动眼神经的应用解剖学

目的 :为颅底区手术提供与动眼神经相关的应用解剖学和补充国人体质学资料。材料和方法 :选用正常成人头颅标本 2 1例 (4 2侧 ) ,测量动眼神经的颅段、海绵窦段和眶上裂段的长度和外径 ,观测该神经在海绵窦内与周围结构的毗邻关系。结果 :动眼神经在后床突前外方 6.0± 1 .6mm处入海绵窦 ;在窦的中部 ,位于滑车神经内侧4.5± 2 .1mm。动眼神经在眶上裂内已分成上、下二支的占 86% ,在眶内分支的为 1 4%。结论 :在枕骨斜坡区、海绵窦上缘和蝶骨小翼外下方手术时 ,应特别注意辨认和保护动眼神经。     

展神经的应用解剖

目的 :为颅底外科手术防止伤及展神经提供应用解剖依据和为国人的周围神经增添体质学资料。材料与方法 :选用固定后正常成人头颅标本 2 1例 (4 2侧 ) ,测量展神经穿硬脑膜和入外直肌的位置 ,测量展神经各段的长度及外径。结果 :展神经穿硬脑膜处位于后床突下方 1 7.0± 2 .1mm。入眶后 ,在总腱环前方 1 4.4± 2 .9mm处 ,从外直肌的内侧上半部入肌。全长约 60mm ,海绵窦段长约 2 5mm。结论 :颞骨岩部尖端、斜坡或海绵窦和鞍背区手术时 ,应注意辨认和保护展神经。     

眼动脉眶内段的应用解剖研究

目的 :为眶内手术中寻找和处理眼动脉及其分支提供解剖学依据。方法 :手术显微镜下解剖、观察、测量4 0侧成人眶内眼动脉的分段、各段的长度、外径、重要毗邻、主要分支、各分支起点与各段分界点之间的相互位置关系。结果 :(1)眶内眼动脉依其行程分为 4段。O3 段与O4段的分界点 (O4段起点 )坐标在左眼约位于时钟 5 4分钟位置 ,在右眼约位于时钟 10分钟位置。 (2 )视网膜中央动脉的起点多集中在眼动脉角后约 7.4 0mm至角前约 3.90mm的范围内 ,视网膜中央动脉穿视神经鞘处至眼球后极的距离平均为 (8.4 6± 1.91)mm。 (3)眼动脉角至眼球后极的距离平均为 (19.32± 4 .2 2 )mm ;眼动脉弯至眼球后极距离平均为 (14 .2 0± 3.92 )mm。 (4 )眶内眼动脉各段中 ,以O2段发出的至眼球、眼外肌和泪腺的分支最多。结论 :(1)眶内眼动脉以四分段法对眶内手术更有实用意义。 (2 )眼动脉各分支的起点变化较大 ,可用眼动脉四段的分界点作为识辨眼动脉及其重要分支的标志     

大鼠上,下颌神经的测量

为选用大鼠作三叉神经动物实验提供相应的形态学数据,在15只雄性SD大鼠上,用4%多聚甲醛经心脏全身固定后,解剖出上颌神经和下颌神经及其分支,在10倍手术显微镜下分别测量了30侧大鼠上、下颌神经各段的长、宽、厚度。1　大鼠上颌神经各段的长、宽、厚度　沿大鼠口角切开皮肤,显露上颌牙齿,沿眶下切迹解剖上颌神经至翼腭窝,去除颅底骨质,保留上颌神经颅内段,在10倍手术显微镜下测量神经各段。表1　大鼠上颌神经的测量　(X±SXmm)分段长宽厚颅内段4.70±0.951.40±0.191.26±0.17眶内段13.71±1.391.97±1.290.72±0.18眶外段4.93±0.724…     

脑神经海绵窦段的应用解剖

目的 :为海绵窦手术避免脑神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 17例成年头部标本的海绵窦内脑神经的位置、走行、毗邻进行解剖学观察。结果 :动眼神经入窦点在后床突的前外侧 7.8± 2 .1mm ,在颈内动脉床突上段后方 5 .0± 2 .0mm处。滑车神经窦内段长度为 10 .1± 3 .9mm ,其走行可分为窦内直行、中份凸向眼神经、“S”型双弯曲、前 1/2段凸向眼神经 4种类型。眼神经在窦内的长度为 15 .8±6.2mm。展神经在窦内为单干者占 5 2 .9% ( 18侧 ) ;2干者占 2 9.4% ( 10侧 ) ;3干者占 17.7% ( 6侧 )。结论 :滑车神经的走行变化较大 ,经Pakinson三角行海绵窦手术时 ,应注意保护滑车神经。切开海绵窦上壁分离窦腔时 ,应注意保护经上壁入窦的动眼神经。     

