Psychometric properties of Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaires: A systematic review

BackgroundTheoretically, acceptance of chronic pain (CP) is an important determinant in the functional status and well-being of patients with CP. Several questionnaires that aim to measure acceptance of CP have been developed. An overview of the psychometric properties of these questionnaires is unavailable.MethodsA systematic review of the literature of the psychometric properties of questionnaires that aim to measure acceptance of CP was performed. Psychometric properties including content construct and criterion validity, internal consistency. agreement, reliability, responsiveness, floor/ceiling effects and interpretability, were assessed using a standardized protocol. All studies were assessed by two observers independent from each other.ResultsA total of 23 studies including 4 questionnaires or subscales were identified. The questionnaires/subscales included were the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ), Illness Cognitions Questionnaire (ICQ), Pain Solutions Questionnaire (PASOL) and Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) adapted to pain. When applying the criteria of the protocol, results indicate that none of the questionnaires are currently able to meet all 9 criteria for psychometric quality. Individual questionnaires met between 0 and 3 of the criteria.ConclusionsIf strict psychometric quality criteria are applied, none of the questionnaires are currently able to meet all nine criteria for psychometric quality, but overlooking the cumulative results over all the studies conducted, especially for the CPAQ, it can be concluded that information on several important characteristics has been reported and a fairly clear picture emerges about the psychometric properties of the CPAQ.     

The psychometric properties of the PABS-PT in neck pain patients: A validation study

ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) in neck pain patients. Three research goals were formulated. (1): to reexamine the factor structure of the PABS-PT, (2) to assess the test-retest reliability of the PABS-PT and (3) to determine the construct validity of the biomedical factor of the PABS-PT.MethodsManual therapists (n = 272) included in this study participated in an educational upgrade program for a professional masters' degree in the Netherlands and completed the Health Care Providers' Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale and the PABS-PT. Principal Axis Factor analysis was performed and correlation coefficients were calculated. In addition, Bland and Altman plots and the smallest real difference were determined.ResultsWe performed factor analysis on 182 questionnaires and test-rest calculations on 73 questionnaires. The principal factor analysis confirmed the existing interpretable 2-factor model of a ‘biomedical treatment orientation’ and a ‘behavioral treatment orientation’. Test-retest reliability was ‘moderate’ to ‘good’ and construct validity for the biomedical factor was ‘moderate’ to ‘substantial’.ConclusionThe PABS-PT shows a consistent factor structure and good test-retest reliability and construct validity. More research is needed to gain further insight in the interplay between implicit and explicit attitudes and the dynamics of the PABS-PT score across different body parts.     

Psychometric Properties of the Knowledge,Attitude, and Practice Behavior of Oncology Nurses on Advance Care Planning Instrument

ObjectiveAdvance care planning has been practiced in Western countries for several years, but non-Western cultures face challenges in implementation. This study was dedicated to translating the instrument measure into Chinese, examining its psychometric qualities and exploring the relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and practicing behaviors in advance care planning among oncology nurses in China.Data SourcesThe research adopted a cross-sectional design from September 3 to October 5, 2021. After translation and cultural adaptation, oncology nurses (N = 249) were involved. The research used psychometric evaluation to verify that the content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability enhanced the analytical rigorous instrument.ConclusionThe translated and adapted instruments showed reasonable psychometric properties. The Chinese version of the KAB-ACP for oncology nurses is a consistent, valid, and reliable instrument for assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice behavior of Chinese-speaking nurses who work in advance care planning by researchers or clinicians.Implications for Nursing PracticeMeasures of oncology nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice behaviors will allow for more targeted interventions that will improve end-of-life care outcomes.     

