山阴县性传播疾病流行趋势和特征分析

目的：对185例性传播疾病的流行病学进行了统计分析，以了解山阴县辖区性病疫情的流行趋势和特征。方法：收集整理2002年至2004年性病专业防治门诊的各种性病资料。结果：性传播疾病总平均发病率为87．95／10万：病种以淋病居首位，占总病例的44．32％；年龄分布集中在20岁～39岁性活跃期青壮年，占总病例82．15％：男女发病之比为2．63：1；农民、驾驶员分布较多（28．11％，20．54％）；初中文化人群居多（52．97％），传染来源以非婚性接触为主（48．65％）。结论：性传播疾病是一种特殊的以性接触为主要传播方式的多因素的社会性传染病。在各个行业中有迅速蔓延趋势，患病人数逐步上升，应引起全社会高度重视。     

承德市2008年性病疫情分析

目的：了解承德市性病的流行特征,为性病的防治提供参考依据。方法：用描述性流行病学方法。结果：2008年承德市累计报告6种性病（梅毒、艾滋病、淋病、非淋菌性尿道炎、尖锐湿疣和生殖器疱疹423例,较2007年（295例）上升43．39％。其中男性发病数219例、女性发病数204例,男性发病数为女性的1．07倍;发病率为11．72／10万。6种性病构成比中,尖锐湿疣最高,占34．75％,其次为非淋菌性尿道炎占23．04％;6种性病的传染来源以非婚性接触为主,占44．91％。结论：2008年承德市性病报告病例数较2007年有所增长,尖锐湿疣报告病例数超过非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎位居6种性病之首。主要传播途径为非婚性接触,提示应加大健康教育宣传工作,大力宣传洁身自爱,安全性行为。     

胶南市1990～2006年病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的：了解胶南市病毒性肝炎的流行特征。方法：采用描述性流行病学研究方法对胶南市1990～2006年病毒性肝炎疫情资料进行分析。结果：1990～2006年胶南市报告病毒性肝炎病例4385例，年平均发病率为30．64／10万。男女性别发病之比为2．06：1。发病年龄组以0～9岁发病率最高（44．95／10万），其次为10～60岁年龄组（28．90／10万），65岁以上年龄组发病率最低（21．25／10万）。职业构成中以农民为主，占39．13％；其次为小学生，占24．10％；再次为工人，占10．06％；其他职业占26．71％。结论：胶南市病毒性肝炎的发病率呈逐年下降趋势，发病以男性农民和小学生为主。应进一步加强甲肝和乙肝疫苗的预防接种，不断提高人群免疫屏障，逐步降低病毒性肝炎的发病率。     

黄石市1998～2004年麻疹流行特征分析

目的：了解麻疹疫苗在湖北黄石市应用以来，麻疹的流行病学特征。方法：收集黄石市1998-2004年麻疹国家法定疫情统计资料，对其进行描述性分析。结果：该市1998—2004年共报告麻疹病例741例，发病率为0．80／10万-10．78／10万，年平均发病率为4．23／10万，麻疹发病率呈下降趋势；在发病者中男女发病之比为1．23：1。发病年龄以4-7岁为高发年龄组，累积发病244例，占发病总数的32．93％。职业分布以中小学生为主，共343例，占发病总数的46．29％。每年发病高峰集中分布在4—7月，冬季发病人数较少。全市三个地区都有病例报告，以C区发病率最高，为5．40／10万，其发病人数占总数的49．52％。结论：黄石市麻疹发病率呈下降趋势，中小学生为主要发病人群，亦有成人病例；麻疹发病季节性高峰向春夏移动。     

2012年湖北省郧县手足口病流行病学与病原学分析

目的了解郧县2012年手足口病流行特征和病原特征。方法用描述流行病学方法对郧县2012年手足151病疫情资料进行分析。结果2012年郧县共报告手足口病病例344例,报告发病率60．94／10万。病例月分布呈双峰型,4～6月为第一高峰,发病数占全年发病数的46．51％;9～11月为第二高峰,发病数占全年发病数的29．36％。报告发病率城区（72．79／10万）与乡镇（59．41／10万）差异无统计学意义（X^2=1．680,P=0．195）。〈5岁年龄组儿童占95．06％,以散居儿童和幼托儿童为主。病原构成分别为CoxA16型占49．08％、EV71型占30．67％、其它占20．25％。结论郧县2012年手足口病疫情的流行有明显季节、人群和病原特征。     

