体外循环心内直视手术围术期乌司他丁对血浆S100β蛋白及TNF-α表达的影响

目的观察体外循环心内直视手术围术期乌司他丁对S100β蛋白及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响。方法30例择期心内直视手术患者随机分成两组：乌司他丁组(U组)和生理盐水对照组(C组),每组15例。U组于麻醉诱导后,体外循环前用微量泵输注溶于50 ml生理盐水的乌司他丁(1万U/kg),体外循环(CPB)开始时再将乌司他丁(1万U/kg)加入体外循环机预充液中。C组用等体积的生理盐水。分别于CPB开始后15 min(T_1)、CPB结束时(T_2)、CPB结束后2h(T_3)、24h(T_4)时点从颈内静脉采血,分别测定S100β蛋白和TNF-α的水平。结果与C组比较,T_1和T_4时点无统计学意义(P＜0．05),U组S100β和TNF-α含量T_2时点明显降低(P＜0．01);T_3时点也降低(P＜0．05)。两组T_2、T_3、T_4时S100β水平均高于T_1点(P＜0．01)。C组T_2、T_3时TNF-α水平明显高于T_1时点(P＜0．01);U组各时点TNF-α浓度之间差别无统计学意义(P＞0．05)。结论体外循环心内直视手术围术期乌司他丁可减少TNF-α炎性因子的产生,并降低血浆中脑损伤的生化标志物S100β蛋白的表达水平。     

体外循环中血糖水平与术后切口愈合关系的研究

将2014年5月~2014年8月我院行体外循环的成年患者60例分成糖尿病组和非糖尿病组各30例,分别于麻醉前、切皮前、转机前、转机后30min、转机后60min、停机后60min采集静脉血测定血糖水平,并于出院时记录术后切口愈合等级。两组患者血糖在麻醉前、切皮前、转机前无统计学差异(P0.05)。与非糖尿病组相比,转机后30min、转机后60min、停机后60min糖尿病组血糖水平值均高于非糖尿病组(P0.05)。患者术中血糖值与术后切口愈合呈一定相关性。患者体外循环中血糖值变化显著,加强患者CPB手术中的血糖监测及控制可降低机体炎性反应和提高切口愈合率,特别是对糖尿病人患者。     

L-精氨酸对心内直视手术体外循环期间血小板的保护作用

目的 探讨L-精氨酸对心内直视手术体外循环期间血小板的保护作用及临床意义.方法 30例先天性房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(ASD)患者随机分为2组:L-精氨酸组(15例)于麻醉后切皮前将L-精氨酸200 mg/kg加入5%葡萄糖注射液50 ml中,经颈内静脉用微量注射泵以99ml/h的速度泵入体内;对照组(15例)同时以相同的速度泵入等量5%葡萄糖注射液,但未加任何药物.在麻醉后切皮前(基线值t1)、体外循环(CPB)后30 min(t2)、CPB结束时(t3)、手术结束时(t4)、术后24 h(t5)检测2组患者血小板数(PLT)、血小板膜表面糖蛋白CD62P阳性表达率的变化,并记录术后24 h心包纵隔引流量;电镜观察血小板形态及超微结构.结果 切皮前2组患者一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).与t1相比,2组血小板数于t2～t4各时点均下降(均P＜0.05);L-精氨酸组血小板数的下降幅度较对照组低(P＜0.05).与t1相比,2组CD62P于t2～t4各时点均升高(均P＜0.05);L-精氨酸组CD62P升高幅度较对照组低(P＜0.01),术后心包纵隔引流量较对照组明显减少(P＜0.05).对照组血小板超微结构改变明显,L-精氨酸组血小板超微结构改变较对照组明显减轻.结论 心内直视手术体外循环期间血小板超微结构、功能异常改变,易致术后出血;L-精氨酸在体外循环术中可以起到保护血小板、减少术后出血的作用.     

