颈动脉粥样硬化斑块CD147、MMP-9表达及阿托伐他汀干预的影响

目的 探讨兔颈动脉粥样硬化斑块中CD147、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达情况以及阿托伐他汀对其表达的影响.方法 24只新西兰大白兔按随机数字表法分为3组:正常对照组8只,普通饲料喂养16周;余16只给予球囊损伤颈总动脉+高胆固醇喂养,12周后分成模型对照组和阿托伐他汀组(每天2.5 mg/kg阿托伐他汀灌胃),继续喂养4周后给予鲁塞尔氏蛙蛇毒和组胺触发斑块破裂.对斑块进行病理分析,免疫组织化学法检测斑块内巨噬细胞及CD147、MMP-9蛋白表达,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测斑块内CD147、MMP-9mRNA表达.结果 药物触发后模型对照组存活的6只兔中有4只发生斑块破裂及血栓形成,阿托伐他汀组存活的7只兔中有1只发生斑块破裂及血栓形成,正常对照组中未见斑块破裂及血栓形成.与模型对照组比较,阿托伐他汀组斑块内巨噬细胞含量明显减少(33.62±3.82vs16.22±2.61),CD147蛋白表达的阳性染色面积比明显降低(29.54±3.03vs14.22±1.63),MMP-9蛋白表达的阳性染色面积比明显降低(21.18±4.75 vs 11.11±1.87),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05＝.模型对照组和阿托伐他汀组斑块内CD147 mRNA表达水平分别为0.939±0.105和0.426±0.112,MMP-9 mRNA表达水平分别为0.335±0.069和0.135±0.067,比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05＝.Pearson相关检验显示斑块中MMP-9蛋白与CD147蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.669,P=0.001),MMP-9 mRNA与CD147 mRNA表达呈强正相关(r=0.783,P=0.000).结论 CD147、MMP-9表达上调可能参与斑块不稳定的发生机制,阿托伐他汀可能通过下调CD147、MMP-9的表达发挥稳定斑块的作用.     

PAS三联疗法对急性脑梗死患者血脂、血清sCD40L及MMP-9水平及颈动脉易损斑块稳定性的影响

目的 探讨普罗布考、阿司匹林、他汀类药物(PAS)三联疗法对急性脑梗死患者血脂、血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L)及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)水平的影响,观察其对颈动脉易损斑块稳定性的影响.方法 根据颈动脉超声检查结果分为颈动脉稳定斑块组(n=45)和颈动脉易损斑块组(n=90).将稳定斑块组作为对照组,按随机数字法将易损斑块组分为AS组(n=45,阿司匹林100mg/d,阿托伐他汀20mg/d,口服)和PAS组(n=45,AS基础上加用普罗布考片,0.25/次,2次/日,口服).比较治疗前后血脂、血清hs-CRP、sCD40L和MMP-9水平;观察治疗前后颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT值)、斑块Crous积分及斑块回声变化.结果 治疗后4w,两组中TG、TC、LDL-C、血清hs-CRP、sCD40L和MMP-9水平均下降,PAS组中各项指标下降幅度均大于AS组,差异具有显著性(P均＜0.01);治疗后12个月,两组IMT值和斑块Crous积分较治疗前减少,且PAS组两项指标低于AS组,PAS组低回声斑块回声增强例数高于AS组(P均＜0.01).结论 PAS三联疗法是一种安全有效的治疗方法,具有更强的降脂抗炎作用,可逆转和稳定斑块.     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块稳定性与血浆IL-18、MMP-9的相关性研究

