Sodium butyrate stimulates mineralized nodule formation and osteoprotegerin expression by human osteoblasts.

OBJECTIVE: Butyric acid (sodium butyrate; BA) is a major metabolic by-product of main periodontopathic bacteria present in subgingival plaque. In the present study, we examined the effects of BA on cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, mineralized nodule formation, extracellular matrix protein expression, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in normal human osteoblasts. METHODS: The cells were cultured with 0, 10(-8), 10(-6) or 10(-4)M BA for up to 12 days. Mineralized nodule formation was detected by alizarin red staining, and the calcium content in mineralized nodules was determined using a calcium assay kit. The gene and protein expression levels for type I collagen, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), M-CSF, and OPG were examined using real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: Mineralized nodule formation and the calcium content of mineralized nodules were increased by BA in a dose-dependent manner. Cell proliferation and ALPase activity were not affected by the addition of BA. Following the addition of 10(-4)M BA, the expression levels of BSP, OPN, and OPG increased, whereas the expression levels of type I collagen and M-CSF were not markedly affected. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that BA stimulates bone formation by increasing the production of BSP and OPN, whereas it suppresses osteoclast differentiation by increasing the production of OPG by human osteoblasts.     

Osteoblasts and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells behave differently when in contact with ProRoot MTA and White MTA

AIM: To test the hypothesis that MG-63 osteosarcoma cells and primary osteoblasts react differently to ProRoot trade mark MTA (mineral trioxide aggregate) and White MTA by: (i) investigating the attachment of primary osteoblasts and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells to ProRoot trade mark MTA and White MTA; and (ii) comparing the osteogenic behaviour of both cell lines in contact with these endodontic materials. METHODOLOGY: Primary osteoblasts were harvested from foetal rat calvaria by sequential digestion and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells were purchased. Cells were exposed to ProRoot trade mark MTA and White MTA prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions. All samples and controls were prepared in quadruplicate. After 6, 9 and 13 days exposure to MTA, the cells were fixed and prepared for SEM examination. In addition, both the cell types were grown to confluence and exposed to beta-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone to assess mineralized nodule formation as a function of osteogenic behaviour. RESULTS: The number of cells on the surface of the culture dish and on top of the materials increased in all samples throughout the 3 time periods, except for White MTA where no primary osteoblasts were visible on top of the material by the end of 13 days. After exposing cells to differentiation medium nodules were observed in cultures of primary osteoblasts, but not of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study, whilst primary osteoblasts initially bound to White MTA, they did not survive on the surface by the end of 13 days. Primary osteoblasts formed mineralized nodules when exposed to differentiation medium, whilst MG-63 cells did not form nodules. As MG-63 cells do not behave osteogenically by forming mineralized nodules, and primary osteoblasts are more sensitive than MG-63 osteosarcoma cells to White MTA in cell culture, primary osteoblasts are more appropriate than MG-63 cells for testing endodontic materials in cell culture.     

Cytotoxicity of materials used in perforation repair tested using the V79 fibroblast cell line and the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells

AIM: To compare the cytotoxicity of materials used to repair perforations using permanent V79 fibroblasts and murine granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM). METHODOLOGY: Set specimens from amalgam, glass-ionomer, SuperEBA, N-Rickert, MTA and gutta-percha were eluted with culture medium for 72 h and their cytotoxicities were assessed by incubating the extracts with V79 and bone marrow-derived progenitors for 24 h and 7 days, respectively. Cytotoxicity on V79 cells was judged using the total nucleic acid content (NAC), neutral red uptake (NRU) and reduction of the tetrazolium salt (MTT). The number of bone marrow CFU-GM colonies determined in clonal cultures stimulated with recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was used to assess cytotoxicity to progenitor cells. Statistical analyses were conducted using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test where appropriate. RESULTS: All materials were cytotoxic in both cell systems; however, CFU-GM was more sensitive to the extracts than V79 cells. A similar rank order of toxicity was observed in V79 cells using the NAC and the MTT assays: glass-ionomer > N-Rickert congruent with SuperEBA > gutta-percha > amalgam congruent with MTA (P < 0.05). In contrast, the NRU test exhibited a lower sensitivity to MTA, gutta-percha and amalgam extracts. In the clonal culture assay, the toxicity was less pronounced in the presence of gutta-percha, SuperEBA and MTA. Similar cellular responses were found by placing the set specimens directly in the clonal culture dishes. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of toxicity depended on the choice of the endpoint and the cell-culture system. Nevertheless, MTA was ranked as the least cytotoxic cement in both cell systems.     

Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Potential of New Generation Endodontic Materials Established by Using Primary Osteoblasts

Introduction

Generex A and Generex B (calcium silicate based), Capasio (calcium-phospho-alumino silicate based) along with Ceramicrete-D (magnesium phosphate based) are being introduced as a new generation of endodontic materials with the potential to facilitate bone healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of these new materials by using primary osteoblasts.

Methods

Primary osteoblasts were prepared from rat calvaria and exposed to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Generex A, Generex B, Capasio, and Ceramicrete-D prepared to standardized size and shape (n = 5). Trypan blue staining was used to evaluate cell viability from 1-6 days. Mineralization potential was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy for the presence of mineralized nodules. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results

Only Generex A and MTA allowed cell growth and proliferation throughout the experiment. There were statistically significant differences between groups throughout the experiment beginning on day 1. The greatest amount of cell growth was consistently observed with Generex A and MTA. There was no difference in mineralized nodule formation between any test materials.

Conclusions

Generex A was the only new generation endodontic material that supported primary osteoblast growth; no material besides MTA facilitated nodule formation.     

Effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on proliferation of cultured human dental pulp cells

AIM: To investigate the effect of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on the proliferation of human dental pulp (HDP) cells ex-vivo. METHODOLOGY: Human dental pulp cells were cultured with MTA or calcium hydroxide-containing cement (Dycal) using culture plate inserts. Control cells were cultured with culture plate inserts only. Cell proliferation was measured for up to 14 days using a Cell Counting kit, and the concentration of calcium ions released from the tested materials was assessed using a Calcium E-test kit. To confirm that the effect of MTA was attributable to released calcium ions, cell proliferation was measured in the presence of exogenous calcium chloride as a source of calcium ions while in the absence of MTA. RESULTS: Mineral trioxide aggregate significantly stimulated cell proliferation after 12 days, whereas Dycal had no such effect. The number of calcium ions released from MTA was significantly higher than that released from Dycal. Following the addition of calcium chloride, cell proliferation increased in a dose-dependent manner after 12 days. Moreover, cell proliferation showed a similar pattern whether a given concentration of calcium ions was produced by calcium chloride or by release from MTA. CONCLUSIONS: In this ex-vivo study, the elution components such as calcium ions from MTA had higher proliferation ability of HDP cells than control and Dycal.     

三氧化矿物凝聚体对人乳牙牙髓细胞增殖和分化影响的实验研究

目的 对比三氧化矿物凝聚体(mineral trioxide aggregate,MTA)和氢氧化钙对人乳牙牙髓细胞增殖和分化的影响,为MTA应用于乳牙活髓保存治疗提供实验依据.方法 培养原代人乳牙牙髓细胞,采用噻唑蓝比色法检测乳牙牙髓细胞生长增殖的变化;von Kossa染色观察牙髓细胞钙结节形成情况,并计数分析;使用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、牙本质涎磷蛋白(dentin sialophosphoprotein,DSPP)基因的表达.结果 氢氧化钙组牙髓细胞增殖率显著低于对照组和MTA组(F=1792.301,P<0.01),最大增殖率为89.7%;MTA组牙髓细胞增殖率显著高于氢氧化钙组和对照组(F=1835.065,P<0.01),最大增殖率为118.4%.氢氧化钙组和MTA组牙髓细胞von Kossa染色均呈阳性,两组间钙结节计数分析差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).三组间ALP基因表达量差异有统计学意义(F=349.651,P<0.01),氢氧化钙组显著低于对照组和MTA组,MTA组显著高于氢氧化钙组和对照组;三组间DSPP基因表达量差异也有统计学意义(F=1653.001,P<0.01),氢氧化钙组显著低于对照组和MTA组,MTA组显著高于氢氧化钙组和对照组.结论 从促进乳牙牙髓细胞的增殖和分化来看,MTA比氢氧化钙更适合作为乳牙的盖髓剂.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对牙周细胞生物学活性的影响

目的：观察基因重组入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（rh-bFGF)牙龈成纤维细胞（GF）、人牙周韧带成纤维细胞（PDLF）及人牙槽骨细胞（ABC）的增殖、碱性磷酸酶活性、总蛋白含量及对3种细胞矿化结节形成能力的影响。方法：采用细胞培养、MTT比色测定、碱性磷酸酶测定法、考马宙蓝法及茜素红染色法。结果bFGF能促进3种细胞的增殖,但对PDLF和ABC的ALP活性,蛋白含量及矿化结节的形成有抑制作用。结论bFGF可促进细胞的增殖,抑制细胞的分化成熟,从而促进牙周再生。     

