非肿瘤性胰腺真性囊肿21例诊治体会

目的 探讨非肿瘤性胰腺真性囊肿的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析1999年6月至2006年9月收治的21例非肿瘤性胰腺真性囊肿患者的临床病理资料及随访结果.结果 21例患者中,男3例,女18例,男女比例1:6;年龄24～77岁,平均47岁.12例无任何症状和体征,9例有症状.实验室检查均未见异常.行B超、ERCP、CT、MRI检查分别有21例、5例、21例、和4例,诊断准确率分别为0%、40%、19%和50%.20例行手术治疗,1例行剖腹探查、活组织检查.5例术后出现胸腔积液,其中3例发胰瘘,经治疗后痊愈出院.病理检查浆液性囊肿15例、潴留性囊肿3例、黏液性囊肿2例、淋巴上皮样囊肿1例.本组2例失访,19例获随访,随访时间8个月～7年,除1例因脑出血死亡,其余均健在,无复发.结论非肿瘤性胰腺真性囊肿好发于中年女性,无特征性临床表现,术前诊断准确率较低.对无症状患者不需手术治疗.有症状的、且影像学上不能与囊性肿瘤鉴别或随访期囊肿有增大趋势者宜手术治疗.     

胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤21例临床及病理分析

目的 探讨胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤(SCAP)的临床与病理特点.方法 回顾性分析21例SCAP患者的临床及病理资料.结果 21例SCAP患者的平均年龄为61岁,男∶女为1∶1.33,18例(85.7％)有腹痛、腹胀、腹部包块、消瘦等症状,3例(14.3％)为体检发现.肿瘤位于胰头部9例,胰体尾部12例.临床表现均为胰腺囊性占位.21例患者均行手术治疗.病理检查见囊壁完整,内衬扁平或立方上皮细胞,胞质透亮,核圆形或卵圆形,大小一致,无明显核异型和核分裂象,病理诊断为微囊型15例、寡囊型6例.免疫组化显示肿瘤细胞EMA、CK7、CK19均阳性,碘酸-雪夫(PAS)染色亦阳性,Ki-67阳性表达率在1％ ～3％之间.19例经3个月到7年不等的随访未发现复发及转移.结论 SCAP好发于老年女性,多数患者有临床症状.SCAP多位于胰体尾部,表现为胰腺导管上皮分化特征.患者预后良好.     

胆囊息肉样病变的癌变危险因素分析

目的探讨胆囊息肉样病变（PLG）的癌变危险因素。方法选择118例行手术治疗且经病理证实的PLG患者,对其临床特征、腹部超声表现及病理类型进行统计分析。结果118例PLG患者中,男女比例为1：2．03,平均年龄46．2岁,临床多无特异性症状;腹部超声诊断PLG的灵敏度为80．5％。PLG以非肿瘤性息肉为主,其中胆固醇性息肉占72．9％;肿瘤性息肉占9．3％,其中癌变1例（癌变率为0．8％）;118例PLG患者的平均息肉直径为7．86rain,息肉直径≥7mm者肿瘤性息肉占90．9％、非肿瘤性息肉占54．2％（P〈0．05）。肿瘤性息肉中单发者占63．6％,非肿瘤性息肉者占24．3％（P〈0．05）。结论PLG以胆固醇性息肉为主;年龄≥50岁、息肉直径≥7mm、单发或腹部超声表现为中低或等回声的PLG癌变可能性较大,应密切随访,观察息肉变化情况,必要时行外科手术治疗。     

胰腺假性囊肿的病因、转归与治疗

胰腺囊肿可分为胰腺真性囊肿和胰腺假性囊肿(pancr-eatic pseudocyst,PPC)二种类型。真性者有先天性囊肿或肿瘤性囊肿,在囊肿内具有上皮组织,仅占胰腺囊肿总数的15％。假性者为胰腺内或胰腺周围液体的积聚,以后由纤维素性包膜所包裹,不具有上皮组织,占胰腺囊肿总数的85％,本文就有关PPC方面的文献作一综述。     

19例胰腺原发少见肿瘤的临床特征及诊治分析

目的总结分析胰腺原发少见肿瘤的临床特征和诊治方法,以提高对胰腺原发少见肿瘤的认识。方法回顾性分析湖北省襄阳市中心医院2012年1月-2015年3月经手术或超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)下穿刺病理证实的19例胰腺原发少见肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果肿瘤位于胰头部9例,胰体4例,胰尾部5例,胰体尾部2例(其中1例患者胰头和胰体各有1个肿块)直径2.5~25.0 cm,平均(8.0±5.2)cm;临床表现为腹痛12例,反复发作低血糖1例,体表触及包块1例,无明显症状影像学发现占位3例,纳差1例,腹痛脂肪泻伴血糖升高1例;14例行手术完整切除,1例行姑息性手术,1例仅行剖腹探查肿块活检,2例放弃治疗,1例转院;17例患者完成随访,其中1例死亡,2例失访。结论胰腺原发少见肿瘤的早期临床症状不典型,影像学检查对其诊断有辅助意义,治疗以手术为主,部分需辅以放化疗。     

胰腺囊肿39例临床病理分析

目的通过对1969年10月至1999年6月住院并经手术和/或病理证实的胰腺囊肿39例进行回顾性临床病理分析,以探讨胰腺真性囊肿和假性囊肿的诊断和治疗.     

内镜超声下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流的临床研究

目的分析探讨内镜超声（EUS）下胰腺假性囊肿经胃置管引流的疗效及并发症情况。方法回顾分析2001年以来经胃置管引流胰腺假性囊肿的24例患者病历及随访资料。引流方法采用EUS引导下穿刺囊肿，插入导丝，用探条或扩张水囊行针道扩张，置入鼻囊肿引流管或1～4根双猪尾型塑料支架引流。术后定期随访，囊肿消失后拔除支架。结果24例患者均完成囊肿穿刺、置管，手术成功率100％，死亡率为0。发生并发症8例（33．3％），其中严重并发症3例（12．5％），分别为出血、感染、支架移位各1例。平均随访21．2个月，2例失访，17例假性囊肿完全消失，2例囊肿明显缩小但持续存在2年以上，腹痛症状消失，1例感染性假性囊肿内镜引流无效转外科手术。内镜引流总的有效率为86．4％（19／22），无一例复发。结论EUS下经胃置管引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，其常见并发症为出血和感染。     

胰腺癌前病变诊断和治疗

目的 通过对7例胰腺癌前病变患者的临床诊断和治疗分析,探讨此类疾病诊断方法的应用及治疗策略.方法 收集2006年1月-2007年12月92例手术治疗胰腺肿瘤中有癌前病变的7例患者,其中黏液囊腺瘤(MCN)1例、导管内乳头状黏液瘤(IPMN)2例、胰腺内分泌肿瘤1例、胰腺上皮内瘤变(PanIN)Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级各1例.采用免疫荧光分析法测定患者血清CA19-9.7例上腹部均行超声和螺旋CT检查;1例行超声内镜检查及穿刺;2例行逆行胰胆管造影检查.结果 胰腺癌前病变临床表现不典型,影像学检查常无实质性肿块,但PanIN可伴有胰管扩张、狭窄;IPMN在胰头处可表现为囊性扩张的胰管;囊腺瘤等在胰体尾处可表现为单个孤立的囊肿.肿瘤指标CA19-9在此类疾病中可轻度增高.但对诊断作用有限.手术切除可治愈,并可防止肿瘤的进一步癌变.结论 对疑为胰腺癌前病变患者需积极选用多种影像学方法进行诊断,并予以积极的手术探查及切除.     

胰腺囊性疾病临床诊断分析

目的探讨胰腺囊性病变（PCL）的发病及诊断方法。方法对经手术或病理证实为胰腺囊性病变的134例患者,从性别、年龄、病程、既往史、伴发症、症状、体征、影像学诊断等方面进行比较分析。结果本研究共收集胰腺假性囊肿（PPC）107例、真性囊肿（TPC）12例、囊性肿瘤（PCT）15例。囊性肿瘤组女性发病率明显高于假性囊肿组（P=0.003）。假性囊肿组有急、慢性胰腺炎史的病例数显著多于真性囊肿和囊性肿瘤组（P值分别为0.000和0.000）,假性囊肿组胆道结石的病例数明显多于囊性肿瘤组（P=0.005）,而真性囊肿组同时伴有肝、肾囊肿的病例数显著高于假性囊肿组（P=0.000）。CT对假性囊肿和囊性恶性肿瘤的诊断准确率高于B超（P值分别为0.000和0.02）。结论胰腺囊性疾病应根据其发病情况、相关病史及影像学特点进行仔细分析,才能有助于明确囊性病变的性质。     

胰腺囊性疾病临床诊断分析

目的 探讨胰腺囊性病变(PCL)的发病及诊断方法.方法 对经手术或病理证实为胰腺囊性病变的134例患者,从性别、年龄、病程、既往史、伴发症、症状、体征、影像学诊断等方面进行比较分析.结果 本研究共收集胰腺假性囊肿(PPC)107例、真性囊肿(TPC)12例、囊性肿瘤(PCT)15例.囊性肿瘤组女性发病率明显高于假性囊肿组(P=0.003).假性囊肿组有急、慢性胰腺炎史的病例数显著多于真性囊肿和囊性肿瘤组(P值分别为0.000和0.000),假性囊肿组胆道结石的病例数明显多于囊性肿瘤组(P=0.005),而真性囊肿组同时伴有肝、肾囊肿的病例数显著高于假性囊肿组(P=0.000).CT对假性囊肿和囊性恶性肿瘤的诊断准确率高于B超(P值分别为0.000和0.02).结论 胰腺囊性疾病应根据其发病情况、相关病史及影像学特点进行仔细分析,才能有助于明确囊性病变的性质.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.