Instruments evaluating the quality of the clinical learning environment in nursing education: A systematic review of psychometric properties

BackgroundThe clinical learning environment is fundamental to nursing education paths, capable of affecting learning processes and outcomes. Several instruments have been developed in nursing education, aimed at evaluating the quality of the clinical learning environments; however, no systematic review of the psychometric properties and methodological quality of these studies has been performed to date.ObjectivesThe aims of the study were: 1) to identify validated instruments evaluating the clinical learning environments in nursing education; 2) to evaluate critically the methodological quality of the psychometric property estimation used; and 3) to compare psychometric properties across the instruments available.DesignA systematic review of the literature (using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines) and an evaluation of the methodological quality of psychometric properties (using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments guidelines).Data sourcesThe Medline and CINAHL databases were searched. Eligible studies were those that satisfied the following criteria: a) validation studies of instruments evaluating the quality of clinical learning environments; b) in nursing education; c) published in English or Italian; d) before April 2016.Review methodsThe included studies were evaluated for the methodological quality of the psychometric properties measured and then compared in terms of both the psychometric properties and the methodological quality of the processes used.ResultsThe search strategy yielded a total of 26 studies and eight clinical learning environment evaluation instruments. A variety of psychometric properties have been estimated for each instrument, with differing qualities in the methodology used. Concept and construct validity were poorly assessed in terms of their significance and rarely judged by the target population (nursing students). Some properties were rarely considered (e.g., reliability, measurement error, criterion validity), whereas others were frequently estimated, but using different coefficients and statistical analyses (e.g., internal consistency, structural validity), thus rendering comparison across instruments difficult. Moreover, the methodological quality adopted in the property assessments was poor or fair in most studies, compromising the goodness of the psychometric values estimated.ConclusionsClinical learning placements represent the key strategies in educating the future nursing workforce: instruments evaluating the quality of the settings, as well as their capacity to promote significant learning, are strongly recommended. Studies estimating psychometric properties, using an increased quality of research methodologies are needed in order to support nursing educators in the process of clinical placements accreditation and quality improvement.     

Quality Assessment of Neonatal Pain Scales Translated and Validated to Brazilian Portuguese: A Systematic Review of Psychometric Properties

ObjectivesThe objective of this systematic review was to identify and describe the psychometric properties of neonatal pain scales that were translated into Brazilian Portuguese and to verify the methodological quality of these translation, transcultural adaptations and validation.DesignThe present study is a systematic review. A systematic search in the literature included studies of development, validation, and transcultural adaptation of neonatal pain scales to Brazilian Portuguese. The instruments must have been developed for health care professionals to evaluate neonatal pain and stress in full-term and preterm newborns.Data SourcesThe search strategy was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scielo databases following The PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses).Review /Analysis MethodsA total of 1,479 publications were identified and 5 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with 4 instruments evaluated. For the methodological quality analysis of the measurement properties of the instruments the Consensus-based Standards for Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist was used. The psychometric properties verified were internal consistency, content validity, reliability, and construct validity.ResultsThree instruments reviewed were inadequate and one was doubtful.ConclusionsThe neonatal pain scales wich were cross culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese were shown to be of low methodological quality based on COSMIM checklist. Caution should be considered for clinical decisions about pain management judgment coming from these instruments.     

Measurement properties of self-report physical activity assessment tools for patients with stroke: a systematic review

BackgroundIndividuals with stroke demonstrate low levels of physical activity. Self-report measures of physical activity are frequently used and the choice of the best one to use for each purpose and context should take into account the measurement properties of these instruments.ObjectiveTo summarize the measurement properties and clinical utility of self-report measures of physical activity of post-stroke subjects and to evaluate both the methodological quality of the studies and the quality of the measurement properties.MethodsSearches were made in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, LILACS, and SCIELO. Two reviewers independently screened studies that investigated measurement properties or clinical utility of self-report measures of physical activity in post-stroke subjects. The studies’ methodological quality, quality of the measurement properties, and clinical utility were evaluated.ResultsFrom the 11,826 identified studies, 19 were included. Six self-report tools were evaluated: The Activity card sort, Coded activity diary, Frenchay activities index (FAI), Human activity profile (HAP), Multimedia activity recall for children and adults, and the Nottingham leisure questionnaire. The methodological quality of the studies ranged from “poor” to “good”. Most of the results regarding the quality of the measurement properties were doubtful. None of the self-report tools had their content validity investigated. The FAI and HAP showed the highest clinical utility scores.ConclusionsContent validity needs to be better investigated to determine if the instruments actually measure the physical activity domain. Further studies with good methodological quality are required to assist clinicians and researchers in selecting the best instrument to measure physical activity levels.     