The chemical constitution and biocompatibility of accelerated Portland cement for endodontic use

AIM: To evaluate the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate and accelerated Portland cement and their eluants by assessing cell metabolic function and proliferation. METHODOLOGY: The chemical constitution of grey and white Portland cement, grey and white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and accelerated Portland cement produced by excluding gypsum from the manufacturing process (Aalborg White) was determined using both energy dispersive analysis with X-ray and X-ray diffraction analysis. Biocompatibility of the materials was assessed using a direct test method where cell proliferation was measured quantitatively using Alamar Blue dye and an indirect test method where cells were grown on material elutions and cell proliferation was assessed using methyltetrazolium assay as recommended by the International standard guidelines, ISO 10993-Part 5 for in vitro testing. RESULTS: The chemical constitution of all the materials tested was similar. Indirect studies of the eluants showed an increase in cell activity after 24 h compared with the control in culture medium (P<0.05). Direct cell contact with the cements resulted in a fall in cell viability for all time points studied (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Biocompatibility testing of the cement eluants showed the presence of no toxic leachables from the grey or white MTA, and that the addition of bismuth oxide to the accelerated Portland cement did not interfere with biocompatibility. The new accelerated Portland cement showed similar results. Cell growth was poor when seeded in direct contact with the test cements. However, the elution made up of calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration reaction was shown to induce cell proliferation.     

Biological effects of cementum and bone extracts on human periodontal fibroblasts

BACKGROUND: Non-collagenous proteins of mineralized tissues play important roles in bone induction during mineralization and in regulating the activity of many types of mesenchymal cells. This study was conducted to determine the effects of acetic acid extracts of bone and cementum on alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity and in vitro mineralization of cultured human periodontal fibroblasts (hPF). METHODS: Alveolar bone and cementum obtained from clinically healthy subjects were extracted by a solution containing 0.5 M acetic acid and enzyme inhibitors. Osteoblastic phenotypes of hPF were assayed by ALPase activity, gene expression of bone marker proteins, and the ability to produce in vitro mineralization in culture media containing 50 microg/ml ascorbic acid, 10 mM sodium beta-glycerophosphate, and 10(-7) M dexamethasone. The effects of cementum and bone extracts on the expression of osteoblastic phenotypes in hPF were also determined. RESULTS: Many protein components, varying in molecular weight from 10 to 14 to 120 kDa, were detectable in 10% SDS-PAGE of both cementum and alveolar bone extracts. The hPF cells were found to exhibit a moderate ALPase activity when compared with rat osteosarcoma (ROS) 17/2.8 cells under the same experimental conditions. Gene expression for ALPase, osteocalcin bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and BMP-7 at mRNA message was detected by RT-PCR in hPF and ROS 17/2.8 cells. The confluent hPF and ROS 17/2.8 cells showed evidence of calcium deposition in the extracellular milieu at 30 and 15 to 30 days' cultures, respectively, under a mineralization medium. The hPF appeared to form mineralized foci with morphological characteristics different from the mineralized nodules produced by ROS 17/2.8 cells. The addition of low concentrations (5 microg/ml) of either cementum or bone extract produced an increase in the size and number of mineralization spots, as well as greater ALPase activity in both hPF and ROS 17/2.8 cultures during the observation periods. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that hPF possess certain mineralizing phenotypes, and that acetic acid extracts of bone and cementum contain components capable of stimulating osteogenic differentiation of hPF.     

Cytotoxicity of calcium enriched mixture cement compared with mineral trioxide aggregate and intermediate restorative material

Calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement has been recently invented by the last author. It is composed of calcium oxide, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate and calcium sulphate; however, it has a different chemical composition to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The purpose of this ex vivo study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of CEM cement, and compare it with intermediate restorative material (IRM) and MTA. The materials were tested in fresh and set states on L929 fibroblasts to assess their cytotoxicity. The cell viability responses were evaluated with methyl‐tetrazolium bromide assay and Elisa reader at 1, 24 and 168 h (7 days). The tested materials were eluted with L929 culture medium according to international standard organisation 109935 standard. Distilled water and culture medium served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Differences in cytotoxicity were evaluated by one‐way anova and t‐tests. The cytotoxicity of the materials was statistically different at the three time intervals (P < 0.01). The lowest cytotoxic values recorded were expressed by MTA subgroups followed by CEM cement; IRM subgroups were the most cytotoxic root‐end/dental material (P < 0.001). CEM cement and MTA are reasonable alternatives to IRM because of lower cytotoxicity. CEM cement also has good biocompatibility as well as lower estimated cost to MTA and seems to be a promising dental material.     