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者颈动脉斑块稳定性与血清白细胞介素-18(IL-18)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)变化的相关性.方法 收集ACI患者200例,另选择相匹配的80名健康体检者为健康对照组.应用彩色多普勒超声检查颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(ITM)及斑块类型,根据检查结果分为斑块组与非斑块组,其中斑块组分为不稳定斑块组和稳定斑块组两亚组.测定所有观察对象血清IL-18、MMP-9水平,分析各组间IL-18及MMP-9水平的差异,并分别对IL-18、MMP-9水平与颈动脉斑块的稳定性级别(稳定性斑块、不稳定性斑块的斑块稳定性级别分别定义为1级和2级)进行Spearman相关性分析.结果 斑块组139例(包括不稳定斑块组96例、稳定斑块组43例),非斑块组61例.不稳定斑块组患者血清IL-18、MMP-9水平[分别为(230.56±41.79)pg/mL、(90.97±30.08)μg/L]高于稳定斑块组[分别为(209.87±38.67)pg/m L、(66.81±28.67)μg/L](t=2.7595、t=4.4416,均P＜0.01);稳定斑块组IL-18、MMP-9水平高于非斑块组[分别为(171.48±22.51)pg/mL、(47.54±29.03)μg/L] (t=5.8488、t=3.3507,均P＜0.01)及对照组[分别为(167.42±26.47) pg/mL、(39.92±25.99)μg/L](t=6.4337、t=5.2766,均P＜0.01);非斑块组与对照组比较血清IL-18、MMP-9水平差异无统计学意义(t=0.9616、t=1.6394,均P＞0.05).血清IL-18水平、MMP-9水平均与颈动脉斑块稳定性级别相关(分别r=0.4531,P＜0.01;r=0.4588,P＜0.01).结论 ACI患者血清中IL-18、MMP-9水平与颈动脉斑块的稳定性相关.     

急性脑梗死患者血清IL-35、MMP-9与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者血清白细胞介素-35(IL-35)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系。方法选择急性脑梗死患者89例,应用彩色多普勒超声检查颈动脉斑块,根据颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性分为易损斑块组和稳定斑块组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者血清IL-35、MMP-9水平,并分析IL-35、MMP-9与斑块稳定性的关系。结果颈动脉粥样硬化易损斑块组的患者41例,稳定斑块组的患者48例。易损斑块组血清IL-35水平(17.89±7.21 ng/ml)明显高于稳定斑块组(9.08±3.45 ng/ml)(P<0.05)。MMP-9水平易损斑块组(430.36±72.78 ng/ml)亦显著高于稳定斑块组(305.16±45.63 ng/ml)(P<0.01),差异均有统计学意义。结论脑梗死患者血清IL-35、MMP-9水平可能与颈动脉斑块稳定性有关。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2及其抑制剂与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性的关系

目的 探讨基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2)及其抑制剂金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP-2)与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性的关系. 方法 对60例首次前循环型动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死恢复期患者及38名同期门诊体检正常者(无斑块组)行颈动脉超声检查,分别测定颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)、Crouse积分(CPI)、斑块总面积(CPA).根据超声病理形态将患者分为易损斑块组(33例)和稳定斑块组(27例).ELISA法测定血清MMP-2、TIMP-2水平. 结果 易损斑块组颈动脉IMT、CPI、CPA均大于稳定斑块组及无斑块组;稳定斑块组颈动脉IMT、CPI、CPA均大于无斑块组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).易损斑块组血清MMP-2、MMP-2/TIMP-2比值均高于稳定斑块组及无斑块组,TIMP-2低于稳定斑块组及无斑块组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).易损斑块组血清MMP-2、MMP-2/TIMP-2比值与IMT、CPI、CPA均呈正相关(r=0.961,r=0.966,r=0.804;r=0.625,r=0.709,r=0.651;P均<0.05).易损斑块组血清TIMP-2与IMT、CPI、CPA均呈负相关(r=0.944,r=-0.996,r=-0.859,P均<0.05).稳定斑块组血清MMP-2、MMP-2/TIMP-2比值与IMT、CPI、CPA均呈正相关(r=0.429,r=0.461,r=0.423;r=0.601,r=0.673,r=0.571;P均<0.05).易损斑块组血清TIMP-2与IMT、CPI、CPA均呈负相关(r=-0.507,r=-0.568,r=-0.554,P均<0.05). 结论 血清MMP-2、TIMP-2水平及MMP-2/TIMP-2比值与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性密切相关.     