一起学校流行性腮腺炎暴发的流行病学调查分析

目的：分析学校流行性腮腺炎的流行规律、流行特征及其影响因素，为制定防治对策提供依据。方法：对本次疫情所有病例进行个案调查，根据临床症状和体征结合流行病学史进行诊断。结果：本次暴发疫情病例共计142例，罹患率为11．18％；1月5日达到第一次流行高峰，1月21日又出现一个小的高峰；发病最多的班级为5（2）班，发病数25例，占全部发病的17．61％；发病年龄集中在7—12岁年龄段，以10岁组最多，占全部病例的30．28％；70．42％的病例没有接种史，所有病例均有接触史。临床表现主要有发热、腮腺肿痛（100％）。结论：加强学校传染病疫情报告管理和搞好学生流行性腮腺炎疫苗的接种工作是控制学校流行性腮腺炎暴发的关键措施。     

2012年边境地区流行性腮腺炎流行病学分析

目的：分析那坡县2012年流行性腮腺炎（流腮）的疫情数据,掌握出现高发年份时流腮的流行病学特征,为制定预防控制策略提供依据。方法：以2010年第6次全国人口普查统计数据为基数,疫情统计数据来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统,对原始数据进行统计学处理后,进行描述流行病学分析。结果：2012年那坡县流行性腮腺炎报告发病数为686例,报告发病率为328．54／10万,比去年报告发病率（102．49／10万）上升220．59％。1—15岁发病人数占总病例数的86．44％,发病人群以中小学生及幼托儿童为主,占82．65％,发病在夏季达到高峰。结论：应进一步加强流行性腮腺炎的预防控制工作,特别强调要提高15岁以下儿童流腮免疫疫苗接种的覆盖率,以控制流行性腮腺炎的流行。     

海南省某市1998年霍乱流行病学分析

目的：了解某市1998年霍乱流行的特点，为今后更好地预防、控制某市的霍乱流行提供理论依据。方法：采用霍乱个案调查表和流行病学调查表进行调查，然后统计分析。结果：某市灵山镇报告全市首例霍乱病人，至10月13日，全市共报告霍乱病人24例，报告发病率3．64／10万，带菌2例、带菌率为0．30／10万；病例主要集中在于沿海乡（镇）占70．83％，内陆乡（镇）仅占29．17％，流行高峰期在8月份，占75．00％；发病年龄最小的6岁、最大的82岁。以20－40岁组的青壮年所占比例最高，为20．83％；男女发病比例为1：1，职业分布以农民为主，占54．17％；其次渔民，占20．83％,临床分型以轻型病例所占比例最高，为50．00％，但重型病例所占比例比往所有所增高，为16．67％，流行菌型皆为小川1b型。疫源地呈散在分布，24例全为单发性疫源地。结论：这次流行的病例主要集中在沿海乡（镇），可疑食物以海产品为主。     

2004-2006年宁夏流行性腮腺炎疫情分析

目的了解宁夏腮腺炎的疫情动态,为制定预防控制策略、科学开展防制工作提供依据。方法对3年的疫情资料用EXCEL建立数据库,进行描述行流行病学分析。结果2004—2006年宁夏累计报告腮腺炎11180例,占同期法定传染病报告数的10．19％,年平均报告发病率62．91／10万。全年均有病例报告,4月份呈现发病高峰（占14．13％）,以学生（73．02％）、散居儿童（13．06％）和幼托儿童（8．88％）为主,5—14岁占79．64％;男性报告发病高于女性,5市报告发病率存在的差异有统计学意义（X^2=572．37,P〈0．0001）。结论推广腮腺炎疫苗接种,降低儿童发病、减少暴发应作为宁夏腮腺炎防制工作的重点。     

深圳市1983—1999年性病艾滋病流行趋势分析

目的：了解深圳市1983－1999年性病，艾滋病流行动态特征，为政府制订预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法：对深圳市1983－1999年性病年报资料及人口数据进行统计分析。结果：（1） 1985年以前，深圳市性病年发病率保持在10．53／10万以上，1986年后以平均2．53倍的速度急骤上升，至1989年达到339．44／10万的最高水平，1990年回落至158．46／10万后，一直维持在158．46／10－327．76／10万的高发病率水平；（2）深圳市各年度性病报告发病率均高于全国平均发病水平，并与全国性病发病率保持同步发展的态势；（3）各年度性病的性别发病率均为男性高于女性，年龄别发病率以20－40岁性活跃年龄段最高，婚姻状况分布以已婚为主，文化程度以中学文化程度居多，职业构成以工人，干部，无业，饮服，个体列前五位；（4）淋病为优势病种，梅毒发病率及构成增长最快，艾滋病毒感染者近年呈快速上升趋势；（5）患者来源外地人群平均占57．93％，传播方式以非婚性接触占大多数。结论：深圳市性病艾滋病流行仍呈上升趋势。预防和控制工作力度仍应加强。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.