Pain knowledge,attitudes and beliefs of Australian osteopaths drawn from a nationally representative sample of the profession

BackgroundPain has been identified as a global health issue with substantial effects on individuals and society. Health professionals managing pain complaints must have appropriate knowledge of pain neurophysiology, and attitudes and beliefs towards pain management that align with current practice guidelines.ObjectivesEvaluate Australian osteopaths' current level of knowledge of pain neurophysiology and their beliefs and attitudes towards pain, and explore associations with demographic variables.MethodAustralian osteopaths drawn from a nationally representative practice-based research network received the questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic information, Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (NPQ), Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) and the Attitudes to Back Pain Scale in Musculoskeletal Practitioners (ABS-mp).ResultsComplete responses were received from 211 osteopaths (21.3% response rate). The mean total NPQ score was equivalent to 72.2% correct responses. The PABS-PT Biomedical scale mean score was 38.8 ( ±9.1, α = 0.81) and the Biopsychosocial scale was 22.3 ( ±3.3, α = 0.38). ABS-mp mean factor scores suggest osteopaths support psychological approaches (22.1, ±3.3, α = 0.71) but endorsed more treatment sessions for those with back pain (15.9, ±4.7, α = 0.71). Trivial correlations between measures and most demographic variables were observed. Osteopaths who undertook further studies in pain had higher mean NPQ scores, with moderate negative correlations with a lower PABS-PT Biomedical subscale score (ρ = −0.45, p < 0.01).ConclusionsAustralian osteopaths demonstrate a range of pain neurophysiology knowledge, and beliefs and attitudes towards pain. The findings support the positive impact of professional development for improving pain knowledge in this population.     

A psychometric evaluation of measures of spirituality validated in culturally diverse palliative care populations

Context

Despite the need to accurately measure spiritual outcomes in diverse palliative care populations, little attention has been paid to the properties of the tools currently in use.

Objectives

This systematic review aimed to appraise the psychometric properties, multifaith appropriateness, and completion time of spiritual outcome measures validated in multicultural advanced cancer, HIV, or palliative care populations.

Methods

Eight databases were searched to identify relevant validation and research studies. A comprehensive search strategy included search terms in three categories: palliative care, spirituality, and outcome measurement. Inclusion criteria were: validated in advanced cancer, HIV, or palliative care populations and in an ethnically diverse context. Included tools were evaluated with respect to psychometric properties (validity, reproducibility, responsiveness, and interpretability), multifaith appropriateness, and time to complete.

Results

A total of 191 articles were identified, yielding 85 tools. Twenty-six tools (representing four families of measures and five individual tools) met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-four tools demonstrated good content validity and 12 demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Only eight tools demonstrated adequate construct validity, usually because specific hypotheses were not stated and tested. Seven tools demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability; two tools showed adequate responsiveness, and two met the interpretability criterion. Data on the religious faith of the population of validation were available for 11 tools; of these, eight were tested in multifaith populations.

Conclusion

Results suggest that, at present, the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Measuring the Quality of Life of Seriously Ill Patients Questionnaire, and the Palliative Outcome Scale are the most appropriate multidimensional measures containing spiritual items for use in multicultural palliative care populations. However, none of these measures score perfectly on all psychometric criteria, and their multifaith appropriateness requires further testing.     

Assessment of activity limitations and participation restrictions with persons with chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review

Abstract

Purpose: To summarize measurement instruments used to evaluate activity limitations and participation restrictions in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and review the psychometric properties of these instruments. Method: General information of all included measurement instruments was extracted. The methodological quality was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. Results of the measurement properties were rated based on the quality criteria of Terwee et?al. Finally, overall quality was defined per psychometric property and measurement instrument by use of the quality criteria by Schellingerhout et?al. Results: A total of 68 articles were identified of which eight evaluated the psychometric properties of a measurement instrument assessing activity limitations and participation restrictions. One disease-specific and 37 generic measurement instruments were found. Limited evidence was found for the psychometric properties and clinical usability of these instruments. However, the CFS-activities and participation questionnaire (APQ) is a disease-specific instrument with moderate content and construct validity. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the reviewed measurement instruments to evaluate activity limitations and participation restrictions are not sufficiently evaluated. Future research is needed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments, including the other properties of the CFS-APQ. If it is necessary to use a measurement instrument, the CFS-APQ is recommended.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).

