肌松药残余阻滞作用与呼吸功能恢复

肌松药的残余阻滞作用对呼吸功能的恢复有一定的影响，将呼吸力学监测、肌松监测以及临床征象相结合进行合理的判断，对肌松药残余阻滞作用可能造成的呼吸系统并发症有较好的预防作用。     

残余肌松与全麻术后呼吸功能不全关系的临床研究

目的 了解全麻手术后在麻醉恢复室(postanesthesia care unit,PACU)内呼吸功能不全的发生率,并评估其与残余肌松的关系.方法 择期全麻手术成年患者623例,术后PACU内用4个成串刺激(TOF)监测肌松,按临床指征拔管,根据拔管后即刻测量TOF值将患者分成3组,TOF＞0.9为A组;TOF 0.7～0.9为B组;TOF＜0.7为C组,记录每组出现呼吸功能不全的例数.结果 全麻手术后在PACU内呼吸功能不全的发生率为4.5％,A组患者472例,其中有7例(1.5％)出现呼吸功能不全,B组患者112例,9例(8.0％)出现,C组患者39例,有12例(30.8％)出现,最常见的是低氧血症和上呼吸道梗阻.C组与A组和B组比较及B组与A组比较,出现呼吸功能不全比例明显增高(P＜0.01).结论 存在残余肌松(TOF＜0.9)的患者更易出现术后呼吸功能不全,应加强围手术期肌松监测,掌握恰当的拔管时机.     

重视肌松药残余作用的几点建议

晚近 ,欧美先后对全麻后并发症进行了大量的调查 ,而肌松药残余作用所致的并发症发生率之高已引起高度重视。Ｔｉｒｅｔ等调查与分析法国 2 0万例全麻病人 ,因麻醉原因致死的 65例病人中 ,近半数系肌松药残余作用所致。英国Ｌｕｎｎ等报道 1 1例全麻后呼吸抑制患者 ,其中 6例为肌松药残余作用所引起。英格兰Ｃｏｏｐｅｒ总结 5年的全麻后并发症 ,53例中即有 2 4例系因应用肌松药后拮抗不充分致呼吸抑制。澳大利亚、威尔士的学者分析近 2 0年的全麻并发症 ,应用肌松药后拮抗不充分乃系死亡的主因之一。国内肌松监测乃系一薄弱环节 ,此方面的…     

老年人术后肌松作用消退与呼吸力学恢复的关系

Kopman等建议以TOF≥90％替代过去的TOF≥70％作为肌松残余作用和呼吸功能恢复的标准。本研究拟观察老年患者术后肌松作用自然消退过程中，肌松监测TOF比值与呼吸力学恢复之间的关系，为老年患者肌松药的合理应用和避免肌松药残余作用提供参考。     

肌松药作用监测的进展

本文重点介绍了ＰＴＣ和ＤＢＳ两种神经肌肉接头功能监测方法的机理和影响监测结果的因素，评价临床应用的意义。     

残余肌松与麻醉后呼吸功能不全

手术麻醉后呼吸事件的发生与手术病人的安全密切相关,而残余肌松作用是引起麻醉后呼吸功能损害的高危因素之一。1残余肌松的评价及标准1.1神经刺激器以4个成串刺激(TOF)模式刺激尺神经,用加速度仪或肌电图记录拇内收肌的TOFR(T4/T1)是现在应用较广泛的客观定量监测方法。近20年     

术后残余肌松作用的研究进展

肌松药已广泛应用于临床麻醉，但术后肌松药残余作用在临床上仍时有发生，严重者可危及患者生命安全。本文讨论了神经肌肉阻滞恢复的标准，肌松药残余作用的发生率及其影响因素，肌松监测，拮抗药的使用，并发症等问题。     

肌松药作用监测的进展

本文重点介绍PTC和DBS两种神经肌肉接头功能监测方法的机理和影响监测结果的因素,评价临床应用的意义。     

维库溴铵用于肝功能损害病人残余肌松与呼吸功能恢复的研究

目的研究肝功能损害病人使用维库溴铵术后残余肌松及在肌松恢复不同程度下拔管后呼吸功能恢复的情况。方法60例择期手术病人,肝功能正常及轻度肝功能损害病人各30例,随机分为六组,每组10例。Ⅰ组：肝功能正常,根据临床征象判断拔管;Ⅱ组：肝功能正常,四个成串刺激率（TOFR）0．7拔管;Ⅲ组：肝功能正常,TOFR0．9拔管;Ⅳ组：肝功能损害,根据临床征象判断拔管;Ⅴ组：肝功能损害,TOFR0．7拔管;Ⅵ组：肝功能损害,TOFR0．9拔管。比较各组肌松恢复指标：末次给药至拔管时间、临床时效、恢复指数;术前和拔管后呼吸动力学参数：吸气潮气量（VT）、RR、分钟通气量（Ve）、自主呼吸做功（WOBp）、肺动态顺应性（Cdyn）、平均气道阻力（RAWm）、呼吸驱动力（P0．1）。结果Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组拔管时分别有5例和6例TOFR％0．7,Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组肌松恢复指标均较Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组延长。Ⅰ、Ⅳ组拔管后VTi、VE较术前减小,RR加快,P0．1、WOBp、RAWm增大,Cdyn减小（P％0．05或P％0．01）。Ⅱ、Ⅴ组仅WOBp较术前增大（P〈0．05）。Ⅲ、Ⅵ组拔管后呼吸动力学参数与术前相比差异无统计学意义。结论维库溴铵用于肝功能轻度损害病人术后肌松恢复时间延长,在未使用量化肌松监测的情况下根据临床征象判断拔管存在一定比例的残余肌松,同时多项呼吸动力学参数存在损害。而在肌松监测下TOFR0．7拔管,呼吸动力学参数基本能恢复至术前水平。     