Periapical tissue responses and cementum regeneration with amalgam, SuperEBA, and MTA as root-end filling materials

The purpose of this study was to compare the periapical tissue responses and cementum regeneration in response to three widely used root-end filling materials, amalgam, SuperEBA, and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). These materials were placed using modern microsurgical techniques on endodontically treated dog premolars and molars. After 5 months, the cell and tissue reactions of surface-stained un-decalcified ground sections were evaluated by light microscopy and statistically analyzed. The major difference in the tissue responses to the three retrofilling materials were the degree of inflammation and types of inflammatory cells, number of fibrous capsule formations, cementum neoformation over these materials, osseous healing and resulting periodontal ligament thickness. MTA showed the most favorable periapical tissue response, with neoformation of cemental coverage over MTA. SuperEBA was superior to amalgam as a root-end filling material.     

Response of the pulp of dogs to capping with mineral trioxide aggregate or a calcium hydroxide cement

Abstract – This study was conducted to observe the response of dogs' dental pulp to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and a calcium hydroxide cement when used as pulp capping materials. After the pulps of 30 teeth were exposed, they were capped with either MTA or a calcium hydroxide cement. Histological analysis was performed 2 months after treatment. Results showed a healing process with complete tubular dentin bridge formation and no inflammation in any of the pulps capped with MTA. On the other hand, only five specimens from the calcium hydroxide cement group formed a complete dentin bridge. In this experimental group, pulp inflammation was observed in all but three cases. In conclusion, MTA exhibited better results than the calcium hydroxide cement for the capping of the pulp in dogs.     

Effects of a novel calcium aluminate cement on the early events of the progression of osteogenic cell cultures

The present study evaluated the progression of osteogenic cell cultures exposed to a novel calcium aluminate cement (CAC+) in comparison with the gold standard mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Cells were enzimatically isolated from newborn rat calvarial bone, plated on glass coverslips containing either CAC+ or a control MTA samples in the center, and grown under standard osteogenic conditions. Over the 10-day culture period, roundening of sample edges was clearly noticed only for MTA group. Although both cements supported osteogenic cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation, CAC+-exposed cultures showed significantly higher values in terms of total cell number at days 3 and 7, and total protein content and alkaline phosphatase activity at day 10. The present in vitro results indicate that the exposure to CAC+ supports a higher differentiation of osteogenic cells compared with the ones exposed to MTA. Further experimental studies should consider CAC+ as a potential alternative to MTA when the repair of mineralized tissues is one of the desired outcomes in endodontic therapy.     

Effects of static magnetic fields on bone formation in rat osteoblast cultures

Although the promotional effects on osteoblasts of pulsed electromagnetic fields have been well-demonstrated, the effects of static magnetic fields (SMF) remain unclear; nevertheless, magnets have been clinically used as a 'force source' in various orthodontic treatments. We undertook the present investigation to study the effects of SMF on osteoblastic differentiation, proliferation, and bone nodule formation using a rat calvaria cell culture. During a 20-day culture, the values of the total area and the number and average size of bone nodules showed high levels in the presence of SMF. In the matrix development and mineralization stages, the calcium content in the matrix and two markers of osteoblastic phenotype (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) also showed a significant increase. Accordingly, these findings suggest that SMF stimulates bone formation by promoting osteoblastic differentiation and/or activation.     

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pulp capping materials in two cell lines

Aim  The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the new castor oil bean cement (COB) material in comparison to commonly used pulp capping materials.
Methodology  Specimens of COB, calcium hydroxide (Hydro C), and mineral trioxide aggregate (white and gray MTA) were extracted in culture medium (91.6 mm² sample surface mL⁻¹). Transfected human pulp cells (tHPCs) were exposed to dilutions of the extracts for 1 h, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by flow cytometry (FACS) using H₂DCF-DA as a dye. Survival of tHPCs was measured photometrically using a crystal violet assay after a 24-h exposure period. Genotoxicity as indicated by the formation of micronuclei in V79 cells, and the modification of the normal cell cycle by extracts of the materials was analysed by FACS.
Results  Clear cytotoxic effects were detected only with extracts of Hydro C under the current experimental conditions. The two MTA preparations induced an insignificant reduction in the number of cells. In contrast, the extracts of COB slightly induced cell proliferation. Extracts of Hydro C caused a twofold increase in ROS production, whilst the other tested materials were ineffective. An increase in the number of micronuclei was not detected with any material tested; Hydro C slightly increased the number of cells in G1 and G2.
Conclusions  The COB and the two MTA preparations did not negatively influence cell survival or ROS production and may thus be further considered for pulp capping studies.     

