高血压脑出血神经内镜微创手术与开颅血肿清除术的临床比较分析

目的比较高血压脑出血神经内镜微创手术与开颅血肿清除术的临床特点与疗效。方法收集77例高血压脑出血手术患者的手术时间、手术失血量和GCS评分等临床资料,根据其治疗方案分为神经内镜微创手术组与开颅血肿清除术组,以第3个月GOS评分作为预后指标。采用SPSS10.0,比较两种手术方式手术时间、手术失血量、血肿清除率及其GOS预后评分的差别,观察、分析手术疗效。结果神经内镜微创手术组与开颅血肿清除术组两组病例术前临床资料无明显差异(P值均0.05)。在手术时间上,神经内镜组平均手术时间(1.6±0.5)h,开颅血肿清除术组平均手术时间(4.6±1.8)h(P0.01);在手术失血量上,神经内镜微创组平均手术失血量33.2±6.2mL,开颅血肿清除术组平均手术失血量(406.4±305.6)mL(P0.01);在血肿清除率上,神经内镜组脑内血肿平均清除率为88.6%±6.2%,开颅组平均血肿清除率为69.4%±27.9%(P0.05);在GOS预后方面,在26例术后随访满3月神经内镜组患者中恢复良好6例,轻度残疾10例,重度残疾5例,植物状态4例,死亡1例(家属放弃治疗后院内死亡)。开颅组49例患者中,恢复良好7例,轻度残疾8例,重度残疾13例,植物状态12例,死亡6例。3例因经济原因在术后放弃治疗脱失。神经内镜微创组患者预后优于开颅组患者预后(P0.05)。结论神经内镜高血压脑出血手术是一种更具有微创、高效、快速、出血少等特点的高血压脑出血手术方法。     

神经内镜辅助下小骨瓣微创治疗高血压脑出血

目的探讨神经内镜辅助下小骨瓣开颅微创治疗高血压脑出血的临床疗效。方法比较神经内镜辅助组与常规大骨瓣开颅组的平均手术时间、血肿清除率、住院医疗费及其预后ADL评分的差别,分析手术疗效。结果手术时间方面,神经内镜辅助组明显短于常规开颅组;血肿清除率方面,神经内镜辅助组明显高于常规开颅组;住院医疗费方面,神经内镜辅助组明显低于常规开颅组;在预后ADL方面,神经内镜辅助组优于常规开颅组,神经内镜辅助组患者死亡率明显低于常规开颅组。结论神经内镜辅助手术具有较短的手术时间、较高清除率、较低住院医疗费及较好的ADL预后评分等优点,比常规开颅手术更具有优势。     

神经内镜与传统开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效比较

目的比较神经内镜与传统开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析45例高血压脑出血病例资料,分为内镜组(28例)和开颅组(17例)。比较两组术中出血量、手术时间、血肿清除率及术后6个月ADL评级。结果内镜组在手术时间、手术出血量、血肿清除率方面均比开颅组有显著优势。在ADL评定上,内镜组病死率比开颅组低,好转率大于开颅组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在严格把握适应证的病人中,内镜下血肿清除术疗效优于开颅手术,内镜血肿清除术为部分高血压脑出血提供另一种疗效良好的手术方式。     

轻度亚低温在高血压脑出血术后早期的临床应用

目的 总结轻度亚低温与常规物理降温对治疗高血压脑出血术后的临床疗效.方法 54例高血压脑出血术后病人被随机分为亚低温组(26例)及对照组(28例),在术后6个月进行ADL评分.结果 治疗组死亡2例,植物生存1例.对照组死亡4例,植物生存1例,2组病死率的差别无统计学意义(P>0.05).治疗组治愈好转率(Ⅰ、Ⅱ级)38.46%(10/26),对照组14.29%(4/28),2组相比差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 尽管轻度亚低温治疗不能降低高血压脑出血术后病死率,但高血压脑出血术后早期亚低温治疗能明显改善预后,提高生存质量.     

高血压脑出血个体化外科手术治疗临床分析

目的：观察高血压脑出血采用个体化外科手术治疗的临床效果。方法选取我院2011‐08—2014‐0262例高血压脑出血患者为研究对象,抽签随机分为内镜微创组与开颅血肿清除组,2组均31例,内镜微创组采取神经内镜微创手术治疗,开颅血肿清除组采取开颅血肿清除术治疗,比较2组患者手术时间、失血量、引流时间、血肿清除率、术后不良反应及日常生活活动能力（ADL ）评分。结果内镜微创组手术时间、失血量明显较开颅血肿清除组少（ P＜0.05）,二者引流时间对比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;内镜微创组肺部感染、消化道出血、颅内感染发生率分别为3.23％、3.23％、0,与开颅血肿清除组6.45％、6.45％、3.23％比较无显著差异（P＞0.05）;内镜微创组血肿清除率明显较开颅血肿清除组低（P＜0.05）,内镜微创组Ⅰ级患者占54.84％,较开颅血肿清除组的29.03％高（ P＜0.05）。结论神经内镜微创手术具有微创、高效等优势,治疗高血压脑出血效果显著,并发症少,血肿清除率高,有较高的临床应用价值。     