体外循环手术期间精氨酸对红细胞作用的研究

目的 探讨体外循环(CPB)手术期间L-精氨酸对患者红细胞的影响.方法 择期在CPB下行瓣膜置换的风湿性心脏病患者30例,随机分为L-精氨酸组(L组)和对照组(C组),每组15例.于麻醉后切皮前,L组L-精氨酸按200 mg/kg的剂量加入5%葡萄糖注射液50 ml中,经颈内静脉用注射泵以99 ml/h的速度泵人体内.C组用等量5%葡萄糖注射液,用法同L组.分别于麻醉诱导后切皮前(基线值T1)、转流30 min(T2)、转流结束时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、术后24 h(T5)五个不同时段分别抽取静脉血,测定血中游离血红蛋白(FHb)、丙二醛(MDA)、红细胞C3b受体花环率(RBC-C3bRR)、红细胞免疫复合物花环率(RBC-ICR).结果 (1)MDA、FHb、RBC-ICR:转机前,L、C组间无差异,两组转机30 min后的各标本含量均明显高于转机前(P<0.01),于CPB结束时各含量开始下降,转机30 min后L组含量又明显低于C组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).(2)RBC-C3bRR:转机前两组RBC-C3bRR无明显差异,转机30 min后两组RBC-C3bRR均明显低于转机前(P<0.01),于CPB结束时各含量开始回升,但转机30 min后L组RBC-C3bRR又明显高于C组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 心内直视手术时CPB可导致红细胞损伤及其免疫功能下降.围手术期应用精氨酸对CPB中RBC及其免疫功能有较好的保护作用,并可促进CPB术后患者红细胞免疫功能的恢复.     

CPB下心瓣膜置换围术期血小板参数变化的临床观察护理

目的探讨心内直视手术体外循环 (CPB)病人围术期血小板参数的动态变化 ,为围术期护理提供指导。方法对32例心内直视手术体外循环的病人分别于术前、手术当天及术后第 1～ 7天取肘静脉血测定血小板参数。结果手术当天及术后第 1～ 3天 ,血小板计数在CPB中明显减少 ,CPB后短期范围内恢复至正常 ,术后第 7天血小板计数明显增加 ,血小板平均体积于术后第七天减少 ,差异均有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论CPB心内直视手术后血小板参数发生了明显变化 ,应加强围术期的护理     

血凝酶对体外循环心内直视术患者血液的保护作用

目的研究血凝酶对体外循环（CPB）心内直视术患者血液的保护作用。方法将30例室间隔缺损患儿随机分为血凝酶组（n=15）与空白组（n=15）。血凝酶组于麻醉诱导后至CPB前经中心静脉缓慢静注血凝酶1000U,另1000U加入预充液中随机转入体内;空白组以等容量生理盐水代替血凝酶。监测2组患儿主动脉阻断时间、CPB时间以及切皮前（T1）、CPB开始后30min（T2）、鱼精蛋白中和肝素后20min（T3）、CPB后1h（T4）的Hb、PLT、PT、APTT、D-dimer;记录术后1、3、6h心包纵隔引流量（mL）。结果Hb、PLT值血凝酶组T2、T3、T4显著高于空白组（P〈0．05）;PT、APTT值血凝酶组值T3、T4显著低于空白组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;D-dimer值血凝酶组T2、T3、T4显著低于空白组（P〈0．05）;心包纵隔引流量2组术后1h无明显差异（P〉0．05）,术后3、6h血凝酶组显著低于空白组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论血凝酶对体外循环心内直视术患者血液具有积极的保护作用。     

二尖瓣置换术围术期血糖变化的研究

目的探讨二尖瓣置换术围术期血糖变化规律及护理要点。方法对78例二尖瓣置换术患者分别于手术前、切皮前、体外循环中、停机后、术后6 h和手术次日晨6个时点取桡动脉血测定血糖。结果切皮前血糖比手术前明显升高(P<0.01),体外循环开始后进一步上升,到停机后达最高峰,手术结束后血糖开始下降,但至术后次日晨仍保持在高于术前的水平(P<0.01),差异有极显著性意义。结论二尖瓣置换术中,病人血糖发生了明显变化,密切监测血糖浓度,预防高糖血症、低血糖反应,是ICU护理工作的重要内容。     

