动物源性骨软骨支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞/软骨细胞修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损

背景:以往支架材料修复骨软骨的实验大都存在骨软骨耦合界面修复不良的情况.目的:观察骨髓间充质干细胞/软骨细胞复合动物源性骨软骨支架修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损的可行性.方法:将新西兰大白兔随机抽签分为实验组、对照组、空白组,制作单侧膝关节骨软骨复合缺损后,实验组于骨缺损处植入自体骨髓间充质干细胞/诱导分化的软骨细胞与同种异体动物源性骨软骨复合支架,对照组于骨缺损处植入同种异体动物源性骨软骨支架、空白组未植入任何材料.术后4,8,12周行大体观察、苏木精-伊红染色、甲苯胺蓝染色.结果与结论:实验组大体观察见复合缺损区完全修复,局部无凹陷,新生组织和周围组织融合,苏木精-伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色见软骨缺损区由新生的透明软骨样组织修复,细胞柱状排列,极性好,软骨陷窝明显,骨缺损区由骨样组织修复,新生软骨和软骨下骨以及宿主骨界面耦合良好,甲苯胺蓝染色阳性率和组织学评分优于对照组、空白组(P < 0.05).说明诱导分化的自体软骨细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞共培养复合动物源性骨软骨支架所构建的细胞-支架复合体能成功修复兔膝关节软骨和软骨下骨的复合缺损,是一种理想的骨软骨复合缺损修复方法.     

自体脂肪间充质干细胞复合人脐带Wharton胶支架修复兔膝关节软骨缺损

背景:脐带Wharton胶富含透明质酸,糖胺多糖及胶原等,成分与天然软骨细胞外基质类似,因此由人脐带提取的Wharton胶很可能是一种较为理想的软骨组织工程支架材料。目的:评价自体脂肪间充质干细胞复合人脐带Wharton胶支架修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的效果。方法:将终浓度为1010L-1、成软骨方向诱导后的兔自体脂肪间充质干细胞与人脐带Wharton胶支架复合,继续培养1周构建组织工程软骨,对兔膝关节全层软骨缺损进行修复(实验组),并与单纯支架修复的对照组及空白组进行比较。术后3个月对修复组织行大体观察、组织学检测、糖胺多糖、总胶原定量检测及生物力学测定。结果与结论:实验组的缺损多为透明软骨修复,对照组以纤维组织修复为主,空白组无明显组织修复。提示脂肪间充质干细胞作为软骨组织工程种子细胞具有可行性;实验构建的组织工程软骨能有效的修复关节软骨缺损,人脐带Wharton胶可作为软骨组织工程良好的支架材料。     

动物源性骨软骨支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞/软骨细胞修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损（英文）

背景：以往支架材料修复骨软骨的实验大都存在骨软骨耦合界面修复不良的情况。目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞/软骨细胞复合动物源性骨软骨支架修复兔膝关节骨软骨复合缺损的可行性。方法：将新西兰大白兔随机抽签分为实验组、对照组、空白组,制作单侧膝关节骨软骨复合缺损后,实验组于骨缺损处植入自体骨髓间充质干细胞/诱导分化的软骨细胞与同种异体动物源性骨软骨复合支架,对照组于骨缺损处植入同种异体动物源性骨软骨支架、空白组未植入任何材料。术后4,8,12周行大体观察、苏木精-伊红染色、甲苯胺蓝染色。结果与结论：实验组大体观察见复合缺损区完全修复,局部无凹陷,新生组织和周围组织融合,苏木精-伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色见软骨缺损区由新生的透明软骨样组织修复,细胞柱状排列,极性好,软骨陷窝明显,骨缺损区由骨样组织修复,新生软骨和软骨下骨以及宿主骨界面耦合良好,甲苯胺蓝染色阳性率和组织学评分优于对照组、空白组（P〈0.05）。说明诱导分化的自体软骨细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞共培养复合动物源性骨软骨支架所构建的细胞-支架复合体能成功修复兔膝关节软骨和软骨下骨的复合缺损,是一种理想的骨软骨复合缺损修复方法。     