急性脑梗死患者血浆MMP-9TIMP-1及hs-CRP变化及与颈动脉粥样斑块稳定性的相关性研究

目的：探讨急性脑梗死患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶-9（matrix metalloproteinases-9,MMP-9）、基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1（matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-1,TIMP-1）及超敏C反应蛋白（high sensitivity C reactive protein ,hs-CRP）变化及与颈动脉粥样斑块稳定性的相关性。方法选择2012-02-2013-02我院收治的急性脑梗死患者61例作为脑梗死组,颈动脉硬化50例作为无症状硬化组,以及体检健康者55例作为对照组。3组均进行颈动脉检查及TIMP-1、MMP-9、hs-CRP血浆指标测定。根据颈动脉彩色多普勒超声将脑梗死患者和无症状颈动脉硬化患者分为稳定斑块、易损斑块2个亚组,对比上述指标水平。结果脑硬死组患者血浆 TIMP-1、MMP-9、MPP-9/TIMP-1、hs-CRP明显高于无症状硬化组及对照组（P＜0.05）;无症状硬化组血浆TIMP-1、MMP-9、hs-CRP高于对照组（P＜0.05）。脑梗死组及无症状硬化组中易损斑块亚组血浆TIMP-1、MMP-9、MPP-9/TIMP-1、hs-CRP高于同组稳定斑块亚组（P＜0.05）;不同组别易损斑块亚组血浆 TIMP-1、MMP-9、MPP-9/TIMP-1比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,脑梗死组易损斑块亚组血浆hs-CRP显著高于无症状硬化组易损斑块亚组水平（P＜0.05）。结论血浆TIMP-1、MMP-9、hs-CRP指标能够有效反映颈动脉粥样斑块的稳定性,而MPP-9/TIMP-1指标升高及易损斑块能够提示脑梗死的发生风险。     

三磷酸腺苷结合盒运转体A1与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的关系

目的 探讨三磷酸腺苷结合盒运转体A1(ATP binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)在人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块中的表达变化及作用机制.方法 收集24例人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块标本和10例肠系膜动脉标本(对照组),采用RT-PCR测定ABCA1 mRNA和视黄酸X受体α(RXRα)mRNA表达水平,并采用Western Blot检测ABCA1及RXRα的蛋白表达水平.24例人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块标本按病理分级,比较病理组织为Ⅲ级和Ⅰ级动脉粥样硬化组织间ABCA1 mRNA、RXRαmRNA表达水平及蛋白表达水平.结果 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组的ABCA1 mRNA(0.79±0.04)和RXRα mRNA(0.73±0.04)表达与对照组相比上调,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);ABCA1 mRNA与RXRα mRNA增加水平相关(P＜0.05);颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的ABCA1蛋白表达(0.22±0.03)下调水平与对照组(0.53±0.03)相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Ⅲ级和Ⅰ级动脉硬化斑块ABCA1mRNA、RXRα mRNA及蛋白表达水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 ABCA1及RXRα蛋白表达水平下调可能是进展性动脉粥样硬化损害的关键因素.     

CD40-CD40 L在颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性中的作用及与基质金属蛋白酶的相关性

目的 观察CD40、CD40L和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)在人类颈动脉粥样硬化斑块中的表达情况,探讨CD40、CD40L在斑块稳定性中的作用及与MMP9表达的关系.方法 将因颈动脉粥样硬化狭窄(>70%)行颈动脉内膜切除术的37例手术标本分为有临床脑卒中事件组(A组,n=20)和无临床脑卒中事件组(B组,n=17),另设尸检正常颈动脉(C组,n=11)作为对照组,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测各组斑块中CD40、CD40L和MMP9 mRNA水平,Western blot检测各组CD40、CD40L和MMP9蛋白表达水平,免疫组织化学检测各组CD40、CD40L和MMP9表达及分布,并对CD40、CD40L与MMP9的转录及表达水平作相关性分析.结果 A、B、C 3组的CD40mRNA的相对表达量分别为:2.41±0.43、1.03±0.38和0.31±0.12;MMP9 mRNA的相对表达量分别为:6.88±1.57、1.90±0.44和0.39±0.12.A组CD40、MMP9的mRNA水平高于B组(FCD40=105.183,FMMP9=160.395,P=0.000),B组高于C组(FCD40=37.307,FMMP9=124.093,P=0.000);CD40与MMP9的mRNA水平有正的直线相关关系(r=0.929,P=0.000),但各组CD40L的mRNA水平差异无统计学意义(FA-B=0.033,P=0.857;FB-C=1.564,P=0.767;FA-C=0.219,P=0.644).A组CD40、CD40L和MMP9的蛋白表达高于B组(FCD40=104.100,P=0.000;FCD40L=129.932,P=0.000;FMMP9=13.565,P=0.021),B组高于C组(FCD40=115.848,P=0.000;FCD40L=30.482,P=0.005;FMMP9=35.557,P=0.004).免疫组织化学示CD40、CD40L和MMP9的阳性表达面积A组大于B组(FCD40=39.451,FCD40L=57.606,FMMP9=30.711,P=0.000),B组大于C组(FCD40=95.066,FCD40L=59.081,FMMP9=145.758,P=0.000);CD40、CD40L与MMP9的阳性表达面积有正相关关系(rCD40L-CD40L=0.963,rCD40-MMP9=0.959,rCD40L-MMP9=0.929,P=0.000),并且CD40、CD40L和MMP9均在斑块肩部表达明显增多.结论 CD40-CD40L在动脉粥样硬化的形成和斑块稳定性中起重要作用;其可能通过上调MMP9导致斑块不稳定;CD40L可能是通过转录后修饰影响CD40L的表达,从而产生生物学效应.     

