策。方法选择与该项目类似的工程进行类比调查,采取检查表法、类比法、定量分析法进行定性和定量评价。结果类比检测结果显示噪声有3个点超标,合格率为81.3%,粉尘和化学毒物均符合要求。结论拟建项目属于职业病危害严重的建设项目,拟采取的职业病危害防护设施基本符合国家职业卫生标准要求。     

某制鞋新建项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、评价、控制拟建制鞋项目可能产生的职业病危害因素。方法采用检查表法、类比法相结合的原则,对拟建工程可能产生的职业病危害及防护措施进行定性及定量评价。结果拟建工程选址、总体布局、职业病危害防护措施、卫生辅助用室、个体方法措施、职业卫生管理和应急救援措施等内容符合卫生学要求。类比企业各工种毒物有苯、甲苯、二甲苯、丙酮、丁酮、异丙醇、环己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、溶剂汽油,检测结果基本符合国家标准;粉尘检测11个岗位,合格率为81.8%,噪声检测38个岗位,合格率为78.9%。结论该项目职业病危害程度为一般,生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害是可以预防的,从职业卫生角度分析该项目是可行的。     

某苯酚丙酮装置优化改造项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、分析与评价某苯酚丙酮装置优化改造拟建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素,并提出可行性的防护补充措施。方法采用检查表法、类比法相结合的原则,对拟建工程可能产生的职业病危害及防护措施进行定性及定量评价。结果该拟建项目正常生产过程中识别的职业病危害因素有化学毒物和物理因素。其中类比检测化学毒物、工频电场、高温等均符合接触限值要求,噪声2个点超标。结论该项目为职业病危害一般的建设项目,在正常生产运行过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素可以预防和控制,从职业病防护角度考虑,该拟建项目是可行的。     

某石化企业重整装置改造项目职业病危害预评价

目的对某石化企业重整装置改造项目职业病危害进行识别、分析和评价,提出有效的职业病危害防护对策,为安监部门审批建设项目提供科学依据。方法依据相关的法律、规范和标准,采用类比分析法和检查表法,对其拟采取的职业病危害防护设施等进行分析与评价。结果该项目的主要职业病危害因素为硫化氢、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、二氧化硫、氯化氢、液化石油气、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、催化剂粉尘和噪声等,除噪声类比检测存在超标点外,其余各项职业病危害因素均符合国家职业卫生标准的有关要求。结论拟建项目属于职业病危害严重的建设项目,但只要认真落实报告提出的防护措施,该项目从职业卫生角度分析是可行的。     

某公司硫化钠升级改造项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别建设项目可能产生的职业病危害因素,分析危害程度,确定职业病危害类别,为建设项目设计提供必要的职业病危害防治对策和建议。方法采用类比法、检查表法等对拟建项目可能职业病危害因素的种类和危害程度进行分析,对职业病危害防护措施的防护效果进行预测。结果拟建项目的选址、总体布局、设备布局、职业病防护设施、个体防护用品、应急救援措施和职业卫生管理等均符合卫生学要求,主要存在的职业病危害因素为煤尘、硫化氢、一氧化碳、二氧化硫、噪声、高温;类比检测结果显示,煤尘时间加权平均浓度为0.3~1.1 mg/m3,噪声强度为74.1~78.6 d B(A),各职业病危害因素的浓度或强度均符合国家职业卫生接触限值。结论该拟建项目属于职业病危害风险严重的建设项目,只要企业认真落实各项拟采取的职业病危害防护措施和补充措施,从职业病防治角度分析,拟建项目是可行的。     

某苯酐建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、分析与评价某苯酐建设项目可能产生的职业病危害因素,并提出可行性的防护补充措施。方法采用检查表法、类比法相结合的原则,对拟建工程可能产生的职业病危害及防护措施进行定性及定量评价。结果该拟建项目正常生产过程中识别的职业病危害因素有化学毒物和物理因素。其中类比检测化学毒物、噪声等均符合接触限值要求,粉尘1个点超标(包装机下料处粉尘浓度10.2 mg/m3)。结论该项目为职业病危害严重的建设项目,在正常生产运行过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素可以预防和控制,从职业病防护角度考虑,该拟建项目是可行的。     

某双酚A优化改造工程建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、分析与评价某双酚A优化改造拟建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素,并提出可行性的防护补充措施。方法采用检查表法、类比法相结合的原则,对拟建工程可能产生的职业病危害及防护措施进行定性及定量评价。结果该拟建项目正常生产过程中识别的职业病危害因素有化学毒物、粉尘和物理因素。其中类比检测化学毒物、粉尘、高温等均符合接触限值要求,2个检测点噪声超标8 h等效噪声强度分别为91.2和95.3 dB(A)。结论该项目为职业病危害一般的建设项目,在正常生产运行过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素可以预防和控制,从职业病防护角度分析,该拟建项目是可行的。     

佛山市某聚氨酯固化剂生产建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、分析与评价某聚氨酯固化剂生产建设项目中可能存在的职业病危害因素,并提出相应的防护补充措施。方法采用类比法、工程分析法、检查表法相结合的原则,对拟建工程可能产生的职业病危害因素及防护措施进行定性及定量评价。结果类比项目生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素为苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、乙酸丁酯、二异氰酸甲苯酯(TDI)、邻苯二甲酸酐、甲基丙二醇、二甘醇、新戊二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、乙二醇、噪声,类比检测的结果均符合职业接触限值的要求。结论本项目为职业病危害严重的建设项目,若能落实本报告中所提的补充措施及建议,从职业病防护角度分析,该建设项目是可行的。     

西安某汽车发动机厂职业病危害预评价

目的 确定该项目可能产生的职业病危害因素及其危害类别,为建立项目设计提供职业病危害防护与对策。方法采用风险评估法、检查表分析法和类比法相结合的原则对该项目进行定性及定量综合评价。结果该项目在生产过程中存在的主要职业病危害因素有苯、甲苯、二甲苯、丁醇、乙酸丁酯、丁二烯、丙烯腈、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、柴油、噪声和高温等。经检查分析,拟建项目将采取的防护措旋计划基本合理。结论该项目属“严重职业病危害建设项目”,根据类比企业调查情况以及拟建项目将采取的防护措施分析判断,在职业病危害因素控制方面是可行的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.