壳聚糖-胶原凝胶复合骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔关节软骨缺损的组织学变化

背景:大块软骨损伤目前临床上尚无方法治疗,干细胞技术出现后为解决这一难题提供了理论支持.采用新型的支架材料"壳聚糖-胶原蛋白"结合干细胞诱导分化移植给动物模型是一种较新的尝试.目的:观察壳聚糖-胶原凝胶复合骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔关节软骨缺损的组织学变化.方法:体外培养扩增兔骨髓间充质干细胞.采用软骨诱导分化培养基对P2代细胞进行成软骨诱导.同时制备"壳聚糖-胶原蛋白"支架和兔关节软骨缺损模型.缺损用含有骨髓间充质干细胞的壳聚糖-胶原凝胶填充,另一条关节用没有细胞的支架或不做处理.其中12个关节作为实验组(接受骨髓间充质干细胞+支架),8个关节作为空白对照组(不做处理),8个关节作为单纯支架组(未植入细胞).造模后于2,4,8,16周进行组织学评分并处死动物行组织学染色.结果与结论:造模后16周移植的细胞一致分化为软骨细胞,大部分软骨缺损区被新生软骨修复,组织学评分实验组关节修复良好.提示应用骨髓间充质干细胞结合"壳聚糖-胶原蛋白"复合物可以修复关节软骨缺损.     

Pluronic F-127负载骨髓间充质干细胞和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子修复兔膝关节软骨缺损

目的探讨应用Pluronic F-127负载骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的可行性。方法抽取青紫蓝兔骨髓,行MSCs原代及传代培养,将3代MSCs作为种子细胞。将32只青紫蓝兔造成双膝关节4 mm×4 mm关节软骨缺损模型,随机分为四组,实验组缺损内植入负载了MSCs和bFGF的Plu-ronic F-127;细胞组植入负载了MSCs的Pluronic F-127;生长因子组植入负载了bFGF的Pluronic F-127;对照组缺损不做处理。于术后4周和16周,处死动物取材,进行大体观察、HE染色、甲苯胺蓝染色,且对各组修复组织行组织学评分及比较。结果术后4周时实验组与其他三组比较修复效果不明显;术后16周,大体观察及HE染色示实验组缺损已不易辨认,以透明样软骨修复为主,Pluronic F-127基本降解仅残余少量颗粒,甲苯胺蓝染色示细胞周围基质有较多异染质,而细胞组和生长因子组缺损表面不平整,界限清晰,修复组织以纤维组织为主,仅周缘见少许纤维软骨出现,对照组仅缺损底部有纤维组织覆盖。根据Wakitani评分标准术后16周时实验组的修复效果明显好于其他三组。结论 Plu-ronic F-127结合MSCs和bFGF的复合物最终形成类关节软骨样组织,基本修复关节软骨缺损,此方法简便易行,有实用价值,有望成为临床治疗软骨缺损的一种新方法。     

胶原/羟基磷灰石一体化支架修复关节软骨缺损的机制研究

目的观察新型胶原/羟基磷灰石一体化修复支架材料修复创伤性软骨缺损的生物机制及可行性。方法45 只新西兰兔随机分为3 组,实验组和对照组制作全层关节软骨缺损动物模型并在实验组植入新型生物支架材料,正常组不予处理。术后1、2、4 周分别处死动物,Wakitani 法对修复组织进行组织形态学评分,RT-PCR 测定关节滑膜中基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)-2、3、9 和13 mRNA 含量及纯度。结果术后2 周实验组修复组织主要为透明软骨,对照组无明显修复组织,Wakitani 评分两组间有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。RT-PCR 显示实验组MMP-2、3 和9 的活化降低(P<0.05),而MMP-13 在修复过程中持续表达(P>0.05)。结论新型生物支架材料通过抑制MMPs 表达水平来减轻炎症反应和保护软骨,在动物体内可促进关节软骨缺损的修复。     

骨膜复合骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞体内移植修复软骨缺损

背景:以往主要采用磨削灌洗、钻孔、微骨折技术等对软骨缺损组织进行修复,但多数技术被认为具有一定的局限性,只能减轻患者疼痛或仅短期有效。近年来越来越多的研究表明,软骨组织工程修复技术对于软骨再生及修复具有重要意义。目的:观察自体骨膜复合骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞修复兔膝关节髁间窝软骨缺损的效果。方法:取新西兰大白兔28只,随机均分为两组,建立双侧膝关节髁间窝关节软骨缺损模型,实验组左侧植入自体骨膜与骨髓间充质干细胞-软骨细胞复合物,右侧不植入任何材料作为空白对照;对照组左侧植入自体骨膜,右侧不植入任何材料作为空白对照。术后第8,12周,取膝关节软骨缺损部位新生组织,行大体、组织学观察及Wakitani评分。结果与结论:术后12周,实验组修复组织表面基本光滑,与周围软骨色泽极其相近,出现大量软骨细胞及软骨陷窝,形成软骨基质,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色呈阳性,甲苯胺蓝染色较深;对照组修复组织仍为白色,新生修复组织局部凹陷,表面欠光滑,质地较硬,仅有极少量软骨细胞,甲苯胺蓝染色较浅,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学染色呈阴性,无软骨基质形成;空白对照组软骨缺损塌陷,表面不规则,修复组织为纤维组织,甲苯胺蓝染色较浅。表明自体骨膜复合骨髓间充质干细胞与软骨细胞移植能够较好修复关节软骨缺损。     