血清基质金属蛋白酶9水平及其基因C1562T多态性与维族脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系

目的探讨血清基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)水平及其基因C1562T多态性与维族脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的关系。方法采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对236例维族急性脑梗死患者进行颈动脉超声检测,根据颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性进行分组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者血清MMP-9水平,采用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测MMP-9基因C1562T的多态性。对结果进行组间比较并分析。结果颈动脉斑块呈低回声或等回声的患者有108例(易损斑块组),颈动脉斑块呈高回声的患者有128例(稳定斑块组)。易损斑块组血清MMP-9水平[(357.83±32.64)ng/ml]显著高于稳定斑块组[(304.47±38.91)ng/ml](P0.01)。两组MMP-9基因C1562T基因型CC、CT、TT的比例和等位基因C、T的频率比较,差异无统计学意义。结论血清MMP-9水平可能与维族脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块稳定性有关,而MMP-9基因C1562T多态性与维族脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性无关。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及白细胞介素-6对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性的影响

目的探讨MMP-9及IL-6与人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块易损性的关系。方法选择急性脑梗死患者69例和健康对照者20例,根据粥样硬化斑块性质分为易损性斑块组和非易损性斑块组,比较两组患者血清MMP-9和IL-6水平,并对二者间关系进行相关分析。结果非易损性斑块组患者血清MMP-9和IL-6表达水平高于正常对照组(均P=0.000),易损性斑块组表达水平高于非易损性斑块组和正常对照组(均P=0.000),MMP-9和IL-6在外周血中的表达变化与斑块易损性呈正相关关系(r=0.836,P=0.043)。结论血清MMP-9和IL-6是促进颈动脉粥样硬化斑块易损的重要因素,IL-6可上调MMP-9的表达水平。     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Cultural Identity and Experiences of Prejudice and Discrimination of Afghan and Iranian Immigrant Youth

In culturally diverse and immigrant receiving societies, immigrant youth can be subject to prejudice and discrimination. Such experiences can impact on immigrant youth’s cultural identity and influence their psychosocial outcomes. This paper presents findings of a study that examined cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination among Afghan (N = 9) and Iranian (N = 17) immigrant youth in Canada. The study had a prospective, comparative, longitudinal qualitative design. Data was gathered through focus groups, interviews, journals and field logs. Four main themes emerged on participants’ experiences of prejudice and discrimination: (a) societal factors influencing prejudice; (b) personal experiences of discrimination; (c) fear of disclosure and silenced cultural identity; and (d) resiliency and strength of cultural identity. Drawing from Rosenberg’s (Conceiving the self, Basic Books, New York, 1979) self-concept framework and Romero and Roberts (J. Adolesc., 21:641–656, 1998) distinction between prejudice and discrimination, results indicated that youth’s extant and presenting cultural identity were affected. Inclusive policies and practices are needed to promote youth integration in multicultural and immigrant receiving settings.

发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊治

本文目的是探讨发作性睡病与异态睡眠的诊断与治疗.发作性睡病被漏诊和误诊的几率较高,危害较大,共患异态睡眠比例高.文章从发作性睡病临床特征、REM睡眠的作用、发作性睡病与异态睡眠(睡眠瘫痪、睡眠幻觉、快眼动睡眠期行为障碍)共病特征及治疗这四个方面进行了讨论.     

