肝硬化患者血清透明质酸含量与sIL－2R水平的观察

本文用放射免疫测定法及双抗体夹心法测定了２５例健康人，３０例肝硬化患者血清透明质酸（ＨＡ）的含量及可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平。结果表明：（１）肝硬化组血清ＨＡ含量及ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平均高于对照组（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）；（２）肝硬化组血清ＨＡ与ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平间呈正相关关系（ｒ＝０．５１９２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：肝硬化组患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高与肝损害程度有关，可能是由于肝细胞受损而对ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ清除能力降低所致。     

HCMV感染对单核细胞HLA－DR表达的影响

本文采用细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ法，研究发现人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染对单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ的影响。结果表明ＨＣＭＶ感染后１ｄ，单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），以后逐渐降低，ｄ５降至对照水平；ＩＦＮγ（５００Ｕ／ｍｌ）．ＴＮＦ（２５０Ｕ／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－６（５００／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－１（５００／ｍｌ）均能不同程度地刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，细胞因子刺激ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达的水平在感染后ｄ５，较对照组均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＩＬ－１＋ＩＦＮ－γ及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ－γ在刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达时有协同作用；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，ＩＦＮ－γ＋ＩＬ－１及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ协同刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达水平较对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：在ＨＣＭＶ感染引起免疫抑制过程中，其引起单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达降低是一重要机制。     

HCMV感染对单核细胞HLA－DR表达的影响

本文采用细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ法，研究发现人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染对单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ的影响。结果表明ＨＣＭＶ感染后１ｄ，单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），以后逐渐降低，ｄ５降至对照水平；ＩＦＮγ（５００Ｕ／ｍｌ）．ＴＮＦ（２５０Ｕ／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－６（５００／ｍｌ）、ＩＬ－１（５００／ｍｌ）均能不同程度地刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，细胞因子刺激ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达的水平在感染后ｄ５，较对照组均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＩＬ－１＋ＩＦＮ－γ及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ－γ在刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达时有协同作用；ＨＣＭＶ感染后，ＩＦＮ－γ＋ＩＬ－１及ＴＮＦ＋ＩＦＮ协同刺激单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达水平较对照组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：在ＨＣＭＶ感染引起免疫抑制过程中，其引起单核细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ表达降低是一重要机制。     

食管癌患者五项细胞免疫学指标的测定及其意义

对３５例食管癌（ＥＣ）患者和３０例正常人（ＮＣ）的外周血自然杀伤（ＮＫ）细胞活性、Ｔ细胞亚群、血浆可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）、肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦ－α）以及外周血诱生γ干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）的水平进行了检测。结果显示，ＥＣ患者ＮＫ细胞活性明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＤ８＋细胞增多（Ｐ＜０．０６），ＣＤ４＋／ＣＤ８＋细胞比值降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；外周血诱生ＩＦＮ－γ降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；血浆ＴＮＦ－α升高。表明，上述指标对判断、分析ＥＣ患者细胞免疫功能状况及病变程度有较大的意义。     

细胞因子水平与晚期胃癌患者治疗及预后相关研究

本文报道了２４９例晚期胃癌（Ⅲ～Ⅳ期）患者外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）产生ＩＬ－２水平及ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达，外周血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ浓度与ＰＢＭＣ被ＰＨＡ－Ｐ诱生后产生ＩＦＮ－γ活性；并探讨了姑息性手术、化疗和中药治疗对晚期胃癌患者细胞免疫调节因子水平的影响。结果发现：晚期胃癌患者外周血ＰＢＭＣ产生ＩＬ－２及ＩＦＮ－γ能力及ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达均显著低于早期胃癌患者和正常对照组水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平前者明显低于后二者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。姑息手术治疗尽管对晚期胃癌患者的ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－２Ｒ和ＩＦＮ－γ水平无显著影响，但可降低其ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平；而扶正抗癌冲剂则可是显著提高患者术后ＩＬ－２及ＩＦＮ－γ水平和ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达，同时降低ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）；化疗有效晚期患者，则可导致其ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平下降，无效者则ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平无改变或继续升高。三年随访发现，晚期胃癌患者，术前ＩＬ－２产生水平高于１００Ｕ／ｍｌ，同时ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平低于１０００Ｕ／ｍｌ者，其三年生存率高。因而，这项研究对晚期胃癌治疗疗效判断及预后评价有指导意义。     

肝硬化患者清透明质酸含量与sIL—2R水平的观察

本文用放射免疫测定法及双抗体夹心法测定了２５例健康人，３０例肝硬化患者血清透明质酸（ＨＡ）的含量及可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）水平。结果表明：（１）肝硬化组血清ＨＡ含量及ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平间呈正相关关系（ｒ＝０．５１９２，Ｐ〈０．０１）。提示：肝硬化组患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高与肝损害程度有关，可能是由于肝细胞受损而对ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ清除能力降低所致。     

人巨细胞病毒感染对肾移植受者血清sIL－2R水平的影响

用ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ，ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＨＣＭＶ－ＩｇＭ及ＩｇＧ，以诊断肾移植受者ＨＣＭＶ感染。用双抗体夹心法ＥＬＩＳＡ检测６５例肾移植受者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平，结果表明：ＨＣＭＶ感染后宿主血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），且ＨＣＭＶ疾病组ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ增高程度大于无症状感染组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；６例原发性ＨＣＭＶ感染者ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与ＩｇＭ水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０．９９０８），提示随感染程度增加，血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平随之增高，还发现血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平与Ｃ９４／ＣＤ８比值是负相关（ｒ＝－０．９７８９），说明ＨＣＭｖ感染后ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高与Ｔ细胞亚群改变有关，反之也说明ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ增高程度可表明体内免疫抑制状态。对于ＨＣＭＶ感染后血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ水平增高的机理有待进一步探讨。     

HDV阳性重型肝炎患者外周血IL－2受体的变化

检测１６例ＨＤＶ（＋）重肝患者ＰＢＭＣ膜上ＩＬ－２Ｒ、培养上清和血清中ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ含量，以２１例ＨＤＶ（－）重肝为疾病对照，２０例献血员为正常对照，探讨ＩＬ－２Ｒ在丁型肝炎中变化意义。结果：ＨＤＶ（＋）组ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达虽增强，但不如ＨＤｖ（－）组明显；ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ含量，两重肝组均非常显著增高，但之间无差异。提示ＨＤＶ（＋）重肝组Ｔ淋巴细胞被激活状态并未因增加ＨＤＶ感染而加重，支持丁型肝炎肝损伤主要不是免疫介导的观点。     

登革热患者血清sIL－2R含量的变化及意义

本文采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测了３８例登革热（ＤＦ）患者血清中可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）的水平。结果显示ＤＦ患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ明显升高，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ的水平与患者发热时间长短及皮疹性质（充血性和出血性皮疹）有关，且与患者尿蛋白含量呈正相关。表明ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ时判断ＤＦ的病情及肾脏损害程度有一定的临床意义，并提示ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可能参与了ＤＦ的免疫病理过程。     

登革热患者血清sIL—2R含量的变化及意义

本文采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测了３８例登革热（ＤＦ）患者血清中可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ）的水平。结果显示ＤＦ患者血清ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ明显升高，ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ的水平与患者发热时间长短及皮疹性质（充血性和出血性皮疹）有关，且与患者尿蛋白含量呈正相关。表明ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ时判断ＤＦ的病情及肾脏损害程度有一定的临床意义，并提示ｓＩＬ－２Ｒ可能参与了ＤＦ的免疫病理过程。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.