神经内镜辅助手术与小骨窗开颅手术治疗高血压脑出血疗效比较

目的比较神经内镜辅助手术与小骨窗开颅手术两种方法治疗高血压脑出血的疗效。方法 40例高血压基底节脑出血患者,20例采用软性神经内镜辅助手术清除,20例采用小骨窗开颅显微手术清除,手术均在出血后24 h内进行,术后辅以尿激酶纤溶治疗并引流。两组患者入院时GCS评分及血肿量均无明显差别(P0.05)。术后随访6个月以上,比较其疗效。结果预后良好者(GOSⅣ～Ⅴ)内镜组13例,占65%;小骨窗组8例,占40%。内镜组预后良好率略高于小骨窗组,但两者相差无显著性(P0.05)。内镜组死亡1例,死亡率为5.0%,小骨窗组死亡2例,死亡率为10.0%。小骨窗组死亡率略高于内镜组,但亦相差不显著(P0.05)。结论两种手术方式均能有效清除血肿,虽然内镜辅助手术治疗高血压脑出血的效果略好于小骨窗开颅显微手术治疗,但两者疗效相差不显著。     

微创穿刺术与开颅血肿清除术治疗基底节脑出血的临床分析

目的 比较微创穿刺术与歼颅血肿清除术治疗基底节脑出血的疗效,寻找理想的治疗方法.方法 将79例基底节脑出血患者随机分成微创组(n=41)和开颅组(n=38)进行于术治疗,观察术后3d及2周时的意识状态和死亡率,6个月后ADL分级.结果 术后3d,微创组意识障碍24例,开颅组意识障碍34例,两组差异有显著性;2周时,微创组意识障碍7例,死亡5例,开颅组意识障碍14例,死亡9例,差异有显著性.术后6个月,微创组ADL1～2级占67.6%(23/34).ADL 3～5级占32.4%(11/34);开颅组ADL 1～2级占38.5%(10/26),ADL 3～5级占61.5%(16/26).两组有显著性差异.结论 微创穿刺术可明显改善基底节高血压性脑出血的预后,提高生存质量.     

神经内镜微创术对脑出血患者神经功能恢复的作用

目的研究讨论神经内镜微创手术对高血压脑出血患者神经功能恢复和预后的影响。方法将2015年至2016年我院确诊的60例高血压脑出血患者按照随机数字表法分为常规保守治疗组(对照组)和内镜微创手术治疗组(观察组),每组各30例。分别于治疗3 w后采用斯坎德纳威亚卒中量表评分(SSS)以及治疗后3个月采用脑卒中评分量表(MRS)和日常能力评分量表(ADL)评分,对比两组患者治疗后的神经功能恢复和预后情况。结果术后3 w进行SSS评分,显示观察组术后SSS评分为(35.21±6.54)分,对照组为(28.65±5.10)分;术后3月进行的MRS评分,观察组MRS评分为(8.25±2.33)分,对照组患者为(10.47±1.95)分;观察组ADL 1~4级患者所占比率达93.3%,对照组ADL 1~4级患者所占比率为76.67%(三组数据结果差异均具有统计学意义,P0.05)。结论神经内镜微创手术可以改善高血压脑出血患者神经功能恢复情况,改善患者预后,可以在临床中广泛推广和应用。     

基底节区高血压脑出血不同微创手术方式的比较

目的 比较三种微创手术方式治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的临床疗效及预后情况.方法 选择GCS在6～12分,原发出血部位均为基底节的高血压脑出血患者78例,分为三组,分别采取神经内镜下血肿清除(神经内镜组)、小骨窗开颅显微手术(小骨窗开颅组)、立体定向血肿碎吸术(立体定向组)三种手术方式;比较三组手术时间和术中失血量;术后2 d内复查CT,计算残余血肿量和血肿清除率;术后6个月按GOS预后评分评估治疗效果.结果 手术时间以小骨窗开颅组最长,达(175.7±55.7)min(P<0.05);术中失血量以小骨窗开颅组较其他两组显著增多(P<0.05),达(296.5±158.6)mL;血肿清除率以神经内镜组最高,达84.5%±8.2%(P<0.05);GOS预后比较中神经内镜组的疗效显著高于立体定向组和小骨窗开颅组(P<0.05).结论 神经内镜辅助下血肿清除术既有创伤小,又有血肿清除彻底、止血可靠的优点,疗效确切,对不需行去大骨瓣减压的脑出血患者是一种较理想的微创手术方式.     

投稿须知

目的 比较大骨瓣减压及小骨窗开颅骨瓣复位两种术式治疗高血压性幕上脑出血的临床疗效.方法 回顾近5年经手术治疗的高血压性幕上脑出血患者的临床资料,依据手术方式的不同分为大骨瓣减压组和小骨窗开颅组,对两组患者术后1周格拉斯哥昏迷评分、病死率、并发症和术后3个月日常生活能力量表(ADL)评级进行分析比较.结果 术后1周大骨瓣减压组显效率高于小骨窗开颅组(P＜0.05),病死率低于小骨窗开颅组(P＜0.05),再出血和脑梗死发生率均低于小骨窗开颅组(P＜0.05);术后3个月大骨瓣减压组ADL Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级多于小骨窗开颅组(P＜0.05),ADL Ⅲ级、Ⅴ级少于小骨窗开颅组(P＜0.05),两组病死率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 大骨瓣减压术是治疗高血压性幕上脑出血的有效术式,尤其是对于重症脑出血的疗效优于小骨窗开颅骨瓣复位术.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。