脑电双频指数在心脏手术体外循环麻醉深度监测中的应用效果观察

目的探讨脑电双频指数(Bispectral index,BIS)在心脏手术体外循环麻醉深度监测中的应用效果观察。方法择期行体外循环下心内直视手术患者38例,包括低温体外循环下室缺修补术27例、二尖瓣置换术11例。麻醉诱导采用静脉注射芬太尼10μg/kg、乙托咪酯0.3 mg/kg及维库溴铵0.1 m/kg。麻醉维持采用微量泵持续泵入异丙酚6~10 mg/(kg·h),切皮前静脉注射芬太尼10μg/kg及维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg。转机后体外循环机内加入芬太尼5μg/kg及维库溴铵0.05μg/kg,异丙酚维持原注射剂量不变,在BIS监测下维持麻醉深度处于D2~E1水平。体外循环采用高流量100 ml/(kg·min)非搏动性血流灌注。持续监测麻醉诱导前(T_1)、气管插管(T_2)、CPB前即刻(T_3)、降温至32.0℃(T_4)、阻断前即刻(T_5)、阻断后2min(T_6)、复温即刻(T_7)、停CPB(T_8)、停CPB15 min(T_9)不同时间段BIS、鼻咽温度、平均动脉压(MAP)与心率(HR)水平的变化。结果与T1比较,麻醉诱导后各时间点(T_2~T_9)患者BIS与MAP明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与心肺转流术(CPB)前比较,体外循环期间各时间点(T_4~T_7)BIS、鼻咽温度、MAP明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论BIS可有效用于监测体外循环下心内直视手术的麻醉深度,确保生命体征平稳。     

高原体外循环围术期漂浮导管的应用与护理

高原地区由于特殊的低氧分压环境 ,尚难以常规开展体外循环 (CPB)心内直视手术。我院 (地处西藏高原 ,平均海拔370 0m)进行CPB心内直视手术的结果显示 ,高原地区CPB术后心、肺功能损伤明显重于平原地区 ,肺动脉高压是高原地区开展CPB心内直视手术的主要高危因素之一。现回顾性分析我院于 2 0 0 1年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 1 1月在围术期放置漂浮导管进行CPB心内直视手术的 2 3例病人 ,将有关漂浮导管应用情况与护理报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1　一般资料2 3例中 ,男 9例 ,女 1 4例 ;年龄 1 .8～ 38岁 ,平均 1 2 .6岁 ;汉族 1 0例 ,藏族 1 3例…     

体外循环中空气法胃粘膜pH值与氧供 氧耗的变化

目的观察体外循环（CPB）中空气法胃粘膜pH值与氧供、氧耗的变化了解体外循环期间胃粘膜的血流灌注。方法选择择期行体外循环心脏手术30例，麻醉后置入TONO胃管通过空气法胃粘膜张力模块自动持续监测胃粘膜二氧化碳分压（PgCO2），在监护仪中输入麻醉诱导后30min、体外循环30min、60min、停体外循环后30min和60min时间点的动脉和混合静脉血气分析结果，计算获得各时点的胃粘膜pH值（pHi）、氧供（DO2）和氧耗（VO2）等数据。结果PgCO2在CPB期间明显低于术前（P〈0．01），停CPB后恢复到术前水平；pHi的变化体外环循期间显著升高（P〈0．01），停CPB后恢复术前水平；DO2和VO2变化：CPB期间明显低于术前（P〈0．01），停CPB后明显高于CPB期间（P〈0．01），停CPB 60min后明显高于术前（P〈0．01）。结论本研究中的病例在低温体外循环期间未存在胃肠粘膜血流灌注不足。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.