Accelerometry of Adductor Pollicis Muscle Predicts Recovery of Respiratory Function from Neuromuscular Blockade

Background: Residual paralysis increases the risk of pulmonary complications but is difficult to detect. To test the hypothesis that accelerometry predicts effects of residual paralysis on pulmonary and upper airway function, the authors related tests of pulmonary and pharyngeal function to accelerometry of adductor pollicis muscle in 12 partially paralyzed volunteers.

Methods: Rocuronium (0.01 mg/kg + 2-10 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) was administered to maintain train-of-four (TOF) ratios (assessed every 15 s) of approximately 0.5 and 0.8 over a period of more than 5 min. The authors evaluated pharyngeal and facial muscle functions during steady state relaxation and performed spirometric measurements every 5 min until recovery. Upper airway obstruction was defined as a mean ratio of expiratory and inspiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity of greater than 1. The TOF ratio associated with "acceptable" pulmonary recovery (forced vital capacity and forced inspiratory volume in 1 s of >=90% of baseline) was calculated using a linear regression model.

Results: At peak blockade (TOF ratio 0.5 +/- 0.16), forced inspiratory flow was impaired (53 +/- 19%) to a greater degree than forced expiratory flow (75 +/- 20%) with a mean ratio of expiratory and inspiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity of 1.18 +/- 0.6. Upper airway obstruction, observed in 8 of 12 volunteers, paralleled an impaired ability to swallow reported by 10 of 12 volunteers. In contrast, all volunteers except one could sustain a head lift for more than 5 s. The authors calculated that a mean TOF ratio of 0.56 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.71) predicts "acceptable" recovery of forced vital capacity, whereas forced inspiratory volume in 1 s was impaired until a TOF ratio of 0.95 (0.82-1.18) was reached. A 100% recovery of TOF ratio predicts an acceptable recovery of forced vital capacity, forced inspiratory volume in 1 s, and mean ratio of expiratory and inspiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity in 93%, 73%, and 88% of measurements (calculated negative predictive values), respectively.     

甲氧普胺对琥珀胆碱的时－量关系及阻滞性质的影响

２０例择期普胸、脊柱手术病人随机分为１组（甲氧普胺组）和２组（对照组）。１组术前３０ｍｉｎ肌注甲氧普胺０．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，２组未用甲氧普胺。麻醉诱导后用２％普鲁卡因复合０．０８％琥珀胆碱静滴维持麻醉，用加速度仪监测神经肌肉阻滞及阻滞性质，同时采血测定血浆胆碱酯酶活性。结果：１组肌注甲氧普胺后血浆胆碱酯酶活性下降３４．８％，与２组同时值比较有显著差异。维持肌颤搐Ｔ１１０～２０％两组琥珀胆碱用量及停药后肌张力恢复时间无明显差异，１组１０例均出现双相阻滞。结果表明，术前常规剂量甲氧普胺对琥珀胆碱的时－量关系无明显影响，但影响其阻滞性质。     

Monitoring of Neuromuscular Blockade at the P6 Acupuncture Point Reduces the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Background: Electrical stimulation of the P6 acupuncture point reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Neuromuscular blockade during general anesthesia can be monitored with electrical peripheral nerve stimulation at the wrist. The authors tested the effect of neuromuscular monitoring over the P6 acupuncture point on the reduction of PONV.

Methods: In this prospective, double-blinded, randomized control trial, the authors investigated, with institutional review board approval and informed consent, 220 women undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery anesthetized with fentanyl, sevoflurane, and rocuronium. During anesthesia, neuromuscular blockade was monitored by a conventional nerve stimulator at a frequency of 1 Hz over the ulnar nerve (n = 110, control group) or over the median nerve (n = 110, P6 group) stimulating at the P6 acupuncture point at the same time. The authors evaluated the incidence of nausea and vomiting during the first 24 h.

Results: No differences in demographic and morphometric data were found between both groups. The 24-h incidence of PONV was 45% in the P6 acupuncture group versus 61% in the control group (P = 0.022). Nausea decreased from 56% in the control group to 40% in the P6 group (P = 0.022), but emesis decreased only from 28% to 23% (P = 0.439). Nausea decreased substantially during the first 6 h of the observation period (P = 0.009). Fewer subjects in the acupuncture group required ondansetron as rescue therapy (27% vs. 39%; P = 0.086).     

静注琥珀胆碱对潘库溴铵作用不同时期的影响

本文对１０例潘库溴铵作用肌松的病人，用外周神经刺激器刺激尺神经和二道生理记录仪行拇指肌力监测，观察了非去极化肌松药在体内消除的三个不同时期静注琥珀胆碱和术毕肌作作用完全消失前注射新斯的明后的肌力变化情况。作者发现：１。潘库溴铵消除过程中应用琥珀胆碱，不论是否发生短暂的肌松对抗效应，其后均能较长时间地加强肌松作用肌