富血小板血浆对犬骨髓间充质细胞矿化能力的影响

目的研究富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)对犬骨髓间充质细胞(marrow stromal cells,MSCs)碱性磷酸酶(alka-line phosphatase,ALP)及矿化结节形成能力的影响。方法将不同浓度(10%、20%、30%)的PRP及重组人骨形成蛋白(rhBMP-2)加入体外培养的第3代MSCs中,对照组为无血清培养液,检测其对细胞ALP活性的影响;将第3代的MSCs在体外进行培养,实验组加入矿化液和PRP(10%或30%),对照组只加矿化液。4周后用茜素红及Von-Kossa染色检测矿化结节的形成。结果10%PRP和rhBMP-2能显著提高MSCs的ALP活性,其中10%PRP对体外矿化结节的形成,亦有一定程度的促进作用。结论PRP有促进MSCs向成骨细胞方向转化的趋势。     

Sealing ability of One-Up Bond and MTA with and without a secondary seal as furcation perforation repair materials

This study investigated the ability of One-Up Bond alone and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), with and without a secondary seal of One-Up Bond or SuperEBA to seal saucer-shaped perforation defects in human molars. Cusps were removed, roots were amputated, and endodontic therapy completed on 40 extracted teeth. A cylindrical hole was made in each tooth from the furcation area to the chamber, into which a section of steel tubing was cemented. Intracoronal saucer-shaped defects were created over the perforation. The teeth were restored with MTA, One-Up Bond, or MTA with a secondary seal of One-Up Bond or SuperEBA. The integrity of the seal was evaluated by fluid filtration. MTA alone leaked significantly more than One-Up Bond or MTA with either secondary seal at 24 h. At 1 month, MTA, MTA plus One-Up Bond, and One-Up Bond alone were equivalent.     

Proliferative ability and alkaline phosphatase activity with in vivo cellular aging in human pulp cells

Little is known about the effect of aging on characteristic functions of pulp cells. When damaged pulp is recovered and mineralized tissue is formed to protect remaining pulp tissue, the general responses of pulp tissue after adequate stimuli (pulp cell proliferation and activation of alkaline phosphatase [ALPase]) are thought to be essential. In this study, we compared proliferative ability and ALPase activity between cultures of human pulp (HP) cells obtained from young and aged donors. The in vitro proliferative lifespan of HP cells from young donors was longer than HP cells from aged donors. Growth rates and ALPase activity of HP cells decreased with increasing donor age. These findings suggest that impaired repair of pulp and dentin in aged patients is partly due to a decrease in the proliferative ability and ALPase activity in aged pulp cells.     

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目的探讨雷洛昔芬对体外分离培养的人牙周膜成纤维细胞的增殖及分化能力的影响。方法本研究于2012年10月至2013年6月在福建医科大学附属口腔医院进行。采用组织块法体外分离培养人牙周膜成纤维细胞,分别给予不同浓度的雷洛昔芬进行培养,以17β-雌二醇（10 nmol/L）为阳性对照,单纯DMEM培养液为空白对照。观察雷洛昔芬对人牙周膜成纤维细胞增殖及分化能力的影响。结果与空白对照组相比,17β-雌二醇及不同浓度雷洛昔芬（1~1000 nmol/L）可显著刺激人牙周膜成纤维细胞的增殖（P〈0.01）,雷洛昔芬最大促增殖浓度为10 nmol/L。17β-雌二醇及浓度为1~100 nmol/L的雷洛昔芬可显著提高人牙周膜成纤维细胞碱性磷酸酶的表达（P〈0.01）,但1000 nmol/L雷洛昔芬对细胞碱性磷酸酶的表达无明显促进作用（P〉0.05）。17β-雌二醇及不同浓度雷洛昔芬（10及100 nmol/L）可显著提高人牙周膜成纤维细胞体外矿化能力,与空白对照组相比差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。100 nmol/L雷洛昔芬对细胞体外矿化能力的作用最明显。结论雷洛昔芬可提高体外培养的人牙周膜成纤维细胞的增殖、分化及矿化能力。