脑神经海绵窦段的显微解剖及其临床应用

目的　为海绵窦 (cavernoussinus,CS)直接手术提供解剖学基础。方法　在手术显微镜下对 15例 (30侧 )成人头颅标本CS内脑神经位置、行径以及与颈内动脉CS段的毗邻关系进行观测。结果　①动眼神经入窦点在前床突尖后方 (4 5 7± 1 0 5 )mm ,与滑车神经、眼神经垂直距离分别为 (2 2 0± 0 6 7)mm和 (4 37± 1 35 )mm。②滑车神经入窦点与眼神经垂直距离为 (5 5 2± 1 0 6 )mm。滑车神经CS段行程形状可分为三型。③颈内动脉后曲顶高出眼神经和展神经上缘分别为 (5 5 2± 1 84)mm和 (6 6 0± 1 94)mm。④经前床窦尖外侧或外下方时 ,动眼神经、滑车神经及眼神经与前床突尖垂直距离分别为 (1 85±0 75 )mm、(5 30± 1 0 4)mm和 (6 6 1± 1 6 3)mm。结论　掌握脑神经CS段的显微解剖对CS的直接手术具有重要意义。     

小儿与成人视神经管显微外科解剖学比较

目的 :研究小儿视神经管解剖特点 ,为小儿颅底外科提供解剖学资料。方法 :35例无颅眶疾病、经福尔马林固定的尸头 ,成人组 2 0例 ,小儿组 1 5例。在手术显微镜下测量视神经管的颅口、眶口、顶、底、内、外侧壁等参数。结果 :小儿颅口宽 4 35± 0 .5 8mm ,管顶长 6 95± 1 .2 4mm ,管底长 4 6 3± 0 .2 6mm ,内侧壁长 6 5 2± 1 .0 8mm ,外侧壁长 6 4 5± 0 .97mm。眶口宽 4 6 1± 0 .6 7mm ,高 4 93± 0 .2 9mm。小儿视神经管为实质型 ;成人视神经管依蝶窦、筛窦气化程度分为三型 :倒U型 ;C型 ;D型。结论 :小儿视神经颅内段较管腔内段相对较长 ;管壁厚 ,呈实质型 ,无狭部存在 ;至成人管顶伸长是管底的 3倍 ;颅口硬膜返折部短且边缘圆钝。     

海绵窦三角的显微解剖

30侧经颈内动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人颅底标本,在手术显微镜(目镜10×有测微器)下解剖和观测。海绵窦外侧壁下份内有Parkinson三角,我们还观察到其上方另有一个三角,由动眼神经、滑车神经和小脑幕游离缘的后份形成。海绵窦顶亦呈三角。确定了这三个三角的界限。研究了动眼神经、动眼神经与滑车神经的交点、滑车神经与眼神经的交点在窦壁上的表面投影。观察了通过各个三角内的颈内动脉各段及其分支。从而明确了窦壁内结构与窦内结构的毗邻关系,为找寻海绵窦内诸结构入路,和临床应用提供参考。     

上斜肌的动脉和神经

解剖了成人眶腔40个.上斜肌动脉1-3支不等,以一支为多见.主支直接发自眼动脉三段的占61.54±7.79%.主支自上斜肌后1/3份的外侧面进入者较多.主支长度均值右为8.23±0.57mm,左为6.60±0.51mm.主支外径均值右为0.60±0.03mm,左为0.66±0.04mm.滑车神经前支自上斜肌前2/3、后1/3交界处的内侧面进入者为多.其入肌前主干的外径均值左、右均为1.23±0.05mm.筛后动脉横跨滑车神经上方的占61.54±7.79%,动脉在神经下方的占35.90±7.68%.     

筛窦外侧壁显微外科解剖学

目的:研究筛窦外侧壁显微外科解剖,为临床处理筛窦手术提供解剖学资料。方法:采用显微解剖学技术,对24例成人头颅标本筛窦外侧壁进行观察和测量。结果:Dacryon(泪点,上颌骨、额骨、泪骨的交汇点)至筛前、后孔及视神经管眶口间的距离分别为(21.45±2.54)mm、(34.23±2.90)mm、(39.25±1.53)mm。筛前动脉眶内段长度为(4.98±1.17)mm,筛后动脉眶内段长度为(8.72±2.24)mm。结论:在筛窦手术或视神经管减压术时,Dacryon与筛前孔、筛后孔及视神经管眶口距离,可为正确寻找和处理筛动脉及视神经管提供依据。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.