• Chronic fatigue syndrome causes activity limitations and participation restrictions in one or more areas of life.

• Standardized, reliable and valid measurement instruments are necessary to identify these limitations and restrictions.

• Currently, no measurement instrument is sufficiently evaluated with persons with CFS.

• If a measurement instrument is needed to identify activity limitations and participation restrictions with persons with CFS, it is recommended to use the CFS-APQ in clinical practice and scientific research.

     

Psychometric evaluation of the Medication Adherence Scale in older Chinese patients with coronary heart disease

ObjectivesTo translate the Medication Adherence Scale (MAS) into Chinese and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of MAS (C-MAS).MethodsThe study used a cross-sectional design. The performance of C-MAS was assessed among 170 older patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The psychometric properties of C-MAS, including content validity, factor structure, hypothesized validity, and internal consistency, were tested.ResultsThe content validity index of the C-MAS was 0.90. Three factors were identified using the principal component analysis. The Cronbach's α was 0.868 for the total scale and ranged from 0.703 to 0.941 for the three subscales of C-MAS. In addition, the construct validity of the C-MAS was confirmed to test the hypothesis.ConclusionsThe three-factor C-MAS has good validity and internal consistency in older Chinese patients with CHD. The C-MAS can be used to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and barriers related to medication adherence among this population.     

Psychometric evaluation of the Positions on Nursing Diagnosis scale

AimTo study the psychometric properties of the Positions on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) scale.BackgroundThe PND is a scale to measure nurses' attitudes toward nursing diagnosis. In previous studies, reliability of the scale was supported but its construct validity is still unclear with studies reporting both one-factor and three-factor models.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 262 nurses enrolled from one general public hospital and three long-term care facilities in Italy. Construct validity was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion and contrasting-group validities were tested, as well as internal consistency reliability.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis showed the adequacy of a one-factor model of the PND scale. Criterion and contrasting-group validities were supportive, as was internal consistency reliability.ConclusionsThe PND is a valid and reliable scale to measure nurses' attitudes toward nursing diagnosis. Its use in practice and research is recommended.     

The Chinese Version of the Work Control Scale for Nurses: Modifying the Translation and Psychometric Testing

PurposeThe aim of the study was to modify and test the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the work control scale (C-WCS).MethodsThe translated scale was administered to 840 nurses in Shanghai. Validity was assessed in terms of content validity and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were estimated using Cronbach α and the intraclass correlation coefficient.ResultsPsychometric analyses of the C-WCS indicate high reliability and good content and construct validity.ConclusionThe C-WCS has good psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool for measuring work control among nurses in China. The C-WCS will help to further explore the correlations between perceived work control and organizational quality indicators such as nurses' satisfaction, job stress, well-being, or intention to stay. It can also be used in nursing outcome studies of work control strategies.     

The PQRS-Montreal: a measure of patients’ perceptions of the quality of rehabilitation services for persons with a traumatic brain injury

Purpose To determine the factorial validity, internal consistency, criterion-related and concurrent validity of the Perception of Quality of Rehabilitation Services – Montreal (PQRS-Montreal) questionnaire for persons receiving traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation services. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Seventeen facilities providing acute care and intensive inpatient and outpatient TBI adult rehabilitation. Participants Five-hundred thirty adults (GCS = 3–15; mean age = 41.5?±?16.9 years) who received rehabilitation were administered the questionnaire during an interview near time of discharge. Subjects responded to the 61 PQRS-Montreal items (five-point scale of agreement) and to the Client Satisfaction Question (CSQ8). Results Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified three potential subscales (one- and two-factor solutions) explaining 26.1–41% of the variance (ecological approach, quality of team, service organization). The subscales’ internal structures were interpretable and their internal consistency varied from 0.51 to 0.90 (Cronbach’s α). Rehabilitation phase significantly and positively impacted factor scores and all factor scores were significantly and moderately correlated with CSQ8 scores. Conclusions The PQRS-Montreal possesses adequate psychometric properties supporting its use as a valid tool to measure patients’ perception of the quality of TBI rehabilitation services. This tool could help guide the development and monitoring of TBI rehabilitation service delivery.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• The importance of measuring and monitoring quality of care is increasingly important in rehabilitation.

