Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in River Water of Hanoi, Vietnam Using Multivariate Analyses

Concentrations of heavy metals in water of the Nhue River (a suburban/rural river) and one of its tributaries, the To Lich River (an urban river), in Hanoi, Vietnam had been monitored, and spatial and seasonal variations in their composition were evaluated by means of principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Heavy metal concentrations in water of the two rivers were generally lower than the surface water quality standard in Vietnam, except for manganese in several sites, although they were higher than the median values in freshwater of the world by 0.42–43 times in Nhue and 0.13–32 times in To Lich. The two multivariate analyses represented that the composition of heavy metals in river water of To Lich was distinctly different from that of Nhue. It was also suggested that metal concentrations and their composition in Nhue river water would be affected by inflowing water of To Lich and wastewater discharged from the up- and middle-stream basin, and that they gradually recovered along the direction of water flow in the downstream area in rainy season.     

沈抚污灌区土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价

目的评价沈抚污灌区土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险。方法于2003—2004年,采集了辽宁省沈抚东陵灌区13个自然村的农田土壤样本,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对沈抚灌区土壤重金属污染进行潜在生态风险评价。结果沈抚污灌区土壤中的主要重金属污染物是Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu,其中,Hg的富集程度最高,平均富集系数达到了2.65。地质累积指数法评价结果显示,重金属的污染程度顺序依次为Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>As>Cr,整个区域中Hg、Pb、Cd达到了轻度-中等污染水平;潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,重金属的潜在生态危害程度顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb>As>Cu>Ni>Cr,整个灌区土壤重金属污染的潜在生态危害为中等危害水平,其中Hg的生态危害指数已达强度危害。统计分析结果显示,各重金属元素污染之间不存在相关性。结论长期的污灌造成了灌区土壤重金属的严重污染。     

Assessment of Mine Water Quality Using Heavy Metal Pollution Index in a Coal Mining Area of Damodar River Basin,India

A total no. of 16 mine water (underground and opencast coal mine pump discharges) samples were collected from East Bokaro coalfield during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Se, Al, Cd and Cr were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the assessment of spatio-temporal variations, source apportionment and heavy metal pollution indexing. The results demonstrated that concentrations of the metals showed significant seasonality and most variables exhibited higher levels in the pre-monsoon season. The principle component analysis for ionic source identification was synthesized into three factors with eigen values cut off at greater than unity and explained about 64.8% of the total variance. The extracted factors seemed to be associated to the geogenic, extensive mining and allied transportation sources of the elements. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) of the mine water calculated for the individual locations varied from 7.1 to 49.5. Most of the locations fall under low to medium classes of HPI except few locations which are under the influence of surface mining and associated transportation.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Soils of Havana City,Cuba

Concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe in the top-soils (0–10 cm) from urbanized and un-urbanized areas of Havana city were measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The mean Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb contents in the urban topsoil samples (13.9 ± 4.1, 66 ± 26, 101 ± 51, 240 ± 132 and 101 ± 161 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) were compared with mean concentrations for other cities around the world. The results revealed the highest concentrations of metals in topsoil samples from industrial sites. Lowest metal contents were determined in the un-urbanized areas. The comparison with Dutch soil quality guidelines showed a slight contamination with Co, Ni Cu and Zn in all studied sites and with Pb in industrial soils. On the other hand, the metal-to-iron normalisation using Earth crust contents as background showed that soils from urbanized areas in Havana city (industrial sites, parks and school grounds) are moderately enriched with zinc, moderately to severe enriched (city parks and school grounds) and severe enriched (industrial sites) with lead. The values of integrated pollution index (IPI) indicated that industrial soils are middle and high contaminated by heavy metals (1.19 ≤ IPI ≤ 7.54), but enrichment index values (EI) shows that metal concentrations on the studied locations are not above the permissible levels for urban agriculture, except soils from power and metallurgical plants surroundings.     

Identification of Heavy Metal Pollution Derived From Traffic in Roadside Soil Using Magnetic Susceptibility

The study integrates surface and vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents (Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe) to characterize the signature of vehicle pollutants in roadside soils at Linfen city, China. Sites with reforestation and without vegetation cover were investigated. The results showed that magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents were higher at the roadside without trees than in the reforest belt. The variations of magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal contents decreased both with distance and with depth. The maximum value was observed at 5–10 m away from the roadside edge. The vertical distribution in soil revealed accumulation of pollutants in 0–5 cm topsoils. The average contents were higher than the background values and in the order Fe (107.21 g kg^?1), Zn (99.72 mg kg^?1), Pb (90.99 mg kg^?1), Cu (36.14 mg kg^?1). Coarse multi domain grains were identified as the dominating magnetic particles. Multivariate statistical and SEM/EDX analyses suggested that the heavy metals derived from traffic sources. Trees act as efficient receptors and green barrier, which can reduce vehicle derived pollution.     

Heavy Metal Tolerance in Metal Hyperaccumulator Plant, Salvinia natans

Metal tolerance capacity of Salvinia natans, a metal hyperaccumulator, was evaluated. Plants were exposed to 10, 30 and 50 mg L^?1 of Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Cu, Pb, and Ni. Plant biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, quantum yield, photochemical quenching, electron transport rate and elemental (%C, H and N) constitution remained unaffected in Salvinia exposed to 30 mg L^?1 of heavy metals, except for Cu and Zn exposed plants, where significant reductions were noted in some of the measured parameters. However, a significant decline was noted in most of the measured parameters in plants exposed to 50 mg L^?1 of metal concentration. Results suggest that Salvinia has fairly high levels of tolerance to all the metals tested, but the level of tolerance varied from metal to metal.     

北海市海产品重金属污染调查

目的了解北海市海产品中重金属污染状况,评价其食用安全风险。方法 对本市销售量较大的海产鱼类、软体类和甲壳类共3类18种海产品,计113份样品进行采样检测,依据国家食品卫生标准,采用生物质量指数法进行评价。结果海产品中3种重金属以镉的合格率最低,仅为54.0%,铅也有超标样品,而汞的合格率为100%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。分类中以软体类的重金属污染最严重,其中达到重度镉污染水平的占83.3%,轻度铅污染水平的占55.6%,铅污染和重度铅污染水平的占16.7%;其次为甲壳类,达到重度镉污染水平的占45.7%,轻度铅污染水平以上的占28.3%,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。而海水鱼类的污染相对较少,占77.4%的铅污染和64.5%的镉污染均在正常背景值水平。结论 海产品中软体类的重金属风险最大,尤其是镉的风险应引起足够的重视,属于污染危害大的海产品种类,应开展深入的污染控制研究和加强必要的监管。     

积累指数法对公路旁土壤中重金属污染的评价

目的评价公路旁土壤中重金属污染.方法以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为例,应用积累指数法对公路环境土壤介质中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn)污染叠加进行评价. 结果研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu元素含量高于福建省土壤背景值,其平均含量分别是福建省土壤背景值的23.6倍、4.6倍、1.7倍和1.5倍.已形成强污染的元素为Cd,中等污染的元素为Pb,轻污染的元素为Cr.土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Ni＞Mn＞Fe.结论公路旁土壤中Cd、Pb污染严重,重金属污染物质主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分.     

The Comet Assay as Biomarker of Heavy Metal Genotoxicity in Earthworms

The ubiquitous occurring earthworm species, Eisenia fetida, were exposed to nickel chloride to determine whether the heavy metal Ni caused DNA damage, as measured by the comet (single cell gel electrophoresis) assay. Primary cell cultures of earthworm coelomocytes were exposed in vitro and whole animals either in spiked artificial soil water or in spiked cattle manure substrates. Comets formed were scored using mean tail lengths as well as comparing percentages of damage in five different damage classes. The exposure concentrations used for the in vitro exposure (2, 6, and 12 g/ml) caused the formation of comets of which the mean tail lengths differed significantly (p < 0.05) from those of unexposed controls but not from each other. Coelomocytes from worms exposed in artificial soil water at concentrations of 0.0049, 0.0078, 0.0175, and 0.025 mg/ml formed comets of which the mean tail lengths differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the exposure groups with increasingly longer tail lengths with higher concentration (dose-related response). The tail length means of the comets of the three highest exposure concentrations also differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the controls. No dose-related response was found between comet tail lengths of the three exposure concentrations (60, 240, and 480 mg/kg) used for the worms in the cattle manure substrates, but the mean tail lengths of comets from all three exposure groups differed significantly (p > 0.05) from the controls. The comets formed in cells from animals exposed in artificial soil water and in cattle manure substrates, scored within damage classes, indicated a clear shift with increasing exposure concentrations from low to high damage. Our results indicated DNA single-strand breaks in soil invertebrate cells caused by exposure to a nickel compound, verifying previous findings for mammals which indicated that this heavy metal has genotoxic potential. These results therefore suggest that earthworms may be useful indicator organisms to assess the genotoxic risks of nickel pollution to terrestrial environments and that the comet assay is a useful tool to use as biomarker of genotoxic effects on invertebrates in soil.     

Spider Webs as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution in Air

No abstract available.     

Spatial-Based Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils Surrounding a Non-ferrous Metal Smelting Zone

This work aimed to assess the degree of anthropogenic influence and severity of heavy metal from a non-ferrous metal smelting industrial zone. The results suggested that anthropogenic inputs played a dominant role in the enrichment of Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb and Cd. These metals showed similar spatial distribution patterns. Multivariate analysis showed strongly significant relationships between Cu–Zn,Cd–Zn, Cd–Sb, Sb, Sb, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Strong relationship was found between Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and organic matter in soil. Risk evaluation results within the soil investigated profile was in the following order: Cd > Sb > Cu > Zn > Pb. Nemerow’s synthetical contamination index revealed that there is substantial ecotoxicological risk among the sampling sites with 8 of 9 of these locations exceeding the Nemerow criteria for seriously impacted sites and another site was close to moderately polluted domain.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Groundwater of the Northern Develi Closed Basin,Kayseri, Turkey

This study was carried out to assess the groundwater pollution in the northern Develi Closed Basin by using the heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Samples from 10 wells and 5 springs were collected in dry and wet seasons and concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd, As and B were determined. In both seasons, for more than half of the samples, As, B and Fe concentrations exceeded the Turkish drinking water guideline values. Due to the occurrence of these metals in high concentrations in some samples HPI values are up to 1740. The source of these metals is geogenic and attributed to the interaction of these waters with highly altered volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. The overall HPI for wet and dry periods are reported as 360 and 440, respectively. Accordingly, the pollution level in the groundwater of this area is unacceptable.     

Determination of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Canakkale and Balikesir Provinces Using Lichen (Cladonia rangiformis) as a Bioindicator

A regional study was conducted to assess the current level of atmospheric heavy metal pollution (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd) in the Canakkale and Balikesir provinces of Turkey, and also to establish a baseline for future studies of atmospheric heavy metal pollution. The lichen Cladonia rangiformis was used for determining the distribution of heavy metals in the atmosphere. The highest concentration of all these elements was observed in the vicinity of Balikesir province where there is an abandoned lead–zinc main. On the other hand, apart from the mining area, the concentration of heavy metals was similar to the data reported for unpolluted areas. Maximum values of Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Cd were 33.8, 47.6, 13.0, 5.29, and 0.69 mg/kg in dry weight, respectively. Spatial distribution of these elements, apart from Cr, was similar. Correlation coefficients between Zn–Pb, Cr–Zn, Cu–Pb, Cu–Zn, Cd–Zn, and Cd–Cr were high and positive, and indicated that they come from the same sources.     

Heavy Metal Contamination and Its Environmental Risk Assessment in Surface Sediments from Lake Dongting, People's Republic of China

No abstract available.