脱钙骨基质与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养关节腔内的成软骨活性

背景：将骨髓间充质干细胞附着到支架材料上再植入关节软骨缺损处,细胞不但不消失,而且可形成新的软骨。目的：观察同种异体脱钙骨基质与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养在关节内的成软骨活性。方法：在54只青紫蓝兔单侧膝关节制作关节软骨全层缺损模型,随机分组：实验组在缺损处植入自体骨髓间充质干细胞与同种异体脱钙骨基质复合物,对照组缺损处仅植入同种异体脱钙骨基质,空白对照组未植入任何物质。结果与结论：植入后12周,实验组缺损处修复组织呈软骨样,表面光滑平坦,与周围软骨整合的软骨细胞更为成熟,修复组织与软骨下骨结合牢固;修复组织的细胞为透明软骨样细胞,柱状排列,Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性,与周围软骨及软骨下骨整合良好,且实验组组织学评分优于对照组和空白对照组（P〈0.01）。对照组缺损处修复组织呈纤维样,与周围软骨未结合,空白对照组缺损区无修复组织,两组均无Ⅱ型胶原染色阳性表达。表明同种异体脱钙骨基质与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养后植入膝关节可形成软骨样组织,有效修复关节软骨缺损。     

Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原膜联合自体骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔膝关节软骨缺损

研究表明Ⅰ型胶原和Ⅲ型胶原都有利于骨髓间充质干细胞的黏附、增殖和分化.目的:观察Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原膜联合自体骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的可行性.方法:取24只新西兰大白兔制作双膝股骨滑车直径3.8 mm、深2 mm关节软骨缺损模型,分为2组:实验组缺损区植入Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原膜-自体骨髓间充质干细胞复合物,对照组缺损区植入单纯Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原膜.结果与结论:膝关节股骨标本组织学染色显示,实验组植入8周时为类透明软骨修复,12周时接近于正常软骨;对照组植入8周时以纤维样组织修复为主,12周时为纤维软骨修复.实验组植入后8,12周组织学评分均明显高于对照组(P<0.001).表明运用Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原膜-自体骨髓间充质干细胞复合物可修复关节软骨缺损.     

Ⅱ型胶原海绵填充材料修复兔关节软骨缺损

背景：修复关节软骨缺损一直是骨科医师致力解决的难题，以前采用自体软骨膜、骨膜或异体骨软骨片移植，但存在供体来源有限、固定困难，以及出现软骨内骨化、软骨下骨与修复性软骨的分层现象等。Ⅱ型胶原是软骨基质的主要成分，对关节软骨缺损的修复应有一定的作用。目的：探讨Ⅱ型胶原海绵对修复关节软骨缺损的效果。设计：随机对照的实验研究。地点和材料：实验地点为广州市创伤外科研究所。材料：普通级成年雄性纯种新西兰兔24只48膝，体质量(2.29&;#177;0．25)kg，标准饲料分笼喂养。干预：在股骨滑车面钻孔为直径5mm、深3mm的全层关节软骨缺损，按随机数分为填充组(左膝关节缺损部位植入Ⅱ型胶原海绵)和对照组(右膝关节缺损部位作为空白对照)。主要观察指标：术后12周内，每双数周对缺损修复情况行大体形态和组织学观察。结果：10～12周，对照组：缺损区由白色、质软、按压无阻抗的组织修复，修复组织仍低于周围关节面，边界仍清晰可辨，组织学以类似炎症反应的机制修复缺损，最终以透明变性的纤维组织的增生来填补缺损部位；填充组：缺损区由半透明状、质韧光滑有光泽，按压有阻抗并有弹性的组织修复，修复组织与周围软骨外形上已基本相似，不易区分，组织学未见有炎症反应的过程，内骨组织和软骨组织增生活跃，并可见大量类骨组织和骨小梁形成，新生软骨和周围软骨组织融合，并与周围组织连接。Ⅱ型胶原对关节软骨缺损的修复有明显的促进作用，修复结果接近正常软骨。结论：自行研制的高纯度Ⅱ型胶原海绵，对关节软骨缺损具有良好的促进修复作用，且组织相容性好，无明显的毒副作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。