• Using the experiences and perceptions of care of service users is a valid way of assessing the quality of rehabilitation services.

• The PQRS-Montreal has adequate psychometric properties supporting its use as a valid tool to measure patients’ perception of the quality of TBI rehabilitation services.

• This tool could help guide the development and monitoring of TBI rehabilitation service delivery.

     

Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Evaluating Cancer Symptoms: A Systematic Review

ObjectivesThis systematic review aims to evaluate the psychometric properties and the methodologic quality of studies describing smartphone-, tablet- or computer-based questionnaires for Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROM) evaluating symptoms in oncology and hematology patients.Data SourcesA literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Cinahl, Cuiden, Lilacs, and PsycINFO. Criteria for inclusion were (i) primary studies evaluating scales for symptoms assessment, (ii) developed in adult population (>18 years) with an oncology or hematology malignancy diagnosis, (iii) validations tested via phone or computer, and (iv) describing at least one psychometric property. The exclusion criteria were (i) tools diagnosing any type of cancer and (ii) case series, surveys, and audits. The outcome variables were internal consistency, test-retest reliability, measurement error, content validity, structural validity, hypothesis testing, cross-cultural validity, and responsiveness. For the evaluation of the quality of methodology, the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist was used.ConclusionThe present study gathered five tools in 12 articles to evaluate cancer symptoms through smartphone, tablet, or computer format. Although four were generic, one was specific for breast cancer. Although none of the tools had been fully validated, some of the items of the Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) were successfully tested for content, reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness.Implications for Nursing PracticeOur results can guide professionals choosing symptoms assessment instruments when performing telepractice, and they raise awareness of using with precaution scales not intended for remote use.     

Psychometric Properties of Brief-Balance Evaluation Systems Test Among Multiple Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo synthesize evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the Brief-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) in assessing postural controls across various populations.Data SourcesArticles were searched in 9 databases from inception to March 2020.Study SelectionTwo reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text articles to include studies that reported at least 1 psychometric property of the Brief-BESTest. There were no language restrictions.Data ExtractionThe 2 independent reviewers extracted data (including psychometric properties of Brief-BESTest) from the included studies. The methodological quality of the included studies was appraised by the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Status Measurement Instruments checklist, and the quality of statistical outcomes was assessed by the Terwee et al method. A best-evidence synthesis for each measurement property of the Brief-BESTest in each population was conducted.Data SynthesisTwenty-four studies encompassing 13 populations were included. There was moderate to strong positive evidence to support the internal consistency (Cronbach α>0.82), criterion validity (ρ≥0.73, r≥0.71), and construct validity (ρ≥0.66, r≥0.50, area under curve>0.72) of the Brief-BESTest in different populations. Moderate to strong positive evidence supported the responsiveness of the Brief-BESTest in detecting changes in postural controls of patients 4 weeks after total knee arthroplasty or patients with subacute stroke after 4-week rehabilitation. However, there was strong negative evidence for the structural validity of this scale in patients with various neurologic conditions. The evidence for the reliability of individual items and measurement errors remains unknown.ConclusionsThe Brief-BESTest is a valid (criterion- and construct-related) tool to assess postural control in multiple populations. However, further studies on the reliability of individual items and minimal clinically important difference of the Brief-BESTest are warranted before recommending it as an alternative to the BESTest and Mini-BESTest in clinical research/practice.     