Effects of Agonists and Antagonists of Cholecystokinin on Contractile and Myoelectric Activity of Isolated Muscle of Colon and Ileum in the Dog and Guinea Pig

This study evaluates the effects of agonists and antagonists of cholecystokinin (CCK) on contractile and myoelectrical activity in isolated longitudinal muscle strips from colon or ileum of guinea pigs or beagle dogs. Caerulein and CCK-8 caused a dose-dependent increase of contractile and myoelectrical spike activity in both species with maximal effects seen between 10⁻⁸ and 3 × 10⁻⁸ M. The dose responses were identical for both CCK agonists and species. The dose-related effects of CCK compounds on colonic muscle were slightly shifted to the right when compared to ileum in both species. All antagonists, the proglumide-derivatives CR1409, CR1392, and CR1505, as well as the nonpeptide substances asperlicin and L-364,718, caused a parallel rightward shift of CCK's dose-dependent motor activity response, indicating the competitive nature of inhibition. The antagonists displayed a rank order of potency in antagonizing CCK's action on intestinal motility similar to their ability to antagonize CCK's action on pancreas and gallbladder. L-364,718 was the most potent antagonist, followed by CR1409, CR1505, CR1392, asperlicin, and proglumide. The antagonists did not affect contractile or myoelectrical responses to acetylcholine, histamine, motilin, or substance P. Thus compounds that have been described as CCK antagonists for pancreas and gallbladder also act as specific and competitive antagonists of CCK's action on contractile and myoelectrical activity of Heal and colonie muscle.     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

小胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞前体的培养和鉴定

目的 探讨新生大鼠脑组织小胶质细胞(MG)和少突胶质细胞(OL)前体的分离和体外培养方法 . 方法 取新生2 d SD大鼠脑组织,体外原代培养混合胶质细胞7 d后,分别采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法和"营养缺失伴振荡"法纯化培养MG和OL前体,并分别应用免疫荧光染色异凝集素-B4(IB4)和OL前体标记物(O4)进行鉴定.结果 混合胶质细胞培养7 d后呈明显三层增长,其中MG位于上层,星型胶质细胞位于底层,两者之间为2型少突星型(O2A)祖细胞.纯化培养后OL前体胞体呈小圆形,有双极或三极突起,MG则以阿米巴形、圆形居多,或边缘呈毛刺状.免疫荧光染色IB4显示绿色荧光,MG纯度达到90%以上.免疫荧光染色O4显示棕黄色荧光,OL前体纯度达到95%以上. 结论 采用"改良振荡伴差速贴壁"法以及"营养缺失伴振荡"法分别成功获取大量纯度高、活力好的MG和OL前体.     

Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Using predetermined criteria for study quality and methods, a literature review and meta-analysis of seven reports about pediatric bipolar disorder (BPD) was conducted to determine if there is a consistent picture of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of BPD in children and adolescents. METHODS: Searches were conducted in MedLine and PsycINFO using the terms mania, BPD, children and adolescents, and was limited to published articles in peer-reviewed journals. Seven reports were selected that met the following criteria: a systematic method for the elicitation and reporting of symptoms and clinical characteristics of subjects; subjects were interviewed by a trained researcher or clinician; ages 5-18 years; use of a diagnostic system, either DSM or RDC for categorization; a consensus method for the establishment of the diagnosis of BPD. RESULTS: Most DSM-IV symptoms of mania were common in the children and adolescents with BPD with the most common symptoms being increased energy, distractibility, and pressured speech. On average, four of five bipolar cases also showed threshold levels of irritable mood and grandiosity, and more than 70% of all cases showed elated/euphoric mood, decreased need for sleep, or racing thoughts. Roughly 69% of cases also showed poor judgment, whereas only half of bipolar cases demonstrated flight of ideas, and slightly more than one-third showed hypersexuality or psychotic features. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical picture that emerges is that of children or adolescents with periods of increased energy (mania or hypomania), accompanied by distractibility, pressured speech, irritability, grandiosity, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep and euphoria/elation.