Instruments evaluating the quality of the clinical learning environment in nursing education: An updated systematic review

ObjectivesThe clinical learning environment offers meaningful learning opportunities for nursing students to apply theoretical knowledge to practice on actual or simulated patients. A previous systematic review assessed the quality of several instruments that evaluated the quality of clinical learning environments. This updated systematic review aimed to identify: any additional instruments that have been researched in the last 5 years, ii) the psychometric properties of available instruments and iii) the estimated comparable psychometric properties of the available instruments.Data sourcesMedline, CINAHL and Cochrane databasesReview methodsDatabases were searched from January 2016 to January 2023. Studies were included if they: a) validated instruments evaluating the experience and quality of clinical learning environments; b) assessed the pre-licensure nursing student experience; c) were published in English; and d) were published after April 2016. Two independent reviewers conducted title and abstract screening, full text screening, data extraction and methodological quality assessment. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus. A summary of the findings was tabulated using the same format as the initial review.ResultsAn additional 18 studies were found, which used seven different clinical learning environment evaluation instruments. Internal consistency and structural validity were the most frequently reported psychometric properties. In almost all studies, methodology for these properties were of sufficient quality according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) tool evaluation. Other properties were inconsistently reported, with differing qualities in the methodology. Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES + T) remains the most translated and validated instrument across several countries.ConclusionsInstruments developed and validated using a systematic, transparent and high-quality methodology assist in accurately assessing the skills, attitudes and decision-making abilities of the preregistration level nursing student. These tools can be used in clinical placement accreditation and quality improvement of nursing education. The methodology for evaluation of the psychometric properties of instruments should be clearly described.     

Nursing self-efficacy for oral anticoagulant therapy management: Development and initial validation of a theory-grounded scale

AimThis study aimed to develop and validate a nursing self-efficacy scale for OAC management (SE-OAM).BackgroundOral anticoagulant therapy (OAC) requires specific nursing competencies. Given that self-efficacy acts as a proxy assessment of nursing competence, its measurement is pivotal for addressing educational programs to enhance nursing competence in managing OAC. Thus far, the measurement of self-efficacy in OAC is undermined by the unavailability of valid and reliable tools.MethodsA multi-method and multi-phase design was adopted: Phase one was a methodological study encompassing developmental tasks for generating items. Phase two comprised the validation process for determining the content validity, construct and concurrent validity, and internal consistency through two cross-sectional data collections.ResultsIn total, 190 nurses were enrolled for determining the psychometric structure of the SE-OAM through an exploratory approach, and 345 nurses were subsequently enrolled to corroborate its most plausible factor structure derived from the exploratory analysis. The SE-OAM showed evidence of face and content validity, adequate construct, concurrent validity, good internal consistency, and stability. The final version of the scale encompassed 21 items kept by five domains: clinical management, care management, education, clinical monitoring, and care monitoring.ConclusionsThe SE-OAM showed evidence of initial validity and reliability, fulfilling a current gap in the availability of tools for measuring nursing self-efficacy in managing OAC. SE-OAM could be strategic for performing research to improve the quality of OAC management by enhancing nursing self-efficacy.     

Benefit finding in adult cancer populations: Psychometric properties and performance of existing instruments

PurposeTo analyse the psychometric properties and performance of existing instruments that aim to measure benefit finding in adult cancer populations.MethodsFour electronic databases were searched. The focus was to identify English language, peer-reviewed journal articles where benefit finding is assessed with adult cancer populations. The terms ‘benefit finding’, ‘cancer’, ‘instruments’, ‘scales’, and ‘adult’ were used in various combinations. The instruments were rated against established criteria for instrument construction, reliability, validity, and interpretability.ResultsSeventeen benefit finding instruments were reviewed. The instruments present a multifarious conceptualisation of the construct. Instrument structure is diverse. Several instruments (n = 4) reported on all the psychometric properties, but not interpretability. One instrument, the Stress-Related Growth Scale – Revised, additionally reported correlation statistics with another benefit finding instrument. Based on the information provided, the psychometric rigour of a number of instruments is yet to be established.ConclusionsOne instrument reported validation statistics for all the identified criteria. While existing instruments provide a range of operationalisations of the benefit finding concept and have been more or less used in previous research, a majority are in the early stages of development and require further validation work in adult cancer populations. Given the increasing interest in the role benefit finding in clinical practice, researchers are urged to use these instruments further and to report